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Frontiers in Oncology 2024Neuroendocrine prostate neoplasms, encompassing small cell carcinoma, carcinoid, and large cell carcinoma, are infrequently observed in malignant prostate tumors. The...
Neuroendocrine prostate neoplasms, encompassing small cell carcinoma, carcinoid, and large cell carcinoma, are infrequently observed in malignant prostate tumors. The occurrence of large cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer (LCNEPC) is exceedingly rare. In this study, the patient initially presented with a persistent dysuria for a duration of one year, accompanied by a serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 17.83ng/mL. Prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and chest computed tomography (CT) scan showed that a neoplastic lesion was considered, and prostate biopsy confirmed prostate adenocarcinoma with a Gleason score of 7 (4 + 3). Then, thoracoscopic lung tumor resection was performed, and the pathological examination revealed the presence of primary moderately differentiated invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma, the Gleason score was 8 (4 + 4). After 1 year of endocrine therapy with goserelin acetate and bicalutamide, he underwent a laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), the pathological report indicated the presence of adenocarcinoma mixed with NE carcinoma. Two months after the LRP, the patient experienced gross hematuria and sacral tail pain. Further examination revealed multiple metastatic lesions throughout the body. He also underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for bladder tumor and received etoposide+ cisplatin chemotherapy three weeks post-surgery. The patient eventually died of multi-organ failure due to myelosuppression after chemotherapy. This case report presents an uncommon instance of LCNEPC with widespread systemic metastases, while also providing a comprehensive review of existing literature to facilitate improved management and treatment strategies for similar patients in subsequent cases.
PubMed: 38812779
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1398673 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases May 2024Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) shows an aggressive behavior compared to prostate cancer (PCa), also known as prostate adenocarcinoma. Scanty foci in PCa can...
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) shows an aggressive behavior compared to prostate cancer (PCa), also known as prostate adenocarcinoma. Scanty foci in PCa can harbor genetic alternation that can arise in a heterogeneity of prostate cancer. NEPC may arise or develop following androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). NEPC that arise following ADT has the nomenclature "treatment-emerging/induced NEPC (t-NEPC)". t-NEPC would be anticipated in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and metastatic PCa. t-NEPC is characterized by low or absent androgen receptor (AR) expression, independence of AR signaling, and gain of neuroendocrine phenotype. t-NEPC is an aggressive metastatic tumor, develops from PCa in response to drug induced ADT, and shows very short response to conventional therapy. t-NEPC occurs in 10%-17% of patients with CRPC. NEPC is rare and is accounting for less than 2% of all PCa. The molecular mechanisms underlying the trans-differentiation from CRPC to t-NEPC are not fully elucidated. Sphingosine kinase 1 plays a significant role in t-NEPC development. Although neuroendocrine markers: Synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and insulinoma associated protein 1 () are expressed in t-NEPC, they are non-specific for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of therapy. t-NEPC shows enriched genomic alteration in tumor protein P53 () and retinoblastoma 1 (). There are evidences suggest that t-NEPC might develop through epigenetic evolution. There are genomic, epigenetic, and transcriptional alterations that are reported to be involved in development of t-NEPC. Knock-outs of and were found to contribute in development of t-NEPC. PCa is resistant to immunotherapy, and at present there are running trials to approach immunotherapy for PCa, CRPC, and t-NEPC.
PubMed: 38808339
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i13.2143 -
Advances in Urology 2024Although routine surveillance imaging to examine upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence during follow-up of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer is recommended,...
BACKGROUND
Although routine surveillance imaging to examine upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence during follow-up of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer is recommended, its necessity remains invalidated. A single-institute long-term follow-up cohort study to evaluate the clinical impact of routine surveillance imaging and identify risk factors for upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence after nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer treatment was conducted.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
A retrospective chart review of 864 patients with primary nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer who underwent initial transurethral resection of bladder tumor between 1980 and 2020 was conducted. The opportunities to diagnose its recurrence were examined. Moreover, oncological outcomes included upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence-free survival and overall survival.
RESULTS
Of 864 patients, 19 (2.2%) experienced upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence. Among 19 patients, recurrence was detected through routine imaging in 12 (63.2%), cystoscopy in 2 (10.5%), urine cytology in 2 (10.5%), and presence of gross hematuria in 1 (5.3%). All patients had high- or highest-risk NMIBC at diagnosis of primary nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. On multivariate Fine-Gray proportional regression analyses, a tumor size of ≥30 mm and carcinoma in situ were independently associated with short upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence-free survival (=0.040 and 0.0089, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Most patients experiencing upper urinary tract urothelial cancer recurrence were diagnosed by routine surveillance imaging, suggesting its clinical importance, especially for patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer accompanied by a tumor size of ≥30 mm and carcinoma in situ.
