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Acquired pellicle engineering with the association of cystatin and vitamin E against enamel erosion.Journal of Dentistry Nov 2023Evaluate CaneCPI-5 associated with Vitamin E in acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) engineering to prevent dental erosion.
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate CaneCPI-5 associated with Vitamin E in acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) engineering to prevent dental erosion.
METHODS
180 human enamel specimens were divided into 12 groups and treated with the following solutions: Cane+VitT and Cane+VitS- CaneCPI-5 + Vit E; Vit+CaneT and Vit+CaneS- Vit E + CaneCPI-5; VitT and VitS- Vit E; CaneT and CaneS- CaneCPI-5; ControlT and ControlS - AmF/NaF/SnCl; WaterT and WaterS- Deionized water. Groups' name followed by "T" were first treated (200 μl; 2 min) and then incubated in human saliva (200 μl; 1 h) to form the AEP. For groups followed by "S", the AEP was formed and then treatment was applied. The erosive challenge consisted of immersion in 1% citric acid (1 min, 1x/day, for 3 days). The percentage of superficial hardness loss (%SHL) and the relative surface reflection intensity (%SRI) were subjected to normality and homogeneity tests, Shapiro-Wilk and Levene tests, respectively. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test and Pearson's correlation (p < 0.005).
RESULTS
For%SHL and%SRI, water controls showed significantly lower protective capacity. Cane+VitT, Cane+VitS, and Vit+CaneS presented the lowest%SHL, and VitT and VitS did not differ from Vit+CaneT, but they were different from the other groups (p = 0.002). The greatest%SRI was found for the Cane+VitT, Vit+CaneT, VitT, Cane+VitS, Vit+CaneS, and VitS groups, which did not significantly differ. CaneT and ControlT, showed similar reflections compared to CaneS and ControlS.
CONCLUSION
CaneCPI-5 and Vitamin E demonstrated a synergistic protective effect against initial erosion.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The results open up new possibilities for preventive approaches against erosion through the acquired pellicle engineering, with the combination of CaneCPI-5 and Vitamin E, which demonstrated to be more effective than commercial stannous mouthwash. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of this combination in diverse clinical settings.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Tooth Erosion; Dental Enamel; Tooth Diseases; Cystatins; Water
PubMed: 37633484
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104680 -
Journal of Functional Biomaterials Jul 2023Surface chemistry evaluation is crucial in assessing the efficacy of chemical decontamination products for titanium implants. This study aimed to investigate the...
Surface chemistry evaluation is crucial in assessing the efficacy of chemical decontamination products for titanium implants. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of chemical decontamination solutions in cleaning a contaminated dental implant surface and to evaluate the potential of combining Pluronic gel with hydrogen peroxide (NuBoneClean) by evaluating pellicle disruption and re-formation on implant surfaces. In addition, ensuring safety with in vitro and human testing protocols. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was utilised for surface analysis. All the tested gels had some effect on the surface cleanness except for PrefGel. Among the tested chemical decontamination candidates, NuBoneClean demonstrated effectiveness in providing a cleaner titanium surface. Furthermore, none of the tested chemical agents exhibited cytotoxic effects, and the safety assessment showed no adverse events. The results of this study highlight the significance of conducting comprehensive evaluations, encompassing safety and efficacy, before introducing new chemical agents for dental treatments. The findings suggest that NuBoneClean shows potential as a chemical decontamination solution for implant surfaces. However, further investigation through randomised clinical trials is necessary. By adhering to rigorous testing protocols, the development of safe and efficient chemical decontamination strategies can be advanced, benefiting patients and promoting progress in implant dentistry.
PubMed: 37623639
DOI: 10.3390/jfb14080394 -
Journal of Applied Oral Science :... 2023Polyphenols interact with salivary proteins and thus can improve the pellicle's erosion protective properties. This effect could be exploited to create rinsing solutions...
BACKGROUND
Polyphenols interact with salivary proteins and thus can improve the pellicle's erosion protective properties. This effect could be exploited to create rinsing solutions with polyphenols as active ingredients for erosion prevention. Different from the current gold standard for erosion protective rinsing solutions, these rinses would not rely on stannous ions. This would offer alternatives for patients with concerns regarding the composition of rinsing solutions and preferring bio-products.
OBJECTIVE
To develop an erosion-preventive rinsing solution containing natural polyphenol-rich extracts.
METHODOLOGY
Solutions were prepared with polyphenols from either grapeseed extract or cranberry extract, 500 ppm fluoride added, and additionally flavors and sweeteners. Controls were deionized water, 500 ppm fluoride solution, and the gold standard rinse in the field (Sn2+/F-). In total, 135 enamel specimens (n=15/group) were subjected to five cycles of salivary pellicle formation (30 min, 37°C), modification with the solutions (2 min, 25°C), further salivary pellicle formation (60 min, 37°C), and erosive challenge (1 min, 1% citric acid, pH 3.6). Relative surface microhardness (rSMH), surface reflection intensity (rSRI), and amount of calcium release (CaR) were investigated. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank sum tests (α=0.05).
