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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023The Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by is one of the most important diseases threatening wheat production in China. However, the triazole sterol 14α-demethylation...
The Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by is one of the most important diseases threatening wheat production in China. However, the triazole sterol 14α-demethylation inhibitor (DMI), prothioconazole, is known to exhibit high activity against . The current study indicated that three highly resistant laboratory mutants exhibited significantly ( < 0.05) altered growth and sporulation, although contrary to expectation, only one of the mutants exhibited reduced growth and sporulation, while the other two exhibited significant ( < 0.05) increases. Despite this, pathogenicity tests revealed that all of the mutants exhibited significantly ( < 0.05) reduced pathogenicity, indicating a substantial cost to fitness. Sequence analysis of the prothioconazole target protein, CYP51, of which has three homologues (FgCYP51A, FgCYP51B, and FgCYP51C), identified three mutations in the FgCYP51B sequence with a high likelihood of being associated with the observed resistance, as well as another three mutations in the FgCYP51B sequence, and two in the FgCYP51A sequence that are worthy of further investigation. Two of the prothioconazole-resistant mutants were also found to have several amino acid substitutions in their FgCYP51C sequences, and it was interesting to note that these two mutants exhibited significantly ( < 0.05) reduced pathogenicity compared to the other mutant. Expression analysis revealed that prothioconazole treatment (0.1 μg/mL) resulted in altered expression of all the target genes, and that expression was also altered in the prothioconazole-resistant mutants compared to their wild-type parental isolates. Meanwhile, no evidence was found of any cross-resistance between prothioconazole and other commonly used fungicides, including carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, and fluazinam, as well as the triazole tebuconazole and the imidazole DMI prochloraz. Taken together, these results not only provide new insight into potential resistance mechanism in , and the biological characteristics associated with them, but also convincing evidence that prothioconazole can offer effective control of FHB.
PubMed: 37888257
DOI: 10.3390/jof9101001 -
Heliyon Oct 2023The presence of pesticides in our environment is a consequence of intensive industrial and civilizational development, necessitating the search for effective and safe...
The presence of pesticides in our environment is a consequence of intensive industrial and civilizational development, necessitating the search for effective and safe methods to remove them. We suggest utilizing zeolite X and a zeolite-carbon composite, obtained through the chemical transformation of fly ash, as pesticide sorbents. To increase the sorption efficiency of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), carbendazim, and simazine, we functionalized the zeolite materials with cationic (hexadecyltrimethylammonium) and nonionic (Triton X-100) surfactants. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) and point of zero charge (pHpzc) analysis to characterize the functionalized sorbent materials. Our results indicate that cationic surfactants significantly enhance the adsorption of 2,4-D and MCPA. In contrast, carbendazim and simazine exhibit maximum sorption on the unmodified zeolite-carbon composite. The sorption mechanism is intricate, with physical sorption predominating, primarily due to electrostatic interactions between the protonated binding sites of the adsorbents and the negatively charged pesticide molecules. Regeneration tests demonstrated that ethanol is the most effective in regenerating zeolite-carbon composite with adsorbed MCPA and 2,4-D, while thermal regeneration was not possible. Adsorbents with simazine and carbendazim can be regenerated using both thermal and ethanol methods, but the thermal regeneration of zeolite with adsorbed simazine is more efficient. Utilizing functionalized zeolite materials obtained from industrial waste, such as fly ash, could provide an efficient way to remove pesticides from the environment.
PubMed: 37842606
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20572 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023At present, phenolic acid derivatives and triazole derivatives have a good antifungal effect, which has attracted widespread attention. A series of novel phenolic acid...
At present, phenolic acid derivatives and triazole derivatives have a good antifungal effect, which has attracted widespread attention. A series of novel phenolic acid triazole derivatives were synthesized, and their structures were characterized by IR, MS, NMR, and X-ray crystal diffraction. Compound methyl 4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzoate, methyl 4-(2-(1-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethoxy)benzoate, 4-(2-(1-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)ethoxy)benzoic acid and 4-(2-(1-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid crystallize in the monoclinic system with space group , the monoclinic system with space group , the monoclinic system with space group and the orthorhombic system with space group , respectively. At a concentration of 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL, the antifungal activity against seven plant pathogen fungi was determined. Compound methyl 4-(2-bromoethoxy)benzoate has the best inhibitory effect on , and the inhibitory rate reached 88.6% at 200 μg/mL. The inhibitory rates of compound methyl 4-(2-(1-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) ethoxy)benzoate against and at a concentration of 200 μg/mL were 76.1% and 75.4%, respectively, which were better than that of carbendazim.
PubMed: 37836812
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196970 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Oilseed rape ( L.) is highly susceptible to infection from the soilborne pathogen Woronin that causes clubroot disease and deleteriously affects production throughout...
