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Scientific Reports Feb 2023Mask-wearing is still recommended owing to the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Within the closed chamber created by the mask, people are increasingly...
Mask-wearing is still recommended owing to the continuing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Within the closed chamber created by the mask, people are increasingly self-aware of their oral malodor. In this prospective and cross-sectional study, we aimed to measure volatile sulfide compound (VSC) levels in patients with halitosis and investigate the oral microbiome profile on the inner surface of their KF94 masks. We also investigated which oral microbiota increases VSC levels and whether the oral microbiomes of oral saliva and mask are correlated. A total of 50 subjects (41 women, average age 38.12 ± 12.58 years old) were included in the study, 25 healthy subjects and 25 patients with halitosis who wore masks for more than 3 h. The dominant bacterial species, bacterial profile, and Shannon diversity index of whole unstimulated saliva and the inner surface of the mask were investigated. The bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes of the major oral bacterial species were analyzed using real-time PCR. Gas chromatography was used to measure hydrogen sulfide (HS) and methyl mercaptan (CHSH), which are representative VSCs. The total bacterial DNA copy number was significantly higher in the saliva sample than in the mask sample (p < 0.001), and the average value was 276 times greater. Shannon diversity index was also significantly higher in saliva than in the inner surface of the mask (2.62 ± 0.81 vs. 1.15 ± 1.52, p < 0.001). The most common Gram-negative and Gram-positive species in the masks were Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Lactobacillus casei (Lc), respectively. The bacterial species with significant positive correlations between saliva and mask samples were Prevotella intermedia (Pi) (r = 0.324, p = 0.022), Eikenella corrodens (r = 0.309, p = 0.029), Lc (r = 0.293, p = 0.039), and Parvimonas micra (Pm) (r = 0.366, p = 0.009). The mean value of CHSH was significantly higher in the halitosis group than in the non-halitosis group (17.84 ± 29.00 vs. 3.84 ± 10.57 ppb, p = 0.031). In the halitosis group, the DNA copy numbers and VSC levels showed highly positive correlation coefficients in the order Pg, Treponema denticola (Td), Tannerella forsythia (Tf), Pi, and Prevotella nigrescens (Pn) (all p < 0.05). Regarding bacterial profiles of the mask, Td was strongly correlated with CHSH (r = 0.414, p = 0.040) and total VSCs (r = 0.374, p = 0.033) only in halitosis group. Mask-wearing time was strongly correlated with total VSCs, HS, and CHSH (all r > 0.8, p < 0.001). Oral bacteria, whose association with halitosis has been identified, increased VSC levels in mask-wearing subjects during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly the number of Gram-negative anaerobes such as Pg and Td. Mask-wearing time was a major factor in increasing VSC levels. The study results suggest that people with halitosis could control these Gram-negative bacteria by improving oral hygiene and regularly changing masks.
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Middle Aged; Halitosis; Sulfur Compounds; Cross-Sectional Studies; Pandemics; Prospective Studies; COVID-19; Sulfides; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Hydrogen Sulfide; Saliva; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 36781937
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29080-3 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2023This study is an investigation of anaerobic nitrite and fumarate reduction/respiration abilities of two characterised Prevotella species namely Prevotella nigrescens...
OBJECTIVE
This study is an investigation of anaerobic nitrite and fumarate reduction/respiration abilities of two characterised Prevotella species namely Prevotella nigrescens (SS6B) and Prevotella buccae (GS6B) isolated from the periodontal pockets of chronic periodontitis (ChP) patients.
METHODS
Isolation and identification of the periodontal bacteria from 20 patients showing clinical symptoms of ChP. Characterisation of anaerobic nitrite and fumarate reduction was done in P. nigrescens (SS6B) and P. buccae (GS6B) using reduction assays, inhibition assays with use of specific inhibitors, growth assays and enzyme activity assays. Degenerate PCR was used to detect and amplify nitrite reductase (nrfA) and fumarate reductase (frdA) gene sequences in these Prevotella isolates. In addition, molecular and in silico analysis of the amplified anaerobic reductase gene sequences was performed using NCBI conserved domain analysis, Interpro database and MegaX.
