-
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2024This study compared three protocols for developing artificial white spot lesions (WSL) using biofilm models. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
This study compared three protocols for developing artificial white spot lesions (WSL) using biofilm models.
METHODOLOGY
In total, 45 human enamel specimens were sterilized and allocated into three groups based on the biofilm model: Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus casei (Ss+Lc), Streptococcus sobrinus (Ss), or Streptococcus mutans (Sm). Specimens were incubated in filter-sterilized human saliva to form the acquired pellicle and then subjected to the biofilm challenge consisting of three days of incubation with bacteria (for demineralization) and one day of remineralization, which was performed once for Ss+Lc (four days total), four times for Ss (16 days total), and three times for Sm (12 days total). After WSL creation, the lesion fluorescence, depth, and chemical composition were assessed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF), Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), and Raman Spectroscopy, respectively. Statistical analysis consisted of two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test (α=0.05). WSL created using the Ss+Lc protocol presented statistically significant higher fluorescence loss (ΔF) and integrated fluorescence (ΔQ) in comparison to the other two protocols (p<0.001).
RESULTS
In addition, Ss+Lc resulted in significantly deeper WSL (137.5 µm), followed by Ss (84.1 µm) and Sm (54.9 µm) (p<0.001). While high mineral content was observed in sound enamel surrounding the WSL, lesions created with the Ss+Lc protocol showed the highest demineralization level and changes in the mineral content among the three protocols.
CONCLUSION
The biofilm model using S. sobrinus and L. casei for four days was the most appropriate and simplified protocol for developing artificial active WSL with lower fluorescence, higher demineralization, and greater depth.
Topics: Biofilms; Humans; Streptococcus mutans; Dental Caries; Dental Enamel; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Time Factors; Reproducibility of Results; Streptococcus sobrinus; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Analysis of Variance; Microscopy, Polarization; Statistics, Nonparametric; Tooth Remineralization; Reference Values; Saliva; Tooth Demineralization; Fluorescence
PubMed: 38922241
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0458 -
Journal of Prosthodontic Research Jun 2024Titanium implants have revolutionized restorative and reconstructive therapy, yet achieving optimal osseointegration and ensuring long-term implant success remain...
Optimizing implant osseointegration, soft tissue responses, and bacterial inhibition: A comprehensive narrative review on the multifaceted approach of the UV photofunctionalization of titanium.
Titanium implants have revolutionized restorative and reconstructive therapy, yet achieving optimal osseointegration and ensuring long-term implant success remain persistent challenges. In this review, we explore a cutting-edge approach to enhancing implant properties: ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization. By harnessing UV energy, photofunctionalization rejuvenates aging implants, leveraging and often surpassing the intrinsic potential of titanium materials. The primary aim of this narrative review is to offer an updated perspective on the advancements made in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of recent findings and exploring the relationship between UV-induced physicochemical alterations and cellular responses. There is now compelling evidence of significant transformations in titanium surface chemistry induced by photofunctionalization, transitioning from hydrocarbon-rich to carbon pellicle-free surfaces, generating superhydrophilic surfaces, and modulating the electrostatic properties. These changes are closely associated with improved cellular attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and, ultimately, osseointegration. Additionally, we discuss clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of UV photofunctionalization in accelerating and enhancing the osseointegration of dental implants. Furthermore, we delve into recent advancements, including the development of one-minute vacuum UV (VUV) photofunctionalization, which addresses the limitations of conventional UV methods as well as the newly discovered functions of photofunctionalization in modulating soft tissue and bacterial interfaces. By elucidating the intricate relationship between surface science and biology, this body of research lays the groundwork for innovative strategies aimed at enhancing the clinical performance of titanium implants, marking a new era in implantology.
PubMed: 38853001
DOI: 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_24_00086 -
Archives of Oral Biology Sep 2024To evaluate in vivo 1) the bioavailability of trans-resveratrol when administered through sublingual capsules; 2) the effect of resveratrol on the protein composition of...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate in vivo 1) the bioavailability of trans-resveratrol when administered through sublingual capsules; 2) the effect of resveratrol on the protein composition of the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP).
