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Ecotoxicology (London, England) Mar 2023Profenofos (organophosphate) is among the major toxicant polluting freshwater bodies, exerting a significant effect on fish health. The LC value of Profenofos (PRO) was...
Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of profenofos-based insecticide on behavior, biochemical, hematological, and histopathological responses in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Profenofos (organophosphate) is among the major toxicant polluting freshwater bodies, exerting a significant effect on fish health. The LC value of Profenofos (PRO) was resolved in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with average body weight (55.82 ± 5.42 g) and determined the 96 h LC value as 7.2 µg/L for the assay. Twenty-one-day exposures to 1.8 µg/ L and 3.6 µg/ L doses were conducted to evaluate the sub-lethal effects, and various toxicological endpoints were assessed on the 1, 7, 15 and 21 days of exposure. Acute toxic stress was observed with fish displaying behavioral toxicity. The most hematological change was extreme microcytic hypochromic anemia. Leucocyte count increased in experimented fish. Moderate neutrophilia, monocytosis and lymphocytosis were observed. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations were significantly diminished. Overall, increments over control were recognized in serum urea, creatinine and acid phosphatase. However, serum glucose, total lipid, cholesterol, serum ALT and AST activity showed a significant decrease in fish exposed to both concentrations of PRO. Serum IgM concentrations insignificantly changed in treated fish except for on the 21 day of exposure to 3.6 µg/ L of PRO, while serum lysozyme significantly decreased. Furthermore, total protein, lipid and glycogen concentrations in muscles and the liver exhibited a decreasing trend at all concentrations. Moreover, histopathological alterations in the liver, kidney, and muscles occurred exclusively after treatment. From the obtained results, it is assumed that profenofos induced general toxic impacts under field conditions and might disturb ecologically relevant processes.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Carps; Organothiophosphates; Lipids; Fish Diseases; Diet; Animal Feed
PubMed: 36708414
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02628-9 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2023In the work, based on self-assembly dual-site DNA tetrahedral scaffold (DTS), thionine (Thi), and 6-(Ferrocenyl)hexanethiol (Fc6S), a multiplex strategy electrochemical...
In the work, based on self-assembly dual-site DNA tetrahedral scaffold (DTS), thionine (Thi), and 6-(Ferrocenyl)hexanethiol (Fc6S), a multiplex strategy electrochemical platform was fabricated for the simultaneous detection of profenofos (PFF) and diazinon (DZN). Thi and Fc6S were used to label aptamers for the synthesis of probes respectively. Notably, Thi and Fc6S engendered recognizable DPV peaks at different potentials to achieve simultaneous detection of PFF and DZN. In addition to increasing the conductivity of the electrode, the combination of carboxylic acid functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and ferroferric oxide nanoparticles could also increase its higher specific surface area of the electrode interface to adsorb more DTS. Because of the mechanical rigidity of the DTS, the DTS could keep a complementary chain upright and provide more binding sites for aptamers, the binding efficiency between the complementary chain and 2 binding aptamers could be improved. Comparing the aptasensors performance of single-strand DNA with that of the DTS with complementary strands, the benefits of the DTS were highlighted in this system. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits of PFF and DZN were both 3.33 pg/mL and the detection ranges were both 1.00 × 10-1.00 × 10 pg/mL. Meanwhile, the recoveries of PFF and DZN were 87.15%-117.34% and 91.20%-114.19%, respectively. The aptasensor could realize the simultaneous detection of PFF and DZN in vegetables. Furthermore, the aptasensor also had good stability and selectivity. This strategy could provide a good reference for developing effective aptasensors for the simultaneous detection of other small molecules and toxins.
Topics: Diazinon; Electrochemical Techniques; Nanotubes, Carbon; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Metal Nanoparticles; DNA; Biosensing Techniques; Limit of Detection; Gold
PubMed: 36682560
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161692 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2023Profenofos residues in the environment pose a high risk to mammals and non-target organisms. In this study, the biodegradation and detoxification of profenofos in an...
