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Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Feb 2022Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute...
Self-poisoning with organophosphorus (OP) insecticides is an important means of global self-harm. The insecticides are formulated with solvents that may also contribute to toxicity. We set up a study to detect changes in osmolal and anion gaps following ingestion of OP insecticides. We recruited consecutive patients admitted to a Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka, with a history of OP self-poisoning. The osmolal and anion gaps were calculated on admission and at 4, 24 and 72 h post-ingestion together with ethanol concentration. Forty-nine patients were recruited (28 profenofos, 10 diazinon, one coumaphos, one chlorpyrifos, one phenthoate and eight unknown OP). Only modest increases in osmolal and anion gaps were noted. Small rises in osmolal gap above the upper limit of normal were noted in 16/49 (32.7%) of all cases, 9/28 (32.1%) profenofos cases and 4/10 (40.0%) diazinon cases. The anion gap was raised in 24/49 (49.0%) of all cases, 15/28 (53.6%) profenofos cases and 5/10 (50.0%) diazinon cases. We observed a trend for a fall in osmolal gap during the first 24 h, followed by an increase up to 72 h. There was no correlation between the anion gap and serum lactate concentration, indicating that a lactic acidosis was not responsible for the anion gap. Formate, which could have explained the increased gap, was not detected in any of the samples; ketoacids (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) were not measured. This pilot study found that profenofos and diazinon poisoning caused only modest increases in the osmolal and anion gaps in a minority of cases.
Topics: Acid-Base Equilibrium; Adult; Diazinon; Female; Hospitals, Teaching; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organothiophosphates; Osmolar Concentration; Pilot Projects; Self-Injurious Behavior; Solvents; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 34796663
DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13686 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Pesticide residues in kumquat fruits from China, and the quality and chronic/acute intake risks in Chinese consumers, were assessed using the QuEChERS procedure and...
Pesticide residues in kumquat fruits from China, and the quality and chronic/acute intake risks in Chinese consumers, were assessed using the QuEChERS procedure and UHPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS methods. Our 5-year monitoring and survey showed 90% of the 573 samples of kumquat fruits collected from two main production areas contained one or multiple residual pesticides. Overall, 30 pesticides were detected, including 16 insecticides, 7 fungicides, 5 acaricides, and 2 plant growth modulators, of which 2 pesticides were already banned. Two or more residual pesticides were discovered in 81% of the samples, and pesticide residues in 9.4% of the samples surpassed the , such as profenofos, bifenthrin, triazophos, avermectin, spirodiclofen, difenoconazole, and methidathion. The major risk factors on the safety of kumquat fruits before 2019 were profenofos, bifenthrin, and triazophos, but their over-standard frequencies significantly declined after 2019, which was credited to the stricter supervision and management policies by local governments. Despite the high detection rates and multi-residue occurrence of pesticides in kumquat fruits, about 81% of the samples were assessed as qualified. Moreover, the accumulative chronic diet risk determined from is very low. To better protect the health of customers, we shall formulate stricter organic phosphorus pesticide control measures and stricter use guidelines, especially for methidathion, triazophos, chlorpyrifos, and profenofos. This study provides potential data for the design of kumquat fruit quality and safety control guidelines and for the reduction in health risks to humans.
PubMed: 37761133
DOI: 10.3390/foods12183423 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) Mar 2023Profenofos (organophosphate) is among the major toxicant polluting freshwater bodies, exerting a significant effect on fish health. The LC value of Profenofos (PRO) was...
Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of profenofos-based insecticide on behavior, biochemical, hematological, and histopathological responses in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella).
Profenofos (organophosphate) is among the major toxicant polluting freshwater bodies, exerting a significant effect on fish health. The LC value of Profenofos (PRO) was resolved in Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) with average body weight (55.82 ± 5.42 g) and determined the 96 h LC value as 7.2 µg/L for the assay. Twenty-one-day exposures to 1.8 µg/ L and 3.6 µg/ L doses were conducted to evaluate the sub-lethal effects, and various toxicological endpoints were assessed on the 1, 7, 15 and 21 days of exposure. Acute toxic stress was observed with fish displaying behavioral toxicity. The most hematological change was extreme microcytic hypochromic anemia. Leucocyte count increased in experimented fish. Moderate neutrophilia, monocytosis and lymphocytosis were observed. Serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations were significantly diminished. Overall, increments over control were recognized in serum urea, creatinine and acid phosphatase. However, serum glucose, total lipid, cholesterol, serum ALT and AST activity showed a significant decrease in fish exposed to both concentrations of PRO. Serum IgM concentrations insignificantly changed in treated fish except for on the 21 day of exposure to 3.6 µg/ L of PRO, while serum lysozyme significantly decreased. Furthermore, total protein, lipid and glycogen concentrations in muscles and the liver exhibited a decreasing trend at all concentrations. Moreover, histopathological alterations in the liver, kidney, and muscles occurred exclusively after treatment. From the obtained results, it is assumed that profenofos induced general toxic impacts under field conditions and might disturb ecologically relevant processes.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Carps; Organothiophosphates; Lipids; Fish Diseases; Diet; Animal Feed
PubMed: 36708414
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02628-9 -
BMC Chemistry Mar 2022In this research, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and employed as a sorbent for pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction of profenofos insecticide...
