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Journal of Applied Microbiology Feb 2022The potential of gallnut tannin (GT) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on fermentation characteristics, in vitro ruminal methane (CH ) production and microbiota of...
Evaluation of gallnut tannin and Lactobacillus plantarum as natural modifiers for alfalfa silage: Ensiling characteristics, in vitro ruminal methane production, fermentation profile and microbiota.
AIMS
The potential of gallnut tannin (GT) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on fermentation characteristics, in vitro ruminal methane (CH ) production and microbiota of alfalfa silage was investigated.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Alfalfa was ensiled with GT (20 and 50 g kg dry matter [DM]) and LP (3 × 10 CFU per gram fresh matter) alone or in combination for 60 days. The GT and LP alone or in combination decreased DM losses, pH and non-protein nitrogen contents of alfalfa silage. All additive treatments decreased ruminal CH production, and increased propionic acid molar proportions and Fibrobacter succinogenes numbers. The LP treatment increased nutrient degradation, cellobiase, pectinase and protease activities, and Prevotella ruminicola abundance, whereas high-dose GT treatment inhibited these variables. Importantly, LP together with GT alleviated the adverse effects of high-dose GT supply alone by enhancing pectinase and protease activities as well as Rumincoccus flavefaciens and P. ruminicola growth.
CONCLUSIONS
Combination of GT and LP can be used as an efficient additive to improve silage quality and utilization by ruminants.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Using GT-LP combination has practical implications, particularly concerning effects of tannins on ruminal CH mitigation, which may alleviate inhibitory effects of tannins on feed digestion through modulating ruminal microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Fermentation; Lactobacillus plantarum; Medicago sativa; Methane; Microbiota; Rumen; Silage; Tannins
PubMed: 34347910
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15246 -
Animal Science Journal = Nihon Chikusan... 2021This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium humate (HNa) and glutamine (Gln) alone or combined supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea...
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium humate (HNa) and glutamine (Gln) alone or combined supplementation on growth performance, diarrhea incidence, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora of weaned Holstein calves. In a 14-day experiment, 40 calves at 51 ± 3 days of age were randomly allocated to four treatment groups: (1) NC (basal diet), (2) NC + 5% HNa, (3) NC + 1% Gln, and (4) NC + 5% HNa + 1% Gln. Calves combined supplementation with HNa and Gln had a higher (P < .05) ADG, serum concentration of glucose (GLU), IgA, and IgG but lower fecal scores, diarrhea incidence, serum concentration of TNF-α, and IL-10 compared with NC group (P < .05). Compared with NC group, HNa + Gln group showed higher (P < .05) serum GSH and T-AOC activities but lower (P < .05) concentration of MDA and D-lac. Furthermore, the abundances of Prevotella ruminicola, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus in rectal digesta were increased (P < .05), but the Escherichia coli was significantly decreased. In conclusion, combined supplementation with HNa and Gln can effectively improve the immune status, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal microflora of the weaned calves while reducing diarrhea incidence.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Cattle; Diarrhea; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Escherichia coli; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutamine; Incidence; Sodium
PubMed: 34269503
DOI: 10.1111/asj.13584 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jun 2021This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of hydrolysable tannin (chestnut tannin, CHT) without or with condensed tannin (quebracho tannin, QT) for modulating...
Effects of Hydrolysable Tannin with or without Condensed Tannin on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production, Fermentation Patterns, and Microbiota.
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of hydrolysable tannin (chestnut tannin, CHT) without or with condensed tannin (quebracho tannin, QT) for modulating alfalfa silage fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal methane (CH) production, fermentation profile, and microbiota. Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control), 2% CHT (CHT2), 5% CHT (CHT5), the combination of CHT and QT at 1% each (CHQ2), and CHT and QT at 2.5% each (CHQ5) of forage dry matter (DM). The CHQ2 treatment was more effective in reducing DM losses, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen to total nitrogen ratios of alfalfa silage than CHT2 and CHT5 treatments. All tannin treatments decreased ruminal CH production, and the magnitude of the decrease was greater for the combinations than the individual ones. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradation decreased by tannin treatments, but microbial protein (MCP) synthesis increased. The total VFA concentrations and DM degradation were lower with CHQ2 treatment than with CHT5 and CHQ5 treatments, but the MCP concentrations were comparable among these treatments. Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of the anaerobic fungi and , but enhanced . The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition of CHT supply alone in , , and as well as protease. The results revealed that a combination of HT from CHT and CT from QT at a low level can reduce proteolysis and CH production of alfalfa silage without impairing ruminal fermentation and microbiota.