Profenofos residues in the environment pose a high risk to mammals and non-target organisms. In this study, the biodegradation and detoxification of profenofos in an efficient degrading strain, Cupriavidus nantongensis X1, was investigated. Strain X1 could degrade 88.82 % of 20 mg/L profenofos in 48 h. The optimum temperature and inoculation amount of strain X1 for the degradation of profenofos were 30-37 °C and 20 % (V/V), respectively. Metabolic pathway analysis showed that strain X1 could degrade both profenofos and its main metabolite 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol. Metabolite toxicity analysis results showed that dehalogenation was the main detoxification step in profenofos biodegradation. The key gene and enzyme for profenofos degradation in strain X1 were also explored. RT-qPCR shows that organophosphorus hydrolase (OpdB) was the key enzyme to control the hydrolysis process in strain X1. The purified enzyme OpdB in vitro had the same degradation characteristics as strain X1. Divalent metal cations could significantly enhance the hydrolysis activity of strain X1 and enzyme OpdB. Meanwhile, strain X1 could degrade 60.89 % of 20 mg/L profenofos in actual field soil within 72 h. This study provides an efficient biological resource for the remediation of profenofos residual pollution in the environment.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphates; Biodegradation, Environmental; Mammals
PubMed: 36513234
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160782 -
Frontiers in Toxicology 2022Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant...
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are a chemically diverse class of commonly used insecticides. Epidemiological studies suggest that low dose chronic prenatal and infant exposures can lead to life-long neurological damage and behavioral disorders. While inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the shared mechanism of acute OP neurotoxicity, OP-induced developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) can occur independently and/or in the absence of significant AChE inhibition, implying that OPs affect alternative targets. Moreover, different OPs can cause different adverse outcomes, suggesting that different OPs act through different mechanisms. These findings emphasize the importance of comparative studies of OP toxicity. Freshwater planarians are an invertebrate system that uniquely allows for automated, rapid and inexpensive testing of adult and developing organisms in parallel to differentiate neurotoxicity from DNT. Effects found only in regenerating planarians would be indicative of DNT, whereas shared effects may represent neurotoxicity. We leverage this unique feature of planarians to investigate potential differential effects of OPs on the adult and developing brain by performing a comparative screen to test 7 OPs (acephate, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, parathion and profenofos) across 10 concentrations in quarter-log steps. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using a wide range of quantitative morphological and behavioral readouts. AChE activity was measured using an Ellman assay. The toxicological profiles of the 7 OPs differed across the OPs and between adult and regenerating planarians. Toxicological profiles were not correlated with levels of AChE inhibition. Twenty-two "mechanistic control compounds" known to target pathways suggested in the literature to be affected by OPs (cholinergic neurotransmission, serotonin neurotransmission, endocannabinoid system, cytoskeleton, adenyl cyclase and oxidative stress) and 2 negative controls were also screened. When compared with the mechanistic control compounds, the phenotypic profiles of the different OPs separated into distinct clusters. The phenotypic profiles of adult vs. regenerating planarians exposed to the OPs clustered differently, suggesting some developmental-specific mechanisms. These results further support findings in other systems that OPs cause different adverse outcomes in the (developing) brain and build the foundation for future comparative studies focused on delineating the mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity in planarians.
PubMed: 36267428
DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.948455 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) an invasive mealybug on cotton is primarily controlled by conventional insecticides. An endoparasitoid...
Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) an invasive mealybug on cotton is primarily controlled by conventional insecticides. An endoparasitoid Aenasius arizonenesis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a potential biocontrol agent of this pest. We assessed the susceptibility in field populations of P. solenopsis and A. arizonensis to commonly used insecticides: profenofos, imidacloprid and thiodicarb. Reproductive traits of the parasitoid and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) parameters viz., Reduction coefficient, Descriptive analysis, Risk Index (RI), Selectivity ratio and Hazard quotient were measured to assess the direct and indirect effects of these insecticides on the parasitoid. Probit analysis revealed heterogeneity in the insecticide resistance development for both the cotton mealybug and its parasitoid. The field populations of P. solenopsis exhibited resistance to profenofos (18.87-59.86 folds) and thiodicarb (20.07 folds) and susceptibility to imidacloprid. Development of resistance to profenofos was observed in field populations of A. arizonensis. Exposure to lethal doses of imidacloprid and profenofos caused a reduction in parasitization (19-23%) and adult emergence (62-69%) of the parasitoid. Profenofos, thiodicarb and imidacloprid were found to be hazardous, non-selective and harmful to the endoparasitoid, A. arizonensis. There is an urgent need for optimizing insecticide applications for sustainable management of this invasive mealybug in cotton.