Oilseed rape ( L.) is highly susceptible to infection from the soilborne pathogen Woronin that causes clubroot disease and deleteriously affects production throughout the world. In this study, biological control resources were explored by isolating 237 strains of bacteria from fields of oilseed rape using the gradient dilution coating method. A strain with strong antagonistic ability was screened using a plate confrontation test and designated X216. It was identified as owing to its morphological characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence. This study also examined the lethality of strain X216 to the resting spores of , its influence on infection in root hairs, and its ability to control clubroot on oilseed rape. The corrected lethality rate on resting spores after strain X216 had been used for 14 days was 56.59% ± 1.97%, which was significantly higher than the use of 75% of the fungicides chlorothalonil WP and 20% Fluazinam SC. Significantly fewer root hairs were infected after this treatment. A pot test showed that X216 was 62.14% effective at controlling the disease, which was not significantly different from that of the fungicide 100 g L cyazofamid SC diluted 1,000-fold but significantly higher than those of 75% chlorothalonil and 50% carbendazim WP. Strain X216 controlled 43.16% of the incidence of clubroot in the field, which could significantly reduce the disease index of oilseed rape clubroot. Therefore, strain X216 is promising to study for the biological control of oilseed rape clubroot.
PubMed: 37795295
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249813 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Dec 2023A robust and efficient extraction method was developed to detect a broad range of pollutants of emerging interest in three freshwater invasive species: American red crab...
A robust and efficient extraction method was developed to detect a broad range of pollutants of emerging interest in three freshwater invasive species: American red crab (Prokambarus clarkii), Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea), and pumpkinseed fish (Lepomis gibbosus). One native species, "petxinot" clam (Anodonta cygnea), was also evaluated. Invasive species are often more resistant to contamination and could be used in biomonitoring studies to assess the effect of contaminants of emerging concern on aquatic ecosystems while preserving potentially threatened native species. So far, most extraction methods developed for this purpose have focused on analyzing fish and generally focus on a limited number of compounds, especially analyzing compounds from the same family. In this sense, we set out to optimize a method that would allow the simultaneous extraction of 87 PhACs, 11 flame retardants, 21 per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, and 54 pesticides. The optimized method is based on ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction. Two tests were performed during method development, one to choose the extraction solvent with the best recovery efficiencies and one to select the best clean-up. The analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method obtained recoveries between 40 and 120% and relative standard deviations of less than 25% for 85% of the analytes in the four validated matrices. Limits of quantification between 0.01 ng g and 22 ng g were obtained. Application of the method on real samples from the Albufera Natural Park of Valencia (Spain) confirmed the presence of contaminants of emerging concern in all samples, such as acetaminophen, hydrochlorothiazide, tramadol, PFOS, carbendazim, and fenthion. PFAS were the group of compounds with the highest mean concentrations. C. fluminea was the species with the highest detection frequency, and P. clarkii had the highest average concentrations, so its use is prioritized for biomonitoring studies.
Topics: Animals; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Introduced Species; Ecosystem; Fresh Water; Solvents; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 37776351
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04974-3 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Before use as medicines, most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants are processed and decocted. During processing, there may be some changes in pesticide residues in...
Before use as medicines, most traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plants are processed and decocted. During processing, there may be some changes in pesticide residues in TCM. In recent years, reports have studied the changes of pesticides during the processes of boiling, drying and peeling of TCM materials but have rarely involved special processing methods for TCM, such as ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction. The changes of carbendazim, carbofuran, pyridaben and tebuconazole residues in common processing methods for products were systemically assessed in this study. After each processing step, the pesticides were quantitated by UPLC-MS/MS. The results showed amount decreases in various pesticides to different extents after each processing procedure. Processing factor (PF) values for the four pesticides after decoction, 75% ethanol extraction and volatile oil extraction were 0.02~0.75, 0.40~0.98 and 0~0.02, respectively, which indicated that residual pesticide concentrations may depend on the processing technique. A risk assessment according to the hazard quotient with PF values showed that residual pesticide amounts in were substantially lower than levels potentially posing a health risk. Overall, these findings provide insights into the safety assessment of .
Topics: Pesticides; Pogostemon; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Pesticide Residues; Oils, Volatile
PubMed: 37764451
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186675 -
Micromachines Sep 2023Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence.... (Review)
Review
Carbendazim, a fungicide widely used in agriculture, has been classified as a hazardous chemical by the World Health Organization due to its environmental persistence. It is prohibited in several countries; therefore, detecting it in food and environmental samples is highly necessary. A reliable, rapid, and low-cost method uses electrochemical sensors and biosensors, especially those modified with carbon-based materials with good analytical performance. In this review, we summarize the use of carbon-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for detecting carbendazim in environmental and food matrixes, with a particular interest in the role of carbon materials. Focus on publications between 2018 and 2023 that have been describing the use of carbon nanotubes, carbon nitride, graphene, and its derivatives, and carbon-based materials as modifiers, emphasizing the analytical performance obtained, such as linear range, detection limit, selectivity, and the matrix where the detection was applied.
