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Frontiers in Physiology 2023The development of insecticide resistance in populations is a serious threat to the crop industry. Given the spread of invasive resistant populations, prospective...
The development of insecticide resistance in populations is a serious threat to the crop industry. Given the spread of invasive resistant populations, prospective monitoring should be accelerated, and the development of diagnostic tools for rapid and accurate assessments of insecticide resistance is essential. First, the discriminating dose and diagnostic time of the kit were determined by the glass vial method based on a susceptible strain. Then, pests that were collected from field populations were used to determine their susceptibility to seven insecticides by using the diagnostic kit. Finally, the accuracy of the kit was verified based on correlation analyses and the likelihood of insecticide control failure was assessed. Here, we describe a diagnostic kit that enables the rapid detection of resistance to chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr within 1-2 h in at diagnostic doses of 0.98, 0.84, 0.38, 1.64, 0.0082, 1.75 and 0.65 μg/cm, respectively. The linear equation between mortalities under diagnostic doses and actual resistance ratios measured by the diet-overlay bioassay was determined. The high correlation indicates that the insecticide resistance levels diagnosed by the kit were consistent with the results of the diet-overlay bioassay. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between diagnostic mortality and the likelihood of control failure for bifenthrin ( = -0.899, = 0.001), deltamethrin ( = -0.737, = 0.024) and lambda-cyhalothrin ( = -0.871, = 0.002). The insecticide resistance diagnostic kit for is a user-friendly tool (portable, short detection time). Its excellent performance qualifies the kit as a reliable screening tool for identifying effective insecticides in sustainable resistance management.
PubMed: 37680771
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1254765 -
Food Chemistry Jan 2024The presence of multiple pesticide residues in agricultural production highlights the need for studying mixture interaction during transepithelial transport. This study...
The presence of multiple pesticide residues in agricultural production highlights the need for studying mixture interaction during transepithelial transport. This study applied the Caco-2 cell model to investigate the interaction of four pesticide residues (carbendazim, epoxiconazole, phoxim, and chlorpyrifos) in Chaenomeles speciosa during transepithelial transport. Results demonstrated that co-treatment with pesticide mixtures generally increased the cumulative transport amount of carbendazim and epoxiconazole by 0.32-1.60 times and 0.32-0.98 times, respectively, compared to individual treatments. Notably, the combination of carbendazim and epoxiconazole displayed a significant synergistic effect. The use of transporter inhibitors and molecular docking analysis provided insights into the interaction mechanism, suggesting that the competitive inhibition of MRP2 and/or BCRP binding via π-bonds contributed to the inhibition of BL-to-AP efflux and a significant increase in AP-to-BL influx of carbendazim and epoxiconazole. The results are of great theoretical significance and practical value for risk assessment of multiple pesticide residues in agricultural products.
Topics: Humans; Pesticide Residues; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; Caco-2 Cells; Molecular Docking Simulation; Neoplasm Proteins; Rosaceae
PubMed: 37591142
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137156 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2023UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) could transform various exogenous and endogenous compounds, which help detoxification of pesticides in insects. To investigate the...
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) could transform various exogenous and endogenous compounds, which help detoxification of pesticides in insects. To investigate the role of UGTs in the detoxification metabolism of insecticides in Chironomus kiiensis, CkUGT302M1, CkUGT302N1, CkUGT308N1 and CkUGT36J1 genes were identified with 1449-1599 bp encoding 482-532 amino acids. Four UGT genes shared 40.86∼53.36% identity with other homologous insect species, and expressed in all developmental stages, notably in the larval and adult stages. Expression of CkUGTs was higher in the gastric caecum, midgut and head. Moreover, CkUGTs expression and activity were significantly increased in C. kiiensis larvae in exposure to sublethal concentrations of carbaryl, deltamethrin and phoxim, respectively. To further explore the functions of UGT genes, the CkUGT308N1 was effectively silenced in 4th instar C. kiiensis larvae by RNA interference, which resulted in the mortality of dsCkUGT308N1 treated larvae increased by 71.43%, 111.11% and 62.50% under sublethal doses of carbaryl, deltamethrin and phoxim at the 24-h time point, respectively. The study revealed that the CkUGT308N1 gene in C. kiiensis could contribute to the metabolism of pesticides and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the water pollution of pesticides.
Topics: Animals; Chironomidae; Insecticides; Carbaryl; Larva; Uridine Diphosphate
PubMed: 37586199
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115353 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jul 2023The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat for the poultry industry worldwide. Chemical compounds have been extensively used for PRM control,...