RESULTS
We provided experimental evidence for presence of active nitrite and fumarate reductase activities through enzyme activity, reduction, inhibitor and growth assays. Moreover, we were able to detect presence of 505 bps nrfA gene fragment and 400 bps frdA gene fragment in these Prevotella spp. These fragments show similarity to multiheme ammonia forming cytochrome c nitrite reductases and fumarate reductases flavoprotein subunit, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Anaerobic nitrite and fumarate respiration abilities in P. nigrescens and P. buccae isolates appear to be important for detoxification process and growth, respectively.
Topics: Humans; Chronic Periodontitis; Prevotella nigrescens; Nitrites; Succinate Dehydrogenase
PubMed: 36739100
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106022 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jan 2023Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infections of the gum. At an advanced stage, periodontitis can even destroy the alveolar bone. Fusobacterium... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease caused by microbial infections of the gum. At an advanced stage, periodontitis can even destroy the alveolar bone. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, and Pr. nigrescens are the major pathogens in periodontitis. Scaling and root planning are used together with local or systemic antibiotics to treat periodontitis. The difficulty in complete eradication of periodontal pathogens frequently leads to the relapse of the disease. As not many new antibiotics are available in the market, many researchers are now focusing on developing alternative strategies against periodontal microbes. This review provides an overview of the possible use of bacteriophages, lysins, honey, plant extracts, metallic salts, nanoparticles, and vaccines as alternative therapeutic agents against periodontal infections. The information provided here could help in designing alternative therapeutics for the treatment of periodontal infections.
Topics: Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Disease Management; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
PubMed: 36724261
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac039 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Discovery of human microbiota is fundamentally changing our perceptions of certain diseases and their treatments. However little is known about the human blood vessel...
Discovery of human microbiota is fundamentally changing our perceptions of certain diseases and their treatments. However little is known about the human blood vessel microbiota, it may have important effects on vascular pathological lesions and vascular homograft failure. In our prospective survey study fourteen femoral arteries, harvested from donors in multi-organ donations, were examined using the V3-V4 region 16S rRNA sequencing method. The most abundant phyla in the human vascular microbiota were , and . At the genus level, the most abundant taxa were , , , , and . Of the bacterial taxa that have an indirect effect on the development of atherosclerosis, we found , and spp. with different abundances in our samples. Of the bacteria that are more common in the intestinal flora of healthy than of atherosclerosis patients, and occurred in the majority of samples. The human arterial wall has a unique microbiota that is significantly different in composition from that of other areas of the body. Our present study provides a basis for ensuing research that investigates the direct role of the microbiota in vascular wall abnormalities and the success of vascular allograft transplantations.
Topics: Humans; Adult; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Femoral Artery; Prospective Studies; Microbiota; Bacteria; Tissue Donors; Atherosclerosis; Brain
PubMed: 36530429
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1056319 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients... (Review)
Review
The implementation of adjunctive antibiotics has been recommended for the therapy of peri-implantitis (PI). In this review, antibiotic resistance patterns in PI patients were assessed. A systematic scoping review of observational studies and trials was established in conjunction with the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. The SCOPUS, PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCIELO, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were reviewed along with the gray literature. The primary electronic examination produced 139 investigations. Finally, four observational studies met the selection criteria. These studies evaluated 214 implants in 168 patients. and mainly presented high resistance to tetracycline, metronidazole, and erythromycin in PI patients. Similarly, was also highly resistant to clindamycin and doxycycline. Other microorganisms such as , , and also presented significant levels of resistance to other antibiotics including amoxicillin, azithromycin, and moxifloxacin. However, most microorganisms did not show resistance to the combination amoxicillin metronidazole. Although the management of adjunctive antimicrobials in the therapy of PI is controversial, in this review, the resistance of relevant microorganisms to antibiotics used to treat PI, and usually prescribed in dentistry, was observed. Clinicians should consider the antibiotic resistance demonstrated in the treatment of PI patients and its public health consequences.