RESULTS
The polyphenol solutions containing fluoride, as well as additional flavors, protected enamel better than fluoride alone, and similar to the Sn2+/F- solution, when investigating both rSMH and CaR. When measuring rSRI, Sn2+/F- showed the best protection, while the polyphenol solutions were similar to fluoride.
CONCLUSION
For two of the three assessed parameters (rSMH and CaR), both developed polyphenol-rich rinsing solutions were able to protect enamel from erosion, improving/potentializing the effect of fluoride and matching the protection offered by the current gold standard rinsing solution.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Tooth Erosion; Dental Pellicle; Dental Enamel; Calcium; Polyphenols; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 37493702
DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2023-0108 -
Archives of Oral Biology Oct 2023The objective of this study was to assess the effects of in situ saliva compared to in vitro human saliva, with or without mucin, on inhibiting erosion and promoting...
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of in situ saliva compared to in vitro human saliva, with or without mucin, on inhibiting erosion and promoting enamel rehardening.
DESIGN
Bovine enamel blocks were randomly distributed into groups (n = 23): Gsitu (human saliva in situ), Gvitro (collected human saliva) and GvitroM (collected human saliva with mucin). The enamel blocks underwent a 2-hour period for the formation of salivary pellicle, based on the assigned groups. Subsequently, they were subjected to three erosive cycles, each of them consisting of an erosive challenge (immersion in 0.65 % citric acid, pH 3.5, 1 min) and saliva exposure (immersion in situ or in vitro saliva for 2 h). Microhardness measurements were performed at each cycle, after each experimental step (erosive challenge and exposure to saliva).
RESULTS
After the first demineralization, in vitro saliva groups presented greater hardness loss, with no statistical difference between GVitroM and GVitro. After the third erosive demineralization the in situ saliva resulted in less hardness loss compared to the first demineralization. In relation to surface hardness recovery, there was no difference among types of saliva but there was a decrease in hardness as the cycles progressed.
CONCLUSION
Saliva groups had different behaviors between the first and third demineralization, being similar after the third cycle in terms of hardness loss. Regarding hardness recovery, all saliva promoted enamel gain, but there was a gradual decrease with the progression of the cycles.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Saliva; Tooth Erosion; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Hardness; Mucins
PubMed: 37437423
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105755 -
European Journal of Oral Sciences Aug 2023Acquired enamel pellicle plays an important role in the pathogenesis of early childhood caries (ECC), working as a protective interface between the tooth and the oral...
Acquired enamel pellicle plays an important role in the pathogenesis of early childhood caries (ECC), working as a protective interface between the tooth and the oral cavity. The aim of this cross-sectional in vivo proteomic study was to compare the acquired enamel pellicle protein profile of 3-5-year-old children with ECC (n = 10) and caries-free children (n = 10). Acquired enamel pellicle samples were collected and processed for proteomic analysis (nLC-ESI-MS/MS). In total, 241 proteins were identified. Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1 and 2, Cystatin-B, and SA were found only in the caries free group. When comparing caries free and ECC groups, lower protein levels were found in the caries free group for hemoglobin subunit beta, delta, epsilon, gamma-2, globin domain-containing protein and gamma-1, neutrophil defensin 3, serum albumin, protein S100-A8, and S100-A9. The proteins histatin-1, statherin, salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoprotein ½, proline-rich protein 4, submaxillary gland androgen-regulated protein 3B, alpha-amylase 1 and 2B were found at higher levels in the caries free group. The exclusive and the proteins found at higher levels in the caries free group might have protective functions that play a role in the prevention of caries, besides providing important insights to be evaluated in future studies for the possible development of new therapeutic strategies for ECC.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Humans; Dental Pellicle; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Proteomics; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Caries; Phosphoproteins; Proline; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Saliva
PubMed: 37414726
DOI: 10.1111/eos.12944 -
Scientific Reports May 2023In contrast to pellicles formed in vivo, pellicles formed in vitro provide little to no erosion protection for enamel, possibly due to protein degradation from proteases...
