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Journal of Medical Cases Apr 2024In pediatric-aged patients, hyperthyroidism generally results from the autoimmune disorder, Graves' disease (GD). Excessive levels of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine...
In pediatric-aged patients, hyperthyroidism generally results from the autoimmune disorder, Graves' disease (GD). Excessive levels of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine and thyroxine) result in irritability, emotional lability, nervousness, tremors, palpitations, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. The risk of morbidity and mortality is increased when surgical intervention is required in patients with hyperthyroidism due to the potential for the development of thyroid storm (TS). A 3-year, 1-month-old child with a past medical history of GD presented for total thyroidectomy when pharmacologic control with methimazole was not feasible due to intolerance following development of a serum sickness-like illness. Prior to surgery, his thyrotoxicosis symptoms worsened with fever, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and hypertension. He subsequently developed TS and was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit where management included hydrocortisone, potassium iodide, and β-adrenergic blockade with esmolol and propranolol. Thyroid studies improved prior to surgery, and a total thyroidectomy was successfully completed. Corticosteroid therapy was slowly tapered as an outpatient, and he was discharged home on hospital day 9. Following discharge, his signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis resolved, and he was started on oral levothyroxine replacement therapy. The remainder of his postoperative and post-discharge course were unremarkable. Only two case reports of perioperative pediatric TS have been published in the past 20 years. Our case serves as an important reminder of the signs of TS in children and to outline the treatment options in a pediatric patient, especially in those unable to tolerate first-line pharmacologic therapies such as methimazole or propylthiouracil.
PubMed: 38646421
DOI: 10.14740/jmc4197 -
Chemosphere Jun 2024The disintegration of raw sludge is of importance for enhancing biogas production and facilitates the degradation of substrates for microorganisms so that the efficiency...
The disintegration of raw sludge is of importance for enhancing biogas production and facilitates the degradation of substrates for microorganisms so that the efficiency of digestion can be increased. In this study, the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) as a pretreatment approach for waste activated sludge (WAS) was investigated at two upstream pressures (0.83 and 1.72 MPa) by using a milli-scale apparatus which makes sludge pass through an orifice with a restriction at the cross section of the flow. The HC probe made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) material was tested using potassium iodide solution and it was made sure that cavitation occurred at the selected pressures. The analysis on chemical effects of HC bubbles collapse suggested that not only cavitation occurred at low upstream pressure, i.e., 0.83 MPa, but it also had high intensity at this pressure. The pretreatment results of HC implementation on WAS were also in agreement with the chemical characterization of HC collapse. Release of soluble organics and ammonium was observed in the treated samples, which proved the efficiency of the HC pretreatment. The methane production was improved during the digestion of the treated samples compared to the control one. The digestion of treated WAS sample at lower upstream pressure (0.83 MPa) resulted in higher methane production (128.4 mL CH/g VS) compared to the treated sample at higher upstream pressure (119.1 mL CH/g VS) and control sample (98.3 mL CH/g VS). Thus, these results showed that the HC pretreatment for WAS led to a significant increase in methane production (up to 30.6%), which reveals the potential of HC in full-scale applications.
Topics: Sewage; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Hydrodynamics; Methane; Biofuels; Bioreactors
PubMed: 38636918
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141949 -
ACS Omega Apr 2024Lithium iodide is commonly used in the production of batteries and drugs. Currently, the neutralization method is the primary means of producing lithium iodide. This...
Lithium iodide is commonly used in the production of batteries and drugs. Currently, the neutralization method is the primary means of producing lithium iodide. This method involves using hydriodic acid as a raw material, adding lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide, and obtaining lithium iodide through evaporation and concentration. However, hydriodic acid is chemically unstable. Its preparation can lead to explosive accidents and encountering high temperatures generates toxic iodine vapors. These limitations restrict its industrial production. The study evaluates the impact of membrane stack configuration, operating voltage, and initial concentrations and volume ratios of reactants on the production process. Electrodialysis metathesis, characterized by a simpler process flow, lower energy consumption, and environmental benefits, emerges as an effective technique for electrically driven membrane separation in lithium salt production and purification. Under the specific conditions of a C-C-A-C-A-C membrane stack configuration, operating voltage at 25 V, initial potassium iodide concentration at 0.4 mol/L, initial lithium sulfate concentration at 0.2 mol/L, and a 1:1 volume ratio of product liquid to raw material liquid, the method achieves a lithium iodide purity of 98.9% with a production cost of approximately 0.502 $/kg LiI.
PubMed: 38617683
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00643 -
The Science of the Total Environment May 2024In situ photocatalytic synthesis of HO for disinfection has attracted widespread attention because it is a clean and environmentally friendly sterilization method....