Topics: Animals; Gossypium; Hemiptera; Hymenoptera; Insecticide Resistance; Insecticides; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Organothiophosphates; Thiocarbamates
PubMed: 36202878
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20779-3 -
Xenobiotica; the Fate of Foreign... Jun 2022Although pharmaceutical companies have to study drug-transporter interaction, environmental contaminant interactions with these transporters are not well characterised....
Although pharmaceutical companies have to study drug-transporter interaction, environmental contaminant interactions with these transporters are not well characterised. In this study, we demonstrated using transfected cell line that some organophosphorus pesticides are able to interact with drug efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein, BCRP and MRPs.According to our results, dibrom was found to inhibit only Hoechst binding site of P-gp with an IC closed to 77 µM, phosmet inhibited BCRP efflux with an IC of 42 µM and only profenofos was able to inhibit BCRP, MRPs and P-gp at two binding sites. As profenofos appeared to be a potent ABC transporter inhibitor, we studied its potential substrate property towards P-gp.Using a docking approach, we developed an in silico tool to study pesticide properties to be a probe or inhibitor of P-gp transporter. From both and results, profenofos was not considered as a P-gp substrate.Combining both in vitro and docking methods appears to be an attractive approach to select pesticides that would not pass into the blood systemic circulation.
Topics: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Adenosine Triphosphate; Drug Interactions; Membrane Transport Proteins; Naled; Neoplasm Proteins; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phosmet
PubMed: 36149323
DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2128467 -
Environmental Research Dec 2022Herein, we report a simple, low-temperature, ecofriendly synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs). Graphite powder was treated with KMnO and a concentrated HSO/HPO...
Herein, we report a simple, low-temperature, ecofriendly synthesis of graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs). Graphite powder was treated with KMnO and a concentrated HSO/HPO mixture to synthesize GONs. The effects of various reaction conditions such as reaction time, temperature, amounts of cleaving agents (HSO/HPO), and oxidant (KMnO) were investigated. The synthesized GONs were examined by various techniques in order to investigate their characteristics. The best results of the synthesized GONs were observed at 35 °C within 10 h of reaction time having 8:2 ratios of HSO/HPO acid mixture. The main absorption peak in the UV-vis spectra of GONs was at 258 nm, which is due to the π-π* transition of the atomic CC bonds. The existence of stretching vibrations of C꞊O, O-H, C-H, and C-O in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra verified the formation of GONs. Presence of a sharp peak at 2θ = 10° with an interlayer spacing distance of 0.88 nm in the observed XRD pattern revealed that the synthesized GONs were totally oxidized and that the interlayer spacing increased. The morphological investigations confirmed the formation of ultrathin, transparent, curly, and homogenous GONs. The synthesized GONs were applied as an adsorbent for the rapid uptake of four different pesticides viz.; Profenofos, Ethion, Cypermethrin, Thiamethoxam (TMX) from the pesticides spiked water samples. About 86% adsorption of Profenofos + Cypermethrin, and 50% adsorption of ethion and thiamethoxam took place within 20 min in presence of 10 mg GONs. In addition to this, the prepared GONs were tested for the antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method. The synthesized GONs provide a significant inhibition for gram -positive (Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacterial strains. Moreover, the radical scavenging activities (RSA) of GONs were also checked and compared with Gallic acid as a standard. The obtained RSA of GONs was 60% in comparison to the 80% as of the standard Gallic acid at 1000 μg/mL concentration.
Topics: Adsorption; Agar; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antioxidants; Escherichia coli; Gallic Acid; Graphite; Organothiophosphates; Organothiophosphorus Compounds; Oxidants; Pesticides; Powders; Pyrethrins; Temperature; Thiamethoxam; Water
PubMed: 36087770
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114245 -
Chemosphere Dec 2022Flavonoids can sensitize and quench the photolysis of pesticides such as profenofos in surface water. Profenofos has been frequently detected in surface and underground...