Topics: Humans; Peri-Implantitis; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Amoxicillin; Metronidazole; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36497685
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315609 -
Journal of Oral Microbiology 2022Oral are known as anaerobic commensals on oral mucosae and in dental plaques from early life onwards, including pigmented and and non-pigmented species. Many... (Review)
Review
Oral are known as anaerobic commensals on oral mucosae and in dental plaques from early life onwards, including pigmented and and non-pigmented species. Many species contribute to oral inflammatory processes, being frequent findings in dysbiotic biofilms of periodontal diseases (), cariotic lesions ( (formerly ) ), endodontic infections (), and other clinically relevant oral conditions. Over the years, several novel species have been recovered from the oral cavity without knowledge of their clinical relevance. Within this wide genus, virulence properties and other characteristics like biofilm formation seemingly vary in a species- and strain-dependent manner, as shown for the group organisms (, and ). Oral species are identified in various non-oral infections and chronic pathological conditions. Here, we have updated the knowledge of the genus and the role of species as residents and infectious agents of the oral cavity, as well as their detection in non-oral infections, but also gathered information on their potential link to cancers of the head and neck, and other systemic disorders.
PubMed: 36393976
DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2022.2079814 -
Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Oct 2022Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fifth most diagnosed cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, CRC incidence rates tripled from 1997 to 2017. In the Moi Teaching and...
BACKGROUND
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fifth most diagnosed cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, CRC incidence rates tripled from 1997 to 2017. In the Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Moi University, there has been an increase in CRC cases, notably for younger patients. A suggested pathobiology for this increase is gut microbiome dysbiosis. Since, for the Kenyan CRC patient population, microbiome studies are rare, there is a need for a better understanding of how microbiome dysbiosis influences CRC epidemiology in Kenya. In this single-center study, the focus was on profiling the gut microbiome of Kenyan CRC patients and healthy volunteers and evaluating associations between microbiome profiles and the age of CRC patients.
METHODS
The gut mucosa-associated microbiome of 18 CRC patients and 18 healthy controls were determined by 16S rRNA sequencing and analyzed for alpha and beta diversity, differential abundance, and microbial metabolic profiling.
RESULTS
Alpha diversity metrics showed no significant differences, but beta diversity metrics showed dissimilarities in the microbial communities between CRC patients and healthy controls. The most underrepresented species in the CRC group were () and (), although () and were overrepresented (linear discriminant analysis, LDA score >2, P<0.05). Also, for CRC patients, significant metagenomic functional alterations were evident in microbial glutamate metabolic pathways (L-glutamate degradation VIII was enriched, and L-glutamate and L-glutamine biosynthesis were diminished) (P<0.05, log2 Fold Change >1). Moreover, the microbiome composition was different for patients under 40 years of age compared to older patients (LDA score >2, P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Microbiome and microbial metabolic profiles of CRC patients are different from those of healthy individuals. CRC microbiome dysbiosis, particularly and depletion and glutamate metabolic alterations, are evident in Kenyan CRC patients.
PubMed: 36388691
DOI: 10.21037/jgo-22-116 -
Antibacterial activity of Brazilian red propolis and in vitro evaluation of free radical production.Archives of Oral Biology Nov 2022This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude Brazilian red propolis (BRP) extract against anaerobic bacteria involved in primary endodontic...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude Brazilian red propolis (BRP) extract against anaerobic bacteria involved in primary endodontic infection. Additionally, we evaluate the cell viability and free radical production of human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) in direct contact with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and BRP.
DESIGN
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MIC, MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB) of BRP against anaerobic endodontic pathogens were determined. HDPF were exposed to BRP10 (10 μg/mL), BRP50 (50 μg/mL), MTA extract (1:1, 1:2, 1:4 e 1:8), dimethyl sulfoxide 0.5% (DMSO), and cell culture medium (DMEM). The groups were tested for cell viability (MTT assay), and free radical production (reactive oxygen species - ROS, DCFH-DA probe and nitric oxide - NO, Griess reagent). The one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests were employed at a significance level of 5%.