DESIGN
Ten volunteers received a sublingual capsule containing 50 mg of trans-resveratrol. Unstimulated saliva was then collected after 0, 30, 60, and 120 min and AEP was collected after 120 min following administration of the capsule. In the next week, the volunteers received a placebo sublingual capsule, and saliva and AEP were collected again. Saliva samples were analyzed for free trans-resveratrol using high-performance liquid chromatopgraphy (HPLC), and AEP samples were subjected to proteomic analysis (nLC-ESI-MS/MS).
RESULTS
Trans-resveratrol was detected in saliva at all the time points evaluated, with the peak at 30 min. A total of 242 proteins were identified in both groups. Ninety-six proteins were increased and 23 proteins were decreased in the Resveratrol group. Among the up-regulated proteins, isoforms of cystatins, PRPs, Mucin-7, Histatin-1, Lactotrasnferrin and Lysozyme-C were increased and the isoforms of Protein S100, Neutrophil defensins, Albumin, PRPs, and, Statherin were decreased in Resveratrol group.
CONCLUSION
The sublingual capsule is effective at increasing the bioavailability of trans-resveratrol in saliva. Several proteins involved in important processes to maintain systemic and oral health homeostasis were identified. These proteins differently expressed due to the presence of trans-resveratrol deserve attention for future studies, since they have important functions, mainly related to antimicrobial action.
Topics: Humans; Resveratrol; Saliva; Male; Adult; Dental Pellicle; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Capsules; Female; Biological Availability; Stilbenes; Proteomics; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Salivary Proteins and Peptides
PubMed: 38838515
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106016 -
Journal of Dentistry May 2024Previous studies on short- and long-term pellicles showed that the enamel pellicle provides partial protection against erosion. The aim of the present study was to...
OBJECTIVES
Previous studies on short- and long-term pellicles showed that the enamel pellicle provides partial protection against erosion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective properties of clinically relevant pellicles formed within 2 to 24 h. The hypothesis was that factors such as pellicle formation time, intraoral location, and acidic challenge severity would not influence the erosion-protective properties of the pellicle.
METHODS
Six subjects participated in the study. Bovine enamel specimens were prepared and intraorally exposed at buccal or palatal sites for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h to allow pellicle formation, followed by erosion using 0.1 % or 1 % citric acid. Calcium release and surface microhardness were measured, and specimens were analysed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative data were statistically analysed with three-way ANOVA and Tuckey's multiple comparison test (p = 0.05).
RESULTS
Pellicle formation time and intraoral location did not significantly influence the erosion-protective properties of the pellicle, while citric acid concentration significantly affected enamel erosion. The pellicle thickness increased with longer formation times and on buccal sites, but decreased or was entirely removed following treatment with 0.1 % or 1 % citric acid, respectively. The enamel surface exhibited a characteristic erosion pattern.
CONCLUSIONS
This study underscores the importance of investigating pellicle properties within the critical 2- to 24-h timeframe and highlights the significance of pellicle thickness in acid resistance.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
These findings provide valuable insights into the factors influencing the protective properties of enamel pellicles and could guide preventive measures in dental practice.
PubMed: 38815730
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105103 -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Jun 2024Using the surface characterization techniques of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the structure...
Using the surface characterization techniques of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the structure of the salivary pellicle was investigated before and after it was exposed to dairy proteins, including micellar casein, skim milk, whey protein isolate (WPI), and a mixture of skim milk and WPI. We have shown that the hydration, viscoelasticity, and adsorbed proteinaceous mass of a preadsorbed salivary pellicle on a PDMS surface are greatly affected by the type of dairy protein. After interaction with whey protein, the preadsorbed saliva pellicle becomes softer. However, exposure of the saliva pellicle to micellar casein causes the pellicle to partially collapse, which results in a thinner and more rigid surface layer. This structure change correlates with the measured lubrication behavior when the saliva pellicle is exposed to dairy proteins. While previous studies suggest that whey protein is the main component in milk to interact with salivary proteins, our study indicates interactions with casein are more important. The knowledge gained here provides insights into the mechanisms by which different components of dairy foods and beverages contribute to mouthfeel and texture perception, as well as influence oral hygiene.