PubMed: 37763915
DOI: 10.3390/mi14091752 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2023Pesticides are necessary for the control of pest plant, fungi and insect species. After application, they may find their way into waste streams, such as municipal...
Pesticides are necessary for the control of pest plant, fungi and insect species. After application, they may find their way into waste streams, such as municipal sewage, where their spatio-temporal distribution has not been well characterised. To further understand the spatio-temporal distribution and to evaluate potential sources and fate after treatment, 64 pesticides were analysed in matched influents and effluents of 22 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from across Australia. The pesticides consisted of 30 herbicides and 8 herbicide metabolites or transformation products, 16 insecticides and 10 fungicides. The samples were 1084 24-hr composite samples pooled into 113 samples. Pools represented two influent and one effluent pools at each of 22 sites in 2019, as well as two pools per year from 2009 to 2021 for an 11-year long-term temporal trend at a subset of two locations. The total population served by the 22 sites was equivalent to ~41 % of the Australian population. Of the 64 pesticides, 25 were detected in influent, with highest influent concentrations up to 100 μg/L and effluent concentrations up to 16 μg/L for the herbicide 2,4-D. The total mass of pesticides was extrapolated to Australia, suggesting ~33 t of the targeted pesticides entered WWTP influent annually nation-wide, with 14 t emitted into effluents annually. Long-term trends varied by analyte and for carbendazim decreases over time, may be related to restrictions in use. Risk quotients (RQs) were calculated for 14 analytes in the effluent. 35 % had an RQ above one, indicating a potential environmental risk. Fipronil had the highest RQ (49) at Site 6. The population-normalized mass loads of pesticides were site-specific, and in some cases correlated with land use attributes suggestive of point sources. This reflects a need to better characterise sources to enable prevention, or possible pre-treatment of pesticide-containing wastewater entering municipal sewage streams.
Topics: Wastewater; Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Pesticides; Environmental Monitoring; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Australia; Herbicides
PubMed: 37689203
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166816 -
Polymers Aug 2023Sapota is an important climacteric fruit with limited shelf life. A special system must be employed to extend the shelf life of sapota fruits. In the present study,...
Sapota is an important climacteric fruit with limited shelf life. A special system must be employed to extend the shelf life of sapota fruits. In the present study, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and montmorillonite clay (MMt)-based bio-nanocomposite films (BNFs) were integrated at various concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) into cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), produced from garlic peels (GPs). The BNF loaded with 8% CNC has a better crystallinity index and mechanical properties than the other concentrations of CNC. Therefore, the 8% CNC-incorporated BNF (BNF-8) was selected for further packaging studies. The combined effect of BNF-8 with ajwain essential oil (AO) and oregano essential oil (OO) vapors and BNF-8 with carbendazim (commercial fungicide-CARB) were investigated. In this study, the BNF-based packagings are categorized into five types, viz: BNF+8% CNC (BNF-8), BNF-8+AO, BNF-8+OO, BNF-8+CARB and the non-packaged fruits (control). The shelf-life duration, antioxidant activity, firmness, decay index, and sensory quality were evaluated in order to identify the effectiveness of packaging treatment on sapota fruits. BNF-8+CARB, BNF-8+AO, and BNF-8+OO packaging extended the shelf life of sapota fruits to up to 12 days and maintained the overall physiochemical parameters and sensory qualities of the fruits. Therefore, the BNF-8+AO and BNF-8+OO packaging materials are appropriate alternatives to commercial fungicides for the preservation of sapota during postharvest storage.
PubMed: 37688215
DOI: 10.3390/polym15173589 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2023The application of pesticides in mixtures often exerts multiple pressures on agricultural soils in the short term. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effects of...
The application of pesticides in mixtures often exerts multiple pressures on agricultural soils in the short term. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the effects of mixed application on the environmental behavior and ecotoxicity of pesticides in soil. In this study, we assessed the effects of three common pesticides through mixed application on soil degradation and toxicity toward the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Compared with the degradation half-lives (DT50) the single pesticide, the DT50 values of avermectin, imidacloprid and carbendazim in the binary mixtures were similar. However, their DT50 values in the ternary mixtures were approximately 1.5 times longer than those in the individual applications, enhancing their stable in soil after two or three applications. The ternary mixtures of the pesticides showed significantly synergistic toxicity toward E. fetida, while their binary mixtures exhibited a changing interaction throughout the entire effect level range. The ternary mixtures activated higher SOD and CAT activities in E. fetida than the individual treatments, confirming their synergistic effects. By conducting avoidance tests with E. fetida, ternary toxic interactions were effectively assessed within a relatively short testing period. In summary, the three pesticides in ternary mixtures exhibited longer degradation half-lives and synergistic toxicity toward earthworms compared to individual or binary mixtures.
Topics: Animals; Oligochaeta; Soil; Pesticides
PubMed: 37644051
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41206-1