PubMed: 34209256
DOI: 10.3390/ani11071967 -
The British Journal of Nutrition May 2022To investigate the influences of cobalt (Co) and folic acid (FA) on growth performance and rumen fermentation, Holstein male calves ( 40) were randomly assigned to four...
To investigate the influences of cobalt (Co) and folic acid (FA) on growth performance and rumen fermentation, Holstein male calves ( 40) were randomly assigned to four groups according to their body weights. Cobalt sulphate at 0 or 0·11 mg Co/kg DM and FA at 0 or 7·2 mg/kg DM were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Average daily gain was elevated with FA or Co supplementation, but the elevation was greater for supplementing Co in diets without FA than with FA. Supplementing FA or Co increased DM intake and total-tract nutrient digestibility. Rumen pH was unaltered with FA but reduced with Co supplementation. Concentration of rumen total volatile fatty acids was elevated with FA or Co inclusion. Acetate percentage and acetate to propionate ratio were elevated with FA inclusion. Supplementing Co decreased acetate percentage and increased propionate percentage. Activities of xylanase and -amylase and populations of total bacteria, fungi, protozoa, , and increased with FA or Co inclusion. Activities of carboxymethyl-cellulase and pectinase increased with FA inclusion and population of methanogens decreased with Co addition. Blood folates increased and homocysteine decreased with FA inclusion. Blood glucose and vitamin B increased with Co addition. The data suggested that supplementing 0·11 mg Co/kg DM in diets containing 0·09 mg Co/kg DM increased growth performance and nutrient digestibility but had no improvement on the effects of FA addition in calves.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Male; Folic Acid; Dietary Supplements; Rumen; Fermentation; Propionates; Animal Feed; Digestion; Diet; Cobalt; Nutrients
PubMed: 34155966
DOI: 10.1017/S000711452100221X -
Journal of Animal Science and Technology Nov 2020The main objective of this study was to evaluate red ginseng byproduct (RGP) as a protein resource and its effects on rumen fermentation characteristics, microflora,...
The main objective of this study was to evaluate red ginseng byproduct (RGP) as a protein resource and its effects on rumen fermentation characteristics, microflora, CO, and CH production in ruminants. Four treatments for fermentation using buffered rumen fluid over a 48 h incubation period were used: 1, RGP; 2, corn gluten feed (CGF); 3, wheat gluten (WG); and 4, corn germ meal. dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber digestibility (IVNDFD), crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), volatile fatty acids, pH, and ammonia nitrogen (NH-N) were estimated after 48 h incubation. Gas production was investigated after 3, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h. The CO and CH were evaluated after 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. A significant difference in total gas production and CO emissions was observed ( < 0.01) at all incubation times. CH production in RGP were higher ( < 0.05) than that in other treatments but a higher CH portion in the total gas production was observed in WG ( < 0.05) at 48 h incubation. The IVDMD, IVNDFD, and IVCPD of RGP was lower than those of other conventional ingredients ( < 0.01). The RGP had the lowest NH-N value among the treatments ( < 0.01). The RGP also had the lowest total VFA concentration ( < 0.01), but presented the highest acetate proportion and acetate to propionate ratio among the treatments (both, < 0.01). The abundance of was higher in RGP than in WG ( < 0.01), whereas RGP has lower methanogenic archaea ( < 0.01). In conclusion, based on the nutritive value, IVDMD, low NH-N, and decreased methanogenic archaea, RGP inclusion as a protein source in ruminant diets can be an option in replacing conventional feed sources.
PubMed: 33987561
DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.6.801 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Previous studies have focused on the rumen microbiome and enteric methane (CH) emissions in dairy cows, yet little is known about steers, especially steers of dairy...