Topics: Dental Pellicle; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Adsorption; Caseins; Surface Properties; Whey Proteins; Humans; Animals; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Saliva; Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques
PubMed: 38778622
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00626 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Scanning force microscopy (SFM) is one of the most widely used techniques in biomaterials research. In addition to imaging the materials of interest, SFM enables the... (Review)
Review
Scanning force microscopy (SFM) is one of the most widely used techniques in biomaterials research. In addition to imaging the materials of interest, SFM enables the mapping of mechanical properties and biological responses with sub-nanometer resolution and piconewton sensitivity. This review aims to give an overview of using the scanning force microscope (SFM) for investigations on dental materials. In particular, SFM-derived methods such as force-distance curves (scanning force spectroscopy), lateral force spectroscopy, and applications of the FluidFM will be presented. In addition to the properties of dental materials, this paper reports the development of the pellicle by the interaction of biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides, as well as the interaction of bacteria with dental materials.
PubMed: 38730904
DOI: 10.3390/ma17092100 -
Archives of Oral Biology Aug 2024To evaluate the adhesion of mono and duospecies biofilm on a commercially available dental implant surface coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nanoHA).
AIM
To evaluate the adhesion of mono and duospecies biofilm on a commercially available dental implant surface coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nanoHA).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Titanium discs were divided into two groups: double acid-etched (AE) and AE coated with nanoHA (NanoHA). Surface characteristics evaluated were morphology, topography, and wettability. Mono and duospecies biofilms of Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) were formed. Discs were exposed to fetal bovine serum (FBS) to form the pellicle. Biofilm was growth in RPMI1640 medium with 10% FBS and 10% BHI medium for 6 h. Microbial viability was evaluated using colony-forming unit and metabolic activity by a colorimetric assay of the tetrazolium salt XTT. Biofilm architecture and organization were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
RESULTS
AE surface had more pores, while NanoHA had even nanoHA crystals distribution. Roughness was similar (AE: 0.59 ± 0.07 µm, NanoHA: 0.69 ± 0.18 µm), but wettability was different (AE: Θw= 81.79 ± 8.55°, NanoHA: Θw= 53.26 ± 11.86°; P = 0.01). NanoHA had lower S. sanguinis viability in monospecies biofilm (P = 0.007). Metabolic activity was similar among all biofilms. In SEM both surfaces on C. albicans biofilm show a similar distribution of hyphae in mono and duospecies biofilms. AE surface has more S. sanguinis than the NanoHA surface in the duospecies biofilm. CLSM showed a large proportion of live cells in all groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The nanoHA surface reduced the adhesion of S. sanguinis biofilm but did not alter the adhesion of C. albicans or the biofilm formed by both species.
Topics: Titanium; Candida albicans; Biofilms; Durapatite; Streptococcus sanguis; Nanoparticles; Surface Properties; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Dental Implants; Microscopy, Confocal; In Vitro Techniques; Bacterial Adhesion; Wettability; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Acid Etching, Dental; Microbial Viability
PubMed: 38723421
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105986 -
Journal of Dentistry Jul 2024This laboratory study assessed the performance of a novel fluoride dentifrice containing micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and entrapped silica. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
This laboratory study assessed the performance of a novel fluoride dentifrice containing micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and entrapped silica.
METHODS
Removal of extrinsic stains was assessed using the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) method, and radioactive dentin abrasivity (RDA) was measured, to calculate a cleaning efficiency index (CEI). Fluoride efficacy was evaluated using widely used remineralization and fluoride uptake methods. The test product (Protegera™) was compared to common dentifrices (Crest - Cavity Protection™ and ProHealth™, Sensodyne Pronamel™, Arm & Hammer™ Advanced Whitening, Crest ProHealth™, and Colgate Optic White™).
RESULTS
The PCR for the MFC dentifrice (141) was comparable to three known marketed stain-removing dentifrices (Arm & Hammer™ Advanced Whitening, Crest ProHealth™, and Colgate Optic White™) but it had a significantly lower RDA (88 ± 6) than 5 other products. This gave it the highest CEI of the tested products (2.0). In a 10-day pH cycling study, the fluoride efficacy of the MFC product was comparable to Sensodyne Pronamel and Crest Cavity Protection. The MFC dentifrice was superior for promoting fluoride uptake into incipient enamel lesions compared to the USP reference dentifrice.