In contrast to pellicles formed in vivo, pellicles formed in vitro provide little to no erosion protection for enamel, possibly due to protein degradation from proteases during pellicle formation. With the objective to achieve a more similar effect as observed for in vivo pellicles, the effects of adding protease inhibitors (PI) to saliva in vitro, and/or exchanging saliva repeatedly during pellicle formation were investigated in a cyclic model of pellicle formation and erosion with human enamel specimens. We repeatedly assessed surface microhardness (SMH), measured initial and final surface reflection intensity (SRI), and determined calcium released during erosion. For all the parameters tested, we observed a clear positive effect on erosion protection when adding PI to saliva for pellicle formation: SMH remained harder, SRI remained higher, and less calcium was released. Additionally, exchanging saliva with fresh one during pellicle formation led to a protective effect, but not as strong as the addition of PI. We conclude that adding protease inhibitors to saliva in vitro for pellicle formation leads to an erosion protective effect, which was further increased by repeatedly exchanging the saliva. Whether the pellicle itself more closely resembles in vivo pellicles remains to be investigated.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Tooth Erosion; Calcium; Dental Pellicle; Calcium, Dietary; Protease Inhibitors
PubMed: 37244955
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35334-x -
PloS One 2023To verify the protective effect of plant extracts associated with fluoride against dental erosion of dentine, in the presence and absence of a salivary pellicle. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
To verify the protective effect of plant extracts associated with fluoride against dental erosion of dentine, in the presence and absence of a salivary pellicle.
METHODS
Dentine specimens (n = 270) were randomly distributed into 9 experimental groups (n = 30/group): GT (green tea extract); BE (blueberry extract); GSE (grape seed extract); NaF (sodium fluoride); GT+NaF (green tea extract and NaF); BE+NaF (blueberry extract and NaF); GSE+NaF (grape seed extract and NaF); negative control (deionized water); and a positive control (commercialized mouthrinse containing stannous and fluoride). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 15), according to the presence (P) or absence (NP) of salivary pellicle. The specimens were submitted to 10 cycles: 30 min incubation in human saliva (P) or only in humid chamber (NP), 2 min immersion in experimental solutions, 60 min of incubation in saliva (P) or not (NP), and 1 min erosive challenge. Dentine surface loss (dSL-10 and dSL-total), amount of degraded collagen (dColl) and total calcium release (CaR) were evaluated. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn's and Mann-Whitney U tests (p>0.05).
RESULTS
Overall, the negative control presented the highest values of dSL, dColl and CaR, and the plant extracts showed different degrees of dentine protection. For the subgroup NP, GSE showed the best protection of the extracts, and the presence of fluoride generally further improved the protection for all extracts. For the subgroup P, only BE provided protection, while the presence of fluoride had no impact on dSL and dColl, but lowered CaR. The protection of the positive control was more evident on CaR than on dColl.
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that the plant extracts showed a protective effect against dentine erosion, regardless of the presence of salivary pellicle, and that the fluoride seems to improve their protection.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Dentin; Fluorides; Grape Seed Extract; Sodium Fluoride; Tea; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 37200261
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285931 -
Scientific Reports May 2023To investigate the effect of some polyphenol-rich plant extracts on the protection of dentine against demineralization, both acting on the dentine and on the salivary... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
To investigate the effect of some polyphenol-rich plant extracts on the protection of dentine against demineralization, both acting on the dentine and on the salivary pellicle. Dentine specimens (n = 180) were randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups (n = 30/group): Control (deionized water), Açaí extract, Blueberry extract, Green tea extract, Grape seed extract, and Sn/F (mouthrinse containing stannous and fluoride). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 15), according to the site of action of the substance: on the dentine surface (D) or on the salivary pellicle (P). The specimens were submitted to 10 cycles: 30 min incubation in human saliva (P) or only in humid chamber (D), 2 min immersion in experimental substances, 60 min of incubation in saliva (P) or not (D), and 1 min erosive challenge. Dentine surface loss (DSL), amount of degraded collagen (dColl) and total calcium release were analyzed. Green tea, Grape seed and Sn/F showed significant protection, with least DSL and dColl. The Sn/F showed better protection on D than on P, whereas Green tea and Grape seed showed a dual mode of action, with good results on D, and even better on P. Sn/F showed the lowest values of calcium release, not differing only from Grape seed. Sn/F is more effective when acting directly on the dentine surface, while Green tea and Grape seed have a dual mode of action: with a positive effect on the dentine surface itself, but an improved efficacy in the presence of the salivary pellicle. We further elucidate the mechanism of action of different active ingredients on dentine erosion, where Sn/F acts better on the dentine surface, but plant extracts have a dual mode of action, acting on the dentine itself as well as on the salivary pellicle, improving the protection against acid demineralization.
Topics: Humans; Calcium; Dental Pellicle; Dentin; Plant Extracts; Tea; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 37130893
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34256-y -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2023Dental caries remains the most widespread chronic disease worldwide. Basically, caries originates within biofilms accumulated on dental enamel. Despite the nonrenewable...