Previous studies have focused on the rumen microbiome and enteric methane (CH) emissions in dairy cows, yet little is known about steers, especially steers of dairy breeds. In the present study, we comparatively examined the rumen microbiota, fermentation characteristics, and CH emissions from six non-cannulated Holstein (710.33 ± 43.02 kg) and six Jersey (559.67 ± 32.72 kg) steers. The steers were fed the same total mixed ration (TMR) for 30 days. After 25 days of adaptation to the diet, CH emissions were measured using GreenFeed for three consecutive days, and rumen fluid samples were collected on last day using stomach tubing before feeding (0 h) and 6 h after feeding. CH production (g/d/animal), CH yield (g/kg DMI), and CH intensity (g/kg BW) were higher in the Jersey steers than in the Holstein steers. The lowest pH value was recorded at 6 h after feeding. The Jersey steers had lower rumen pH and a higher concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH-N). The Jersey steers had a numerically higher molar proportion of acetate than the Holstein steers, but the opposite was true for that of propionate. Metataxonomic analysis of the rumen microbiota showed that the two breeds had similar species richness, Shannon, and inverse Simpson diversity indexes. Principal coordinates analysis showed that the overall rumen microbiota was different between the two breeds. Both breeds were dominated by , and its highest relative abundance was observed 6 h after feeding. The genera , , and the species , and were more abundant in Holstein steers while the genera , , and the species , and in the Jersey steers. The Jersey steers were dominated by while the Holstein steers by . The overall results suggest that sampling hour has little influence on the rumen microbiota; however, breeds of steers can affect the assemblage of the rumen microbiota and different mitigation strategies may be needed to effectively manipulate the rumen microbiota and mitigate enteric CH emissions from these steers.
PubMed: 33868186
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.601061 -
Toxics Mar 2021Gossypol is a key anti-nutritional factor which limits the feeding application of cottonseed by-products in animal production. A 2 × 4 factorial in vitro experiment was...
Gossypol is a key anti-nutritional factor which limits the feeding application of cottonseed by-products in animal production. A 2 × 4 factorial in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the effect of gossypol addition levels of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/g on ruminal fermentation of a high-forage feed (HF, Chinese wildrye hay/corn meal = 3:2) in comparison with a low-forage feed (LF, Chinese wildrye hay/corn meal = 2:3). After 48 h of incubation, in vitro dry matter disappearance was greater in the LF than the HF group, while the cumulative gas production and asymptotic gas production were greater in the HF than the LF group ( < 0.05). Regardless of whatever ration type was incubated, the increasing gossypol addition did not alter in vitro dry matter disappearance. The asymptotic gas production, cumulative gas production, molar percentage of CO and H in fermentation gases, and microbial protein in cultural fluids decreased with the increase in the gossypol addition. Conversely, the gossypol addition increased the molar percentage of CH, ammonia N, and total volatile fatty acid production. More than 95% of the gossypol addition disappeared after 48 h of in vitro incubation. Regardless of whatever ration type was incubated, the real-time PCR analysis showed that the gossypol addition decreased the populations of , , , , , and fungi but increased , protozoa, and total bacteria in culture fluids in comparison with the control ( < 0.01). Additionally, the tendency of a smaller population was observed for , , and fungi with greater inclusion of gossypol, but a greater population was observed for , , , protozoa, and total bacteria. In summary, the present results suggest that rumen microorganisms indeed presented a high ability to degrade gossypol, but there was an obvious detrimental effect of the gossypol addition on rumen fermentation by decreasing microbial activity when the gossypol inclusion exceeded 0.5 mg/g, and such inhibitory effect was more pronounced in the low-forage than the high-forage group.
PubMed: 33800444
DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030051 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Feb 2021The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was...
The effect of the association of non-protein nitrogen, yeast, and bacterial probiotics on the ruminal microbiome of beef cattle intensively finished on pasture was evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of a group of animals kept on pasture that received low consumption supplementation (LS) and four groups that received for 98 days, 17.5 g concentrate kg body weight. The supplements were composed of the association of additives: urea (U), slow-release non-protein nitrogen (U+SRN), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; U+SRN+Y), and bacterial probiotics (live strains of bacteria; U+SRN+Y+BP). All supplements also contained salinomycin and virginiamycin. After slaughtering the animals, samples of ruminal content were collected to quantify groups of fibrolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus and Fibrobacter succinogenes), non-fibrolytic (Prevotella ruminicola, Selenomonas ruminantium, and Streptococcus bovis), Archaea, and ciliate protozoa, using the qPCR technique. The abundance of F. succinogenes was the same for the LS animals and those that received the supplement U+SRN+Y (1.42×10 copies mL) but higher than the other treatments. Supplementation reduced by 90% the abundance of S. bovis compared to the LS. The inclusion of yeast increased the abundance of fibrolytic bacteria by 2.2-fold. For animals that received the supplement U+SRN+Y+BP and the LS, there was no difference for non-fibrolytic bacteria (3.07×10 copies mL). The use of yeasts and sources of non-protein nitrogen in high-concentrate diets for beef cattle stimulates the growth of fibrolytic bacteria, which can contribute to the reduction of digestive disorders and metabolic diseases in animals that receive diets with high concentrate in pasture intensive termination systems.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; Cattle; Diet; Fermentation; Fibrobacter; Ionophores; Probiotics; Rumen; Ruminococcus; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PubMed: 33598856
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02617-2 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021This study was conducted to examine the influences of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diet of lactating Holstein cattle on rumen...