PubMed: 38807901
DOI: 10.1155/2024/5894288 -
Patient Education and Counseling Sep 2024Patients diagnosed with low-risk lesions are confused about whether they have cancer, and experience similar anxiety to those with invasive cancer, which affects quality... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Patients diagnosed with low-risk lesions are confused about whether they have cancer, and experience similar anxiety to those with invasive cancer, which affects quality of life. Current labels for low-risk lesions were chosen by clinicians and lack meaning to patients.
METHODS
We reviewed published research on preferred labels and language for low-risk lesions, and the rationale for those preferences.
RESULTS
Of 6569 titles screened, we included 13 studies. Among healthy adults with cervix or prostate lesions, use of the term "cancer" rather than "nodule" or "lesion" resulted in greater anxiety, higher perceived disease severity, and selection of more invasive treatment. Physicians asked about removing "carcinoma" from thyroid lesion labels to reduce patient anxiety and discourage over-treatment did not support this change, instead preferring a term that included "neoplasm".
CONCLUSIONS
This review revealed a startling paucity of research on preferences for low-risk lesion labels and language, and associated rationale. Future research is needed to understand how to improve communication about low-risk lesions.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
To reduce anxiety and improve the overall well-being of patients, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of how to improve patient-provider conversations regarding screen-detected lesions with a low risk of developing into invasive cancer.
Topics: Humans; Physician-Patient Relations; Neoplasms; Language; Communication; Female; Patient Preference; Anxiety; Quality of Life; Male; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 38805874
DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2024.108321 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2024The aim of this study is to examine the predictive factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients diagnosed with Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate (SCCP) and...
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to examine the predictive factors for cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients diagnosed with Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate (SCCP) and to construct a prognostic model.
METHODS
Cases were selected using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to calculate survival rates, while Lasso and Cox regression were employed to analyze prognostic factors. An independent prognostic factor-based nomogram was created to forecast CSS at 12 and 24 months. The model's predictive efficacy was assessed using the consistency index (C-index), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) in separate tests.
RESULTS
Following the analysis of Cox and Lasso regression, age, race, Summary stage, and chemotherapy were determined to be significant risk factors (P < 0.05). In the group of participants who received training, the rate of 12-month CSS was 44.6%, the rate of 24-month CSS was 25.5%, and the median time for CSS was 10.5 months. The C-index for the training cohort was 0.7688 ± 0.024. As for the validation cohort, it was 0.661 ± 0.041. According to the nomogram, CSS was accurately predicted and demonstrated consistent and satisfactory predictive performance at both 12 months (87.3% compared to 71.2%) and 24 months (80.4% compared to 71.7%). As shown in the external validation calibration plot, the AUC for 12- and 24-month is 64.6% vs. 56.9% and 87.0% vs. 70.7%, respectively. Based on the calibration plot of the CSS nomogram at both the 12-month and 24-month marks, it can be observed that both the actual values and the nomogram predictions indicate a predominantly stable CSS. When compared to the AJCC staging system, DCA demonstrated a higher level of accuracy in predicting CSS through the use of a nomogram.
CONCLUSION
Clinical prognostic factors can be utilized with nomograms to forecast CSS in Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate (SCCP).
PubMed: 38800400
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1349888 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2024MicroRNA-875-5p (miR-875-5p) is a cancer-related microRNA. It has been demonstrated that miR-875-5p participates in the development of various types of cancer such as...
INTRODUCTION
MicroRNA-875-5p (miR-875-5p) is a cancer-related microRNA. It has been demonstrated that miR-875-5p participates in the development of various types of cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, prostate and bladder cancer. Previous research suggested that miR-875 is implicated in the development of cervical cancer cells. However, the exact role and function of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer remain unexplored. It is important to examine the role and function of miR-875-5p and the associated signaling pathway, as the findings may have diagnostic and therapeutic significance. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of miR-875-5p on the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms.
METHODS
Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer cells and normal cervical epithelium. After overexpression or co-expression of miR-875-5p in cells, the changes in cell function were analyzed. Western blot was used to detect the expression changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related proteins and autophagy-related proteins.
RESULTS
Functional studies demonstrated that miR-875-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and promotes apoptosis and autophagy of cervical cancer cells., while miR-875-5p knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and inhibited apoptosis and autophagy cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, Western blot results showed that overexpression of miR-875-5p downregulated the expressions of N-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B I (LC3B I). Conversely, miR-875-5p upregulated the expression of E-cadherin.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-875-5p functions as a tumor inhibitor suppressing the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer. Overexpression of miR-875-5p inhibits malignant behavior and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. These findings advance our understanding of the role and function of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer and could facilitate the development of early genetic markers or biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cervical cancer.