Flavonoids can sensitize and quench the photolysis of pesticides such as profenofos in surface water. Profenofos has been frequently detected in surface and underground water. The present study investigated the photolysis of profenofos under various conditions, including natural and artificial light illumination, with and without cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) and in pure and surface water. The degradation half-lives of profenofos in distilled water with 10 equivalents Cy3G of profenofos were 21.7 min, 9.5 h, 12.5 h and 180 h under high-pressure mercury light, UV, Xenon lamp and solar irradiation, respectively, while those without Cy3G were 8.1 min, 6.1 h, 8.2 h and 89.9 h, respectively. The photolysis rate of profenofos under sunlight and artificial light was reduced by 1.5-2.7 times due to Cy3G, compared to the Cy3G-free control. Under sunlight irradiation, the effects of Cy3G on profenofos photolysis were larger than those under high-pressure mercury lamp irradiation. Cy3G also significantly reduced the photolysis rate of profenofos under different pH conditions and in natural water. In addition, Cy3G exhibited a significant capacity of scavenging hydroxyl radicals and quenching O in water. The effect of Cy3G on profenofos photolysis was demonstrated through their interrelations in the natural environment. These findings can help understanding of the effect of flavonoids on profenofos photolysis and are of significance for predicting the degradation kinetics of profenofos and accurately assessing its potential biological impacts.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Glucosides; Kinetics; Mercury; Organothiophosphates; Pesticides; Photolysis; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Xenon
PubMed: 36037950
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136170 -
Toxics Jul 2022In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis,...
The Assessment of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure among School Children in Four Regions of Thailand: Analysis of Dialkyl Phosphate Metabolites in Students' Urine and Organophosphate Pesticide Residues in Vegetables for School Lunch.
In Thailand, pesticides containing organophosphates (OP) are frequently applied to crops to suppress insects. School children can be exposed to OPs on a daily basis, from food consumption to breathing and touching pesticides drifted near classrooms. Living in an agricultural area can also be one of the causes. As a result, it is important to monitor OPs residues in the food chain and biomarkers of exposure. The Gas Chromatography-Flame Photometric Detector method was employed to examine the relationship between OPs residue and DAPs (Diakly phosphate) in four targeted locations in Thailand, as well as to examine the residues of OPs in vegetable samples and DAPs in 395 school children's urine samples. Vegetables were found to contain at least one OP, with chlorpyrifos being the most prevalent. The OPs detected frequencies for Sakon Nakhon, Chiang Mai, Phang Nga, and Pathum Thani are 96.1%, 94%, 91.7%, and 83.3%, respectively. The overall centration level of OPs showed 0.3261 mg/kg, 0.0636 mg/kg, 0.0023 mg/kg, 0.0150 mg/kg, 0.2003 mg/kg, 0.0295 mg/kg, and 0.0034 mg/kg for diazinon, dimethoate, pirimiphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos, profenofos, ethion, and triazophos, respectively. Nearly 98% of school children were detected with at least one DAP. The overall level of dimethyl phosphate metabolites (5.258 µmole/mole creatinine) in urine samples is higher than diethyl phosphate metabolites (2.884 µmole/mole creatinine), especially in the case of Pathum Thani. Our findings show a consistent relationship between OPs in vegetables from wet markets and DAPs in urine samples of school children in various parts of Thailand.
PubMed: 36006115
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080434 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Oct 2022For the visual detection of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), a colorimetric aptasensor was developed based on aptamer-mediated bimetallic metal-organic frameworks...
For the visual detection of four organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), a colorimetric aptasensor was developed based on aptamer-mediated bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) nano-polymers. Fe-Co magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and Fe-N-C nanozymes were prepared based on pyrolytic reaction, and were labeled with broad spectrum aptamers and complementary chains of organophosphorus pesticides respectively. The hybridization of aptamers and complementary chains led to the formation of nano-polymers. In the presence of target pesticides, they competed with complementary chains for aptamers on Fe-Co MNPs, resulting in a large number of Fe-N-C nanozymes signal labels being released into the supernatant. Fe-N-C nanozymes showed similar activity to peroxidase and catalyzed the 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine-hydrogen peroxide (TMB-HO) color system to turn the solution blue-green under mild conditions. The magnetic probes had good selectivity and sensitivity, and were easily separated by magnetic absorption. The sensor functioned well under optimal conditions, demonstrating good stability and specificity for four pesticides: phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos and omethoate, and the detection limits of four pesticides were as low as 0.16 ng/mL, 0.16 ng/mL, 0.03 ng/mL and 1.6 ng/mL respectively, and the recovery rate of OPs residue in vegetable samples was satisfactory. The work described here provided a simple, rapid and sensitive way to construct a biosensor.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biosensing Techniques; Colorimetry; Hydrogen Peroxide; Limit of Detection; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Organophosphorus Compounds; Peroxidases; Pesticides; Phorate
PubMed: 35986944
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129707