In situ photocatalytic synthesis of HO for disinfection has attracted widespread attention because it is a clean and environmentally friendly sterilization method. Graphitic carbon nitride has been used as a very selective photocatalyst for HO generation but has some limitations (e.g., insufficient light absorption, rapid electron-hole recombination, and slow direct two-electron reduction processes) that prevent efficient HO production. In this study, potassium-doped graphite carbon nitride with nitrogen vacancies (NDKCN) was prepared using a simple method involving a thermal fusion salt and N calcination, which possessed an ultrathin nanosheet structure (1.265 nm) providing abundant active sites. Synergistic effects caused by nitrogen vacancies and K and I doping in the NDKCN photocatalyst gave the NDKCN a good ability to absorb light, undergo fast charge transfer, and give a high photoelectric current response. The optimized photocatalytic HO yield of the NDKCN was 780.1 μM·g·min, which was 10 times the yield of the pristine g-CN. Tests involving quenching reactive species, electron spin resonance, and rotating disk electrodes indicated that one-step two-electron direct reduction on the NDKCN caused excellent HO generation performance. The ability to efficiently generate HO in situ gave NDKCN an excellent bactericidal performance, and 7.3 log (colony-forming units·mL) of Escherichia coli were completely eliminated within 80 min. Scanning electron microscopy images before and after sterilization indicated the changes in bacteria caused by the catalytic activity. The new g-CN-based photocatalyst and similar rationally designed photocatalysts with doping and defects offer efficient and simple in situ HO sterilization.
PubMed: 38556021
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172109 -
Chemosphere May 2024This study presents a novel approach that integrates ozone-driven chemical oxidation to convert NO into soluble NO, followed by the simultaneous absorption of NO and SO...
This study presents a novel approach that integrates ozone-driven chemical oxidation to convert NO into soluble NO, followed by the simultaneous absorption of NO and SO into a CaCO-based slurry using the redox catalyst potassium iodide (KI). Using cyclic voltammetry, we demonstrate the redox properties of the I/2I couple, which facilitates NO reduction into soluble NO and catalyst regeneration through sulfite (SO)-driven reduction, thus establishing a closed catalytic cycle within the components of flue gas. In lab-scale wet-scrubbing tests, we explore the effect of various operational parameters (i.e., KI concentration, pH, and SO concentration), with a 15 h stability test demonstrating >60% NO and >99% SO removal efficiency when the pH is controlled between 7.5 and 8.5. A successful pilot-scale implementation conducted at an inlet flow rate of 1000 m h further confirmed the reproducibility of the proposed redox-catalytic cycle. Our study offers a cost-effective, sustainable, and scalable solution for effectively mitigating NO and SO emissions at low temperatures.
Topics: Nitrogen Oxides; Sulfur Dioxide; Nitrogen Dioxide; Potassium Iodide; Reproducibility of Results; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 38548080
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141809 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Mar 2024Iodine, combined with antithyroid drugs, is recommended as an initial pharmacologic treatment for thyroid storm according to some clinical guidelines. However, the...
PURPOSE
Iodine, combined with antithyroid drugs, is recommended as an initial pharmacologic treatment for thyroid storm according to some clinical guidelines. However, the clinical efficacy of iodine in managing thyroid storm remains unexplored. This study aimed to determine whether early potassium iodide (KI) use is associated with mortality in patients hospitalized for thyroid storm.
METHODS
Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we identified patients hospitalized with thyroid storm between July 2010 and March 2022. We compared in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and total hospitalization costs between patients who received KI within two days of admission (KI group) versus those who did not (non-KI group). Prespecified subgroup analyses were performed based on the presence of the diagnosis of Graves' disease.
RESULTS
Among 3,188 eligible patients, 2,350 received KI within two days of admission. The crude in-hospital mortality was 6.1% (143/2,350) in the KI group and 7.8% (65/838) in the non-KI group. After adjusting for potential confounders, KI use was not significantly associated with in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] for KI use, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.62-1.34). In patients with the diagnosis of Graves' disease, in-hospital mortality was lower in the KI group than in the non-KI group (OR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.25-0.88). No significant difference in in-hospital mortality was observed in patients without the diagnosis of Graves' disease (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.67-1.85). Length of stay was shorter (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.05-1.27), and total hospitalization costs were lower (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-1.00) in the KI group compared with the non-KI group.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that KI may reduce in-hospital mortality among patients hospitalized for thyroid storm with Graves' disease.
PubMed: 38546426
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgae187 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Mar 2024Plantaricin LD1 was purified from a potential probiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum LD1 previously isolated from indigenous food, Dosa. In this study, we have...
Plantaricin LD1 was purified from a potential probiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum LD1 previously isolated from indigenous food, Dosa. In this study, we have performed a detailed mechanism of action of plantaricin LD1 against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 considering Micrococcus luteus MTCC 106 as control. The plantaricin LD1 showed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 34.57 µg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 138.3 µg/mL against M. luteus MTCC 106, whereas MIC 69.15 µg/mL and MBC 276.6 µg/mL were found against E. coli ATCC 25922. The efflux of potassium ions, dissipation of membrane potential (∆ψ), and transmembrane pH gradient (∆pH) of plantaricin LD1-treated cells suggested the membrane-acting nature of plantaricin LD1. Plantaricin LD1 also caused degradation of the genomic DNA of the target strains tested. The cell killing was confirmed by staining with propidium iodide and visualized under light and electron microscopes. The bacteriocin-treated cells were found to be ruptured, swollen, and elongated. Thus, the findings indicate plantaricin LD1 kills E. coli ATCC 25922 by interacting with the cell membrane resulting in the efflux of intracellular contents and also causing degradation of nucleic acids leading to cell death.