PubMed: 38800376
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1361721 -
Viruses Apr 2024Human papillomavirus (HPV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the most common sexually transmitted virus and significant public health concern globally. Despite the substantial... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV), an oncogenic DNA virus, is the most common sexually transmitted virus and significant public health concern globally. Despite the substantial prevalence of HPV infection among men, routine testing remains elusive due to the lack of approved HPV tests and the complexity of detection methods. Various studies have explored the link between HPV and genitourinary cancers, revealing different associations influenced by geographic variation, histological subtype and methodological differences. These findings underscore the importance of further research to elucidate the role of HPV in male urogenital cancers. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate relationship between HPV and male genitourinary cancers, shedding light on the virus's oncogenic mechanisms and its reported prevalence. A deeper understanding of HPV's implications for male health is essential for advancing public health initiatives and reducing the burden of urogenital cancers worldwide.
Topics: Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Male; Carcinogenesis; Urogenital Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Prevalence; Human Papillomavirus Viruses
PubMed: 38793549
DOI: 10.3390/v16050667 -
Cancers May 2024Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is considered for selected cases of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) as it maintains renal function and avoids morbidity associated... (Review)
Review
Nephron sparing surgery (NSS) is considered for selected cases of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) as it maintains renal function and avoids morbidity associated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). The appropriate selection of patients suitable for NSS without compromising oncological outcomes can sometimes be difficult, given the limitations of diagnostic modalities. Recurrence rates for UTUC can be as high as 36 to 54% after NSS. Intraluminal adjuvant therapy can be attempted following NSS to reduce recurrence, but delivery to the upper tract is more challenging than into the bladder. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and chemotherapy such as Mitomycin (MMC) have been administered via nephrostomy or ureteric catheter, which requires invasive/repeated instrumentation of the upper urinary tract. Drug delivery by reflux from bladder instillation along indwelling stents has also been tried but can potentially be unreliable. Recently, a gel formulation of mitomycin has been developed for the controlled exposure of the upper urinary tract to treatment over a number of hours. Drug-eluting stents to deliver chemotherapy to the upper urinary tract have been developed but have not yet entered clinical practice. Endoluminal phototherapy utilising an intravenous photosensitising agent is another novel approach that has recently been described. Intraluminal therapies may be beneficial in decreasing recurrence rates in UTUC, but currently have some limitations in their usage.
PubMed: 38792009
DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101931 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024In a screen of over 200 novel pyrazole compounds, ethyl 1-(2-hydroxypentyl)-5-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)ureido)-1-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (named GeGe-3) has emerged...
In a screen of over 200 novel pyrazole compounds, ethyl 1-(2-hydroxypentyl)-5-(3-(3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)ureido)-1-pyrazole-4-carboxylate (named GeGe-3) has emerged as a potential anticancer compound. GeGe-3 displays potent anti-angiogenic properties through the presumptive targeting of the protein kinase DMPK1 and the Ca2-binding protein calreticulin. We further explored the anticancer potential of GeGe-3 on a range of established cancer cell lines, including PC3 (prostate adenocarcinoma), SKMEL-28 (cutaneous melanoma), SKOV-3 (ovarian adenocarcinoma), Hep-G2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), MDA-MB231, SKBR3, MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma), A549 (lung carcinoma), and HeLa (cervix epithelioid carcinoma). At concentrations in the range of 10 μM, GeGe-3 significantly restricted cell proliferation and metabolism. GeGe-3 also reduced PC3 cell migration in a standard wound closure and trans-well assay. Together, these results confirm the anticancer potential of GeGe-3 and underline the need for more detailed pre-clinical investigations into its molecular targets and mechanisms of action.
Topics: Humans; Pyrazoles; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Proliferation; Cell Movement; Cell Line, Tumor; Urea
PubMed: 38791418
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105380 -
Biomedicines Apr 2024Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor expressed in various normal tissues and is a therapeutic target for prostate and possibly other cancers. A TMA...
Androgen receptor (AR) is a transcription factor expressed in various normal tissues and is a therapeutic target for prostate and possibly other cancers. A TMA containing 18,234 samples from 141 different tumor types/subtypes and 608 samples of 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. AR positivity was found in 116 tumor types including 66 tumor types (46.8%) with ≥1 strongly positive tumor. Moderate/strong AR positivity was detected in testicular sex cord-stromal tumors (93.3-100%) and neoplasms of the prostate (79.3-98.7%), breast (25.0-75.5%), other gynecological tumors (0.9-100%), kidney (5.0-44.1%), and urinary bladder (5.4-24.2%). Low AR staining was associated with advanced tumor stage (pTa versus pT2-4; < 0.0001) in urothelial carcinoma; advanced pT ( < 0.0001), high tumor grade ( < 0.0001), nodal metastasis ( < 0.0001), and reduced survival ( = 0.0024) in invasive breast carcinoma; high pT ( < 0.0001) and grade ( < 0.0001) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC); and high pT ( = 0.0055) as well as high grade ( < 0.05) in papillary RCC. AR staining was unrelated to histopathological/clinical features in 157 endometrial carcinomas and in 221 ovarian carcinomas. Our data suggest a limited role of AR immunohistochemistry for tumor distinction and a prognostic role in breast and clear cell RCC and highlight tumor entities that might benefit from AR-targeted therapy.
PubMed: 38790919
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050957