This study was conducted to examine the influences of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with fermented soybean meal (FSBM) in the diet of lactating Holstein cattle on rumen fermentation and ruminal bacterial microbiome. Twenty-four lactating Chinese Holstein dairy cattle were assigned to each of the two treatments in a completely randomized design: the SBM group [the basal total mixed ration (TMR) diet containing 5.77% SBM] and the FSBM group (the experimental TMR diet containing 5.55% FSBM). This trial lasted for 54 days (14 days for adjustment and 40 days for data and sample collection), and samples of rumen liquid were collected on 34 d and 54 d, respectively. The results showed that replacing SBM with FSBM significantly increased the molar percentages of propionate ( < 0.01) and valerate ( < 0.05), but reduced the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) concentration ( < 0.05), butyrate molar proportion ( < 0.05), and the acetate to propionate ratio ( < 0.01). The copy numbers of total bacteria ( < 0.05), ( < 0.01), ( < 0.01), and spp. ( < 0.05) in the FSBM group were greater, while the density of ( < 0.05) was lower than those in the SBM treatment. Additionally, and were significantly enriched ( < 0.05) in the rumen fluid of FSBM-fed cows, despite the fact that there was no remarkable difference in the Alpha diversity indexes, structure and KEGG pathway abundances of the bacterial community across the two treatments. It could hence be concluded that the substitution of FSBM for SBM modulated rumen fermentation and rumen bacterial microbiota in lactating Holstein dairy cows. Further research is required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms of FSBM, and provide more insights into the application of FSBM in dairy cattle.
PubMed: 33584627
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.625857 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Apr 2021As a water-soluble polymer, the widely used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is produced from hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Microbial PVA carbon backbone cleavage via a...
As a water-soluble polymer, the widely used polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is produced from hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate. Microbial PVA carbon backbone cleavage via a two-step reaction of dehydrogenation and hydrolysis has been well studied. Content of acetyl group is a pivotal factor affecting performance of PVA derivatives in industrial application, and deacetylation is a non-negligible part in PVA degradation. However, the genetic and biochemical studies of its deacetylation remain largely elusive. Here, sp. strain NyZ500 was isolated for its capability of growing on acetylated PVA from activated sludge. A spontaneous PVA-utilization deficient mutant strain NyZ501 was obtained when strain NyZ500 was cultured in rich media. Comparative analysis between the genomes of these two strains revealed a fragment (containing a putative hydrolase gene ) deletion in NyZ501 and complemented strain NyZ501 restored the ability to grow on PVA. DacA which shares 21% identity with xylan esterase AxeA1 from 23, is a unique deacetylase catalyzing the conversion of acetylated PVA and its derivatives to deacetylated counterparts. This indicates that strain NyZ500 utilizes acetylated PVA via acetate as a carbon source to grow. DacA also possessed the deacetylation ability for acetylated xylan and the antibiotic intermediate 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7ACA) but the enzymes for the above two compounds had no activities against PVA derivatives. This study enhanced our understanding of the diversity of microbial degradation of PVA and DacA characterized here is also a potential biocatalyst for the eco-friendly biotransformation of PVA derivatives and other acetylated compounds. Water-soluble PVA, which possesses a very robust ability to accumulate in the environment, has a very grave environmental impact due to its widespread use in industrial and household applications. On the other hand, chemical transformation of PVA derivatives is currently being carried out at high energy consumption and high pollution conditions using hazardous chemicals (such as NaOH, methanol) under high temperatures. The DacA reported here performs PVA deacetylation under mild conditions, then it has a great potential to be developed into an eco-friendly biocatalyst for biotransformation of PVA derivatives. DacA also has deacetylation activity for compounds other than PVA derivatives, which facilitates its development into a broad-spectrum deacetylation biocatalyst for production of certain desired compounds.
PubMed: 33547060
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.03016-20