PubMed: 38526659
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04927-1 -
The Saudi Dental Journal Mar 2024This paper evaluated the influence of different protocols of silver fluoride (SF) pretreatment of artificial carious lesions on the adhesive interface of composite resin...
This paper evaluated the influence of different protocols of silver fluoride (SF) pretreatment of artificial carious lesions on the adhesive interface of composite resin restorations and remineralization of deciduous dentin compared to silver diamine fluoride (SDF). ixty-four deciduous molar teeth were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 8) according to the restoration time (immediately - IM; 30 days after SDF/SF treatment - 30 D) and treatment before restoration (SDF 38 %; SDF 38 % + potassium iodide - KI; SF 38 %; SF 38 % +KI). After SDF/SF application, teeth in the IM group were restored with self-etch universal adhesive system/composite resin. Samples in the 30D groups were stored in artificial saliva (37 °C) for 30 days before receiving the same restoring protocol. Beams were obtained from all groups and subjected to bond strength tests (µTBS), ultrastructural qualitative analysis (FEG) and mineral analysis (SEM/EDX; Micro-Raman spectroscopy). The µTBS data were subjected to three-factor ANOVA and multiple comparisons (Holm-Sidak method). Bond strength values (MPa) for IM groups were 16.9 ± 2.7 (SDF); 17.6 ± 3.5 (SDF + KI); 16.8 ± 5.5 (SF); 18.4 ± 4.1 (SF + KI); and 14.9 ± 4.2 (SDF); 16.0 ± 5.4 (SDF + KI); 14.1 ± 3.6(SF); 16.4 ± 5.4 (SF + KI) for 30D groups. Bond strength wasn't influenced by the moment of restoration (IM or 30D); the use of KI didn't alter adhesion characteristics; SDF/SF solutions resulted in similar adhesive strength; calcium and phosphate expressions were identified at the interfaces on IM and 30D moments. However, 30D presented qualitative increase in these ions, compatible with remineralization. It was concluded that the adhesion of composite resin restorations in artificial caries lesions of deciduous teeth treated with SDF (38 %) and SF (38 %) had similar effects in vitro; the use of KI or the moment when restorations were accomplished did not influence the adhesion and all tested protocols promoted remineralization of carious dentin.
PubMed: 38525186
DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2023.12.008 -
The Science of the Total Environment May 2024Enteric methane (CH) produced by ruminant livestock is a potent greenhouse gas and represents significant energy loss for the animal. The novel application of oxidising...
Enteric methane (CH) produced by ruminant livestock is a potent greenhouse gas and represents significant energy loss for the animal. The novel application of oxidising compounds as antimethanogenic agents with future potential to be included in ruminant feeds, was assessed across two separate experiments in this study. Low concentrations of oxidising agents, namely urea hydrogen peroxide (UHP) with and without potassium iodide (KI), and magnesium peroxide (MgO), were investigated for their effects on CH production, total gas production (TGP), volatile fatty acid (VFA) profiles, and nutrient disappearance in vitro using the rumen simulation technique. In both experiments, the in vitro diet consisted of 50:50 grass silage:concentrate on a dry matter basis. Treatment concentrations were based on the amount of oxygen delivered and expressed in terms of fold concentration. In Experiment 1, four treatments were tested (Control, 1× UHP + KI, 1× UHP, and 0.5× UHP + KI), and six treatments were assessed in Experiment 2 (Control, 0.5× UHP + KI, 0.5× UHP, 0.25× UHP + KI, 0.25× UHP, and 0.12× MgO). All treatments in this study had a reducing effect on CH parameters. A dose-dependent reduction of TGP and CH parameters was observed, where treatments delivering higher levels of oxygen resulted in greater CH suppression. 1× UHP + KI reduced TGP by 28 % (p = 0.611), CH% by 64 % (p = 0.075) and CH mmol/g digestible organic matter by 71 % (p = 0.037). 0.12× MgO reduced CH volume by 25 % (p > 0.05) without affecting any other parameters. Acetate-to-propionate ratios were reduced by treatments in both experiments (p < 0.01). Molar proportions of acetate and butyrate were reduced, while propionate and valerate were increased in UHP treatments. High concentrations of UHP affected the degradation of neutral detergent fibre in the forage substrate. Future in vitro work should investigate alternative slow-release oxygen sources aimed at prolonging CH suppression.
Topics: Animals; Female; Rumen; Propionates; Methane; Magnesium Oxide; Diet; Silage; Ruminants; Acetates; Oxygen; Animal Feed; Fermentation; Digestion; Lactation
PubMed: 38508273
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171808