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat for the poultry industry worldwide. Chemical compounds have been extensively used for PRM control, leading to selection of resistant mites. Molecular mechanisms of resistance have been investigated in arthropods, showing the role of target-site insensitivity and enhanced detoxification. Few studies are available about those mechanisms in D. gallinae, and none have yet focused on the expression levels of detoxification enzymes and other defense-related genes through RNA-seq. We tested PRM populations from Italy for their susceptibility to the acaricidal compounds phoxim and cypermethrin. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) and in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated, detecting mutations known to be associated with acaricide/insecticide resistance in arthropods, including M827I and M918L/T in the vgsc and G119S in the AChE. RNA-seq analysis was performed to characterize metabolic resistance in fully susceptible PRM and in cypermethrin-resistant PRM exposed and unexposed to cypermethrin as well as phoxim resistant PRM exposed and unexposed to phoxim. Detoxification enzymes (including P450 monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases), ABC transporters and cuticular proteins were constitutively overexpressed in phoxim and cypermethrin resistant mites. In addition, heat shock proteins were found constitutively and inductively upregulated in phoxim resistant mites, while in cypermethrin resistant mites esterases and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor were constitutively highly expressed. The findings suggest that acaricide resistance in D. gallinae is due to both target-site insensitivity and overexpression of detoxification enzymes and other xenobiotic defense-related genes, which is mostly constitutive and not induced by treatment. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance could be useful to screen or test PRM populations in order to select targeted acaricides and to avoid the abuse/misuse of the few available compounds.
Topics: Animals; Acaricides; Acetylcholinesterase; Mites; Poultry; Trombiculidae; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Mite Infestations
PubMed: 37207568
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109957 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Pesticide residues in aquatic products are of great concern due to the risk of environmental transmission and their extensive use in aquaculture. In our work, a quick...
Pesticide residues in aquatic products are of great concern due to the risk of environmental transmission and their extensive use in aquaculture. In our work, a quick screening approach was developed for the qualitative and semi-quantitative screening of 87 pesticide residues in aquatic products. The sample preparation was investigated, including extract solvent, extract methods, buffer salts, lipid removal, cleanup materials and filter membranes for aquatic products. Samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS procedure, and two clean-up procedures were developed for UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS analysis based on the fat content of the aquatic products. The screening detection limits for all studied pesticides were distributed between 1 and 500 μg/kg in the three representative matrices. Seventy-one pesticides could be analyzed with a screening limit between 1 and 25 μg/kg in grass carp and crayfish, sixty-one pesticides could be screened for limits between 1 and 50 μg/kg in crab. The accuracy results showed that recoveries ranged from 50 to 120% for 60, 56 and 52 pesticides at medium-level for grass carp, crayfish and crab, respectively. At high spiking levels, 74, 65 and 59 pesticides were recovered within the range of 50-120% for the three matrices, respectively. The relative standard deviations of most compounds in different matrices were less than 20%. With this method, the local farmed aquatic products were tested for pesticide residues. In these samples, ethoxyquinoline, prometryn and phoxim were frequently detected. The majority of these confirmed compounds did not exceed 2.00 μg/kg. A grass carp with trichlorfon at 4.87 μg/kg and two carps with ethoxyquinoline at 200 µg/kg were detected, indicating the potential dietary risk.
PubMed: 36981058
DOI: 10.3390/foods12061131 -
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Jun 2023Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been revived and developed with the introduction of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), while more valuable...
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been revived and developed with the introduction of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), while more valuable properties of MOFs for SERS substrates remain largely unexplored. This work constructed a new SERS substrate FeO@UiO-66(Zr)@Ag nanoparticles (FUAs) with excellent SERS detection sensitivity, uniformity, reproducibility and stability, exhibiting a high Raman enhancement factor (5.62 × 10), low limit of detection (LOD, 2.11 × 10 M) and RSD (12.41 %) for 4-NBT, and maintaining 81 % SERS activity within 60 days. The FUAs took full advantage of the strong affinity of UiO-66(Zr) for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) to realize trace OPs detection. The LODs of phoxim, triazophos and methyl parathion in apple juice were 0.041, 0.021 and 0.0031 mg/L, respectively, with good linearities ranging from 0.02 or 0.1-50 mg/L, meeting the requirements of the food control standards, indicating that the potentials and prospects of the FUAs SERS substrate for trace detecting OPs in foods.
PubMed: 36947914
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122548 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Mar 2023is a preponderant parasitic wasp of various lepidopteran pests. The extensive application of broad-spectrum insecticides usually causes serious threats to the olfactory...
is a preponderant parasitic wasp of various lepidopteran pests. The extensive application of broad-spectrum insecticides usually causes serious threats to the olfactory recognition of nontarget insects such as parasitoid wasps. However, the binding mechanism of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) to insecticides in parasitoid wasps remains unknown. Herein, we find that the MpulOBP6 protein had a strong binding affinity to three insecticides (phoxim, chlorpyrifos, and chlorfenapyr). Results of computational simulations revealed that the hydrophobic interaction contributed by a mass of nonpolar amino acid residues was the primary driving force in the formation and stabilization of MpulOBP6-insecticide complexes. Among them, four residues (Met75, Val84, Phe121, and Pro122) and two residues (Val84 and Phe111) play an essential role in the binding of MpulOBP6 to phoxim and chlorfenapyr, respectively. Our findings could be instrumental to elucidate the effects of insecticide application toward the olfactory recognition of nontarget insects in the processes of agricultural production.