RESULTS
MIC/MBC values of BRP performed antibacterial activity for Parvimonas micra (6.25/6.25 µg/mL), Fusobacterium nucleatum (25/25 µg/mL), Prevotella melaninogenica (50/100 µg/mL), Prevotella nigrescens (50/100 µg/mL), Prevotella intermedia (50/100 µg/mL), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (50/200 µg/mL). The MICB values ranged from 1.56 to 50 μg/mL. BRP and MTA stimulated cell viability, emphasizing BRP10 (p = 0.007). Furthermore, it was observed that MTA 1:1, MTA 1:2, and BRP50 slightly increased ROS (p < 0.001) and NO production (p = 0.008, p = 0.007, and p < 0.001 respectively) compared to DMEM group.
CONCLUSIONS
BRP exhibits good antibacterial activity against endodontic pathogens, and both BRP and MTA promote the viability of HDPF without increasing NO and ROS production.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Brazil; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nitric Oxide; Plant Extracts; Propolis; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36049430
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105520 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic potentialities of the Brazilian root essential oil...
This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition as well as the antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic potentialities of the Brazilian root essential oil (CZ-EO) In addition, CZ-EO cytotoxicity to LLCMK adherent epithelial cells was assessed. The major compounds identified in CZ-EO were khusimol (30.0 ± 0.3%), β-eudesmol (10.8 ± 0.3%), α-muurolene (6.0 ± 0.1%), and patchouli alcohol (5.6 ± 0.2%). CZ-EO displayed optimal antibacterial activity against , , , and , with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values between 22 and 62.5 µg/mL and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values between 22 and 400 µg/mL. CZ-EO was highly active against the promastigote and amastigote forms (IC = 7.20 and 16.21 µg/mL, respectively) and the trypomastigote form (IC = 11.2 µg/mL). Moreover, CZ-EO showed moderate cytotoxicity to LLCMK cells, with CC = 565.4 µg/mL. These results revealed an interesting in vitro selectivity of CZ-EO toward the promastigote and amastigote forms (Selectivity Index, SI = 78.5 and 34.8, respectively) and the trypomastigote form (SI = 50.5) compared to LLCMK cells. These results showed the promising potential of CZ-EO for developing new antimicrobial, antileishmanial, and antitrypanosomal drugs.
PubMed: 36015115
DOI: 10.3390/ph15080967 -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Apr 2023Evidence suggests that periodontal disease is associated with increased lung cancer risk, but whether periodontal pathogens are explanatory is unknown. We prospectively...
BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that periodontal disease is associated with increased lung cancer risk, but whether periodontal pathogens are explanatory is unknown. We prospectively studied associations of prediagnostic circulating antibodies with oral bacteria and of periodontal bacteria in subgingival plaque with lung cancer.
METHODS
We included 4,263 cancer-free participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study with previously measured serum IgG antibodies to 18 oral bacteria. In 1,287 participants for whom subgingival plaque was collected, counts for 8 periodontal bacteria were previously measured. Incident lung cancers (N = 118) were ascertained through 2015 (median follow-up = 17.5 years). We used Cox regression to estimate multivariable-adjusted associations, including for sums of antibodies to orange (C. rectus, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, P. micra, and P. nigrescens) and red (P. gingivalis, T. forsythensis, and T. denticola) complex bacteria.
RESULTS
Orange complex bacteria antibodies were positively associated with lung cancer [per IQR hazard ratios (HR) = 1.15; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.02-1.29], which was stronger in men (HR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.08-1.49), and explained by P. intermedia and P. nigrescens (HR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04-1.26). Suggestive positive associations with lung cancer (N = 40) were observed for F. nucleatum, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. gingivalis counts. Significant positive associations were found for the count to antibody ratio for P. intermedia and P. gingivalis.
CONCLUSIONS
We identified positive associations with lung cancer for oral bacteria, especially orange complex that are moderately pathogenic for periodontal disease.
IMPACT
This prospective study supports the need for more research on periodontal bacteria in lung cancer etiology. If associations are supported, this may inform novel lung cancer prevention strategies.
Topics: Male; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Prevotella intermedia; Prospective Studies; Periodontal Diseases; Atherosclerosis; Lung Neoplasms
PubMed: 35999656
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-22-0601