Determination of profenofos in seawater and foodstuff samples after its molecularly imprinted polymer pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction optimized by response surface methodology.
BACKGROUND
In this research, a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and employed as a sorbent for pipette-tip micro solid phase extraction of profenofos insecticide in seawater, rice, and fish samples. The instrument employed for quantitation was spectrophotometry.
RESULTS
Various factors affecting the microextraction protocol, including type and volume of the elution solvent, weight of MIP, pH and volume of sample solution, and number of cycles of loading and desorption were considered and optimized using one-factor-at-a-time, central composite design and Box-Behnken design. Factors optimized at: pH 4.0, amount of sorbent 2.5 mg, volume of methanol:acetic (9:1) acid as eluent 250 µL, both the number of extraction and elution cycles 5, and volume of sample 8.0 mL. At optimized conditions, an enrichment factor of 31 was achieved and the linearity range of the method was between 1.0 and 1000.0 µg/L. A good detection limit of 0.33 µg/L with a reproducibility better than 5.6% (as RSD) was observed.
CONCLUSION
The technique showed good analytical features for determination of profenofos in seawater, rice, and fish samples. Simplicity of operation of spectrophotometry and lack of using expensive HPLC grade solvents are other points of strengths of this method. The total analysis time was about 10 min, which is far less than techniques such as HPLC. Comparison between optimization with central composite design and Box-Behnken design showed better performance of the former.
PubMed: 35292077
DOI: 10.1186/s13065-022-00807-z -
Toxicology Apr 2013Profenofos is a direct acting phosphorothioate organophosphorus (OP) pesticide capable of inhibiting β-esterases such as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase,...
Profenofos is a direct acting phosphorothioate organophosphorus (OP) pesticide capable of inhibiting β-esterases such as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carboxylesterase. Profenofos is known to be detoxified to the biologically inactive metabolite, 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol (BCP); however, limited data are available regarding the use of urinary BCP as an exposure biomarker in humans. A pilot study conducted in Egyptian agriculture workers, demonstrated that urinary BCP levels prior to application (3.3-30.0 μg/g creatinine) were elevated to 34.5-3,566 μg/g creatinine during the time workers were applying profenofos to cotton fields. Subsequently, the in vitro enzymatic formation of BCP was examined using pooled human liver microsomes and recombinant human cytochrome P-450s (CYPs) incubated with profenofos. Of the nine human CYPs studied, only CYPs 3A4, 2B6, and 2C19 were able to metabolize profenofos to BCP. Kinetic studies indicated that CYP 2C19 has the lowest Km, 0.516 μM followed by 2B6 (Km=1.02 μM) and 3A4 (Km=18.9μM). The Vmax for BCP formation was 47.9, 25.1, and 19.2 nmol/min/nmol CYP for CYP2B6, 2C19, and 3A4, respectively. Intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) values of 48.8, 46.9, and 1.02 ml/min/nmol CYP 2C19, 2B6, and 3A4, respectively, indicate that CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 are primarily responsible for the detoxification of profenofos. These findings support the use of urinary BCP as a biomarker of exposure to profenofos in humans and suggest polymorphisms in CYP 2C19 and CYP 2B6 as potential biomarkers of susceptibility.
Topics: Agriculture; Biomarkers; Chlorophenols; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Egypt; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Insecticides; Microsomes, Liver; Occupational Exposure; Organothiophosphates; Pilot Projects
PubMed: 23415833
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.023 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024Profenofos (PF) and captan (CT) are among the most utilized organophosphorus insecticides and phthalimide fungicides, respectively. To elucidate the physicochemical and...
Profenofos (PF) and captan (CT) are among the most utilized organophosphorus insecticides and phthalimide fungicides, respectively. To elucidate the physicochemical and influential toxicokinetic factors, the mechanistic interactions of serum albumin and either PF or CT were carried out in the current study using a series of spectroscopy and computational analyses. Both PF and CT could bind to bovine serum albumin (BSA), a representative serum protein, with moderate binding constants in a range of 10-10 M. The bindings of PF and CT did not induce noticeable BSA's structural changes. Both pesticides bound preferentially to the site I pocket of BSA, where the hydrophobic interaction was the main binding mode of PF, and the electrostatic interaction drove the binding of CT. As a result, PF and CT may not only induce direct toxicity by themselves, but also compete with therapeutic drugs and essential substances to sit in the Sudlow site I of serum albumin, which may interfere with the pharmacokinetics and equilibrium of drugs and other substances causing consequent adverse effects.