Topics: Animals; Wasps; Insecticides
PubMed: 36883889
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08390 -
Biodegradation Aug 20233, 5, 6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is a metabolite of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide triclopyr, and it is higher toxic than the parent compounds....
3, 5, 6-Trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) is a metabolite of the insecticide chlorpyrifos and the herbicide triclopyr, and it is higher toxic than the parent compounds. Microbially-mediated mineralization appears to be the primary degradative pathway and the important biological process of detoxification. However, little information is available on TCP complete metabolic pathways and mechanisms. In this study, the degradation of TCP was studied with a novel strain Micrococcus luteus ML isolated from a stable TCP degrading microbiota. Strain ML was capable of degrading 61.6% of TCP (50 mg/L) and 35.4% of chlorpyrifos (50 mg/L) at 24 h and 48 h under the optimal conditions (temperature: 35 °C; pH: 7.0), respectively. It could also degrade 3, 5-dichloro-2-pyridone, 6-chloropyridin-2-ol, 2-hydroxypyridine and phoxim when provided as sole carbon and energy sources. Seven TCP intermediate metabolites were detected in strain ML and two possible degradation pathways of TCP were proposed on the basis of LC-MS analysis. Both the hydrolytic-oxidative dechlorination pathway and the denitrification pathway might be involved in TCP biodegradation by strain ML. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on two different pathways responsible for TCP degradation in one strain, and this finding also provides novel information for studying the metabolic mechanism of TCP in pure culture.
Topics: Chlorpyrifos; Micrococcus luteus; Pyridines; Insecticides; Biodegradation, Environmental; Metabolic Networks and Pathways
PubMed: 36879077
DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10023-8 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Dogs' health and welfare enhancement can be achieved using some prophylactics and immunization go with strict hygienic and optimum biosecurity measures.
BACKGROUND
Dogs' health and welfare enhancement can be achieved using some prophylactics and immunization go with strict hygienic and optimum biosecurity measures.
AIM
Exploration of the insecticidal action of Phoxim for combating infestation in dogs and its prophylactic influences on the blood indices, biochemistry, antioxidant enzymes, and cortisol hormone in healthy and infested dogs.
METHODS
Twenty German Shepherd male dogs at 1 year old and 44.0 kg were divided randomly into four groups of five dogs in four separate Kennels with optimum biosecurity measures. The 1st group (G1) was artificially infested with and treated with Phoxim, the 2nd (G2) was non-infested and treated with Phoxim, the 3rd (G3) was infested with and not treated (positive control), and the 4th (G4) was accounted as negative control (non-infested and non-treated). A total of 160 (80 whole blood and 80 sera) samples were collected.
RESULTS
Parasitological examination revealed prominent characteristic features of such as a distinct anal groove, the basis capitulum is hexagonal and lateral, the palpi are short, the second segment of the palpi as long as wide and not produced laterally, and the spiracular plate is comma-shaped and consists of stigma, peritreme, and tail. The results conveyed highly significant ( < 0.01) enhancement in erythrocytes, leukocytes, hematohiston, hematocrit, hemoglobin centering, granulocytes, alanine aminotransferase, random blood sugars, triglycerides, and total cholesterol, and highly significant ( < 0.01) declines of all measured antioxidant enzymes in treated non-infested dogs.
CONCLUSION
Phoxim proved efficient insecticidal activity with optimum safety and can be brought into play in the prophylactic biosecurity measures installed to eradicate external parasitism in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Male; Antioxidants; Dog Diseases; Insecticides; Tick Infestations
PubMed: 36650864
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i6.15 -
Archives of Insect Biochemistry and... Mar 2023Insect-specific epsilon glutathion S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of multifunctional GST superfamily, which play important roles in detoxification of xenobiotic...
Insect-specific epsilon glutathion S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of multifunctional GST superfamily, which play important roles in detoxification of xenobiotic substances. Most research on GSTs has focused on insecticide detoxification and resistance, with little research on other physiological functions. Here, we identified and cloned the novel GSTe2 from Tribolium castaneum (TcGSTe2). Recombinant TcGSTe2 protein was successfully overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified with affinity purification, which had high ability to catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The expression level of TcGSTe2 was significantly decreased after exposure with four insecticides, phoxim, λ-cyhalothrin, dichlorvos, and carbofuran, in larval stage. Interestingly, RNA interference knockdown of TcGSTe2 caused metamorphosis deficiency in larval and pupal stages by inhibiting the 20E signal pathway. Furthermore, exogenous 20E injection partially rescued this metamorphosis deficiency and also increased the expression levels of 20E downstream response genes. This study illustrated TcGSTe2 plays an important role at metamorphosis beside the insecticide detoxification and resistance in T. castaneum.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Tribolium; Metamorphosis, Biological; Larva; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 36588284
DOI: 10.1002/arch.21989