CONCLUSION
The MFC dentifrice has low abrasion, but despite this, it is highly effective in removing stained pellicle. It also is an efficacious fluoride source when compared to relevant commercially available fluoride dentifrices with high dentin abrasivity.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The addition of micro-fibrillated cellulose to a fluoride dentifrice gives a low abrasive product that can effectively remove external stains, and serve as an effective fluoride source. This combination of benefits seems well suited to enamel protection and caries prevention.
Topics: Dentifrices; Tooth Discoloration; Cellulose; Humans; Tooth Abrasion; Dentin; Tooth Remineralization; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Pellicle; Fluorides; Silicon Dioxide; Materials Testing; Dental Enamel; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Phosphates; Toothpastes
PubMed: 38714242
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105038 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are cellulose-derived nanomaterials that can be easily obtained, e.g., from vegetable waste produced by circular economies. They show...
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are cellulose-derived nanomaterials that can be easily obtained, e.g., from vegetable waste produced by circular economies. They show promising antimicrobial activity and an absence of side effects and toxicity. This study investigated the ability of CNCs to reduce microbial adherence and biofilm formation using in vitro microbiological models reproducing the oral environment. Microbial adherence by microbial strains of oral interest, and was evaluated on the surfaces of salivary pellicle-coated enamel disks in the presence of different aqueous solutions of CNCs. The anti-biofilm activity of the same CNC solutions was tested against and an oral microcosm model based on mixed plaque inoculum using a continuous-flow bioreactor. Results showed the excellent anti-adherent activity of the CNCs against the tested strains from the lowest concentration tested (0.032 wt. %, < 0.001). Such activity was significantly higher against than against ( < 0.01), suggesting a selective anti-adherent activity against pathogenic strains. At the same time, there was a minimal, albeit significant, anti-biofilm activity (0.5 and 4 wt. % CNC solution for and oral microcosm, respectively, = 0.01). This makes CNCs particularly interesting as anticaries agents, encouraging their use in the oral field.
PubMed: 38671777
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040355 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2024This study was designed in two-legs. In the in vivo, we explored the potential of a rinse solution containing a combination (Comb) of 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5...
Acquired enamel pellicle and biofilm engineering with a combination of acid-resistant proteins (CaneCPI-5, StN15, and Hemoglobin) for enhanced protection against dental caries - in vivo and in vitro investigations.
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed in two-legs. In the in vivo, we explored the potential of a rinse solution containing a combination (Comb) of 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5 (sugarcane-derive cystatin), 1.88 × 10M StN15 (statherin-derived peptide) and 1.0 mg/mL hemoglobin (Hb) to change the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle(AEP) and the microbiome of the enamel biofilm. The in vitro, was designed to reveal the effects of Comb on the viability and bacterial composition of the microcosm biofilm, as well as on enamel demineralization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In vivo study, 10 participants rinsed (10mL,1 min) with either deionized water (HO-control) or Comb. AEP and biofilm were collected after 2 and 3 h, respectively, after rinsing. AEP samples underwent proteomics analysis, while biofilm microbiome was assessed via 16 S-rRNA Next Generation Sequencing(NGS). In vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Ninety-six enamel specimens were treated with: 1)Phosphate-Buffered Solution-PBS(negative-control), 2)0.12%Chlorhexidine, 3)500ppmNaF and 4)Comb. Resazurin, colony-forming-units(CFU) and Transversal Microradiography(TMR) were performed.
RESULTS
The proteomic results revealed higher quantity of proteins in the Comb compared to control associated with immune system response and oral microbial adhesion. Microbiome showed a significant increase in bacteria linked to a healthy microbiota, in the Comb group. In the in vitro study, Comb group was only efficient in reducing mineral-loss and lesion-depth compared to the PBS.
CONCLUSIONS
The AEP modification altered the subsequent layers, affecting the initial process of bacterial adhesion of pathogenic and commensal bacteria, as well as enamel demineralization.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Comb group shows promise in shaping oral health by potentially introducing innovative approaches to prevent enamel demineralization and deter tooth decay.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Dental Caries; Proteomics; Biofilms; Hemoglobins; Tooth Demineralization
PubMed: 38642171
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05651-0