Dental caries remains the most widespread chronic disease worldwide. Basically, caries originates within biofilms accumulated on dental enamel. Despite the nonrenewable nature of the enamel tissue, targeted preventive strategies are still very limited. We previously introduced customized multifunctional proteinaceous pellicles (coatings) for controlling bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm succession. Stemmed from our whole proteome/peptidome analysis of the acquired enamel pellicle, we designed these pellicles using hybrid mixtures of the most abundant and complementary-acting antimicrobial and antifouling proteins/peptides for synergetic suppression of early biofilms. In conjugating these domains synthetically, their bioinhibitory efficacy was remarkably boosted. Herein, we sought to explore the key structure-function relationship of these potent hybridized conjugates in comparison with their individual domains, solely or in physical mixtures. Specifically, we interrelated the following facets: physicochemical and 3-dimensional folding characteristics via molecular dynamics simulations, adopted secondary structure by circular dichroism, immobilization capacity on enamel through high-spatial resolution multiphoton microscopy, and biofilm suppression potency. Our data showed consistent associations among the increased preference for protein folding structures, α-helix content, and enamel-immobilization capacity; all were inversely correlated with the attached bioburden. The expressed phenotypes could be explained by the adopted strongly amphipathic helical conformation upon conjugation, mediated by the highly anionic and acidic N-terminal pentapeptide shared region/motif for enhanced immobilization on enamel. In conclusion, conjugating bioactive proteins/peptides is a novel translational approach to engineer robust antibiofilm pellicles for caries prevention. The adopted α-helical conformation is key to enhance the antibiofilm efficacy and immobilization capacity on enamel that are promoted by certain physicochemical properties of the constituent domains. These data are valuable for bioengineering versatile therapeutics to prevent/arrest dental caries, a condition that otherwise requires invasive treatments with substantial health care expenditures.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Dental Enamel; Dental Caries; Peptides; Proteins; Biofilms
PubMed: 37082872
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231162336 -
Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of... Jun 2023This study: 1) aims to test the mechanical and antibacterial properties of fluorinated graphene strengthened glass ionomer materials (FG/GICs); 2) aims to investigate...
OBJECTIVES
This study: 1) aims to test the mechanical and antibacterial properties of fluorinated graphene strengthened glass ionomer materials (FG/GICs); 2) aims to investigate the effects of thermo-cycling on (FG/GICs).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fluorinated graphene (FG) with bright white color was prepared from fluorinated graphite (SIGMA Aldrich), using modified Hummer's method, to be added to conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs). In addition to a control group (group 1), experimentally modified GICs were prepared by adding FG to the conventional glass ionomer powder with three different weight ratios; (group 2, 1 wt %; group 3, 2.5 wt %; and group 4, 5 wt %) using mechanical blending method. Experimental groups of the specimens (n = 240) were divided, for each concentration (n = 120) half of the specimens were subjected to thermo-cycling. Hardness, compressive strength, and antibacterial activity of (FG/GICs) were measured with and without thermo-cycling. Compressive strength was measured by a universal testing machine, hardness was measured using a Vickers micro-hardness tester, and antibacterial effects against staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus mutans were tested by the pellicle sticking method. For statistical analysis, numerical data were explored for normality and variance homogeneity using Shapiro-Wilk and Leven's tests respectively.
RESULTS
The prepared (FG/GICs) showed an increase in hardness in group 4 (p < 0.001). Groups 3 and 4 gave the highest compressive strength values with no significant difference between them (p < 0.001). Groups 2, 3, and 4 showed improved antibacterial activity with no statistical difference between them (p > 0.001). Results after thermo-cycling showed significantly decreased hardness, and compressive strength values (p < 0.001), however, the results of antibacterial activity against streptococcus mutans showed no statistical difference after thermo-cycling (group 2, p = 0.05; group 3, p = 0.18; group 4, p = 0.26). The same results were observed for antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus (p = 0.92, p = 0.14, and p = 0.48 respectively).
CONCLUSION
FG can be considered a promising additive to GICs to promote its anti-cariogenic effects, however, these antibacterial effects are only useful in the short term, as aging adversely affected their mechanical properties. The 2.5 wt % FG/GICs is suggested to be the most encouraging, as after aging, it represented the highest compressive strength among all groups, while its hardness values were at least comparable to that of conventional glass ionomer.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
FG/GICs can be considered an anti-cariogenic restoration in temporary restorative interventions, as in certain cases in deciduous teeth where considerable esthetics may be required, especially those with difficult moisture control, where neither resin composite restorations nor amalgam restorations will be indicated. It can also be used for patients with high caries index or in atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) in low-income countries.
Topics: Humans; Graphite; Dental Atraumatic Restorative Treatment; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Acrylic Resins; Glass Ionomer Cements; Compressive Strength; Materials Testing
PubMed: 37031564
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105803