Topics: Protein Binding; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Captan; Pesticides; Molecular Docking Simulation; Serum Albumin; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Binding Sites; Thermodynamics; Circular Dichroism; Organothiophosphates
PubMed: 38245578
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52169-2 -
Food Chemistry: X Dec 2023The worldwide demand for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in food production has raised concerns about pesticide residues. Meta-analysis, proven effective in assessing...
The worldwide demand for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in food production has raised concerns about pesticide residues. Meta-analysis, proven effective in assessing contaminants like aflatoxins and organotin compounds, is applied here to comprehensively study OP contamination in fresh fruits and vegetables. Employing Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.0 software, we meticulously examined 24 relevant articles encompassing 69,467 data points. Our findings revealed that while the residual concentrations of OPs (such as chlorpyrifos and profenofos) in most fruits and vegetables have typically met international or national safety standards, including Codex Alimentarius Commission, European Union, British, and Chinese standards, there are some instances in which the maximum residue limits have been exceeded, posing safety risks. Therefore, significant efforts are required to maintain residual OP contamination at safe concentrations.
PubMed: 38144849
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101014 -
ACS Omega Oct 2021Different types of quantitative technology based on infrared spectroscopy to detect profenofos were compared based on Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR;...
Different types of quantitative technology based on infrared spectroscopy to detect profenofos were compared based on Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR; 12,500-4000 cm) and Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-MIR; 4000-400 cm) spectroscopies. Standard solutions in the range of 0.1-100 mg/L combined with the dry-extract system for infrared (DESIR) technique were analyzed. Based on partial least-squares regression (PLSR) to develop a calibration equation, FT-NIR-PLSR produced the best prediction of profenofos residues based on the values for (0.87), standard error of prediction or SEP (11.68 mg/L), root-mean-square error of prediction or RMSEP (11.50 mg/L), bias (-0.81 mg/L), and ratio performance to deviation or RPD (2.81). In addition, FT-MIR-PLSR produced the best prediction of profenofos residues based on the values for (0.83), SEP (13.10 mg/L), RMSEP (13.00 mg/L), bias (1.46 mg/L), and RPD (2.49). Based on the ease of use and appropriate sample preparation, FT-NIR-PLSR combined with DESIR was chosen to detect profenofos in Chinese kale, cabbage, and chili spur pepper at concentrations of 0.53-106.28 mg/kg. The quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to obtain the actual values. The best FT-NIR-PLSR equation provided good profenofos detection in all vegetables based on values for (0.88-0.97), SEP (5.27-11.07 mg/kg), RMSEP (5.25-11.00 mg/kg), bias (-1.39 to 1.30 mg/kg), and RPD (2.91-5.22). These statistics revealed no significant differences between the FT-NIR predicted values and actual values at a confidence interval of 95%, with agreeable results presented at pesticide residue levels over 30 mg/kg. FT-NIR spectroscopy combined with DESIR and PLSR should be considered as a promising screening method for pesticide detection in vegetables.
PubMed: 34660998
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03674 -
QJM : Monthly Journal of the... Nov 2009Many organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have either two O-methyl or two O-ethyl groups attached to the phosphorus atom. This chemical structure affects their...
BACKGROUND
Many organophosphorus (OP) insecticides have either two O-methyl or two O-ethyl groups attached to the phosphorus atom. This chemical structure affects their responsiveness to oxime-induced acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivation after poisoning. However, several OP insecticides are atypical and do not have these structures.
AIM
We aimed to describe the clinical course and responsiveness to therapy of people poisoned with two S-alkyl OP insecticides-profenofos and prothiofos.
DESIGN
We set up a prospective cohort of patients with acute profenofos or prothiofos self-poisoning admitted to acute medical wards in two Sri Lankan district hospitals. Clinical observation was carried out throughout their inpatient stay; blood samples were taken in a subgroup for assay of cholinesterases and insecticide.
RESULTS
Ninety-five patients poisoned with profenofos and 12 with prothiofos were recruited over 5 years. Median time to admission was 4 (IQR 3-7) h. Eleven patients poisoned with profenofos died (11/95; 11.6%, 95% CI 5.9-20); one prothiofos patient died (1/12; 8.3%, 95% CI 0.2-38). Thirteen patients poisoned with profenofos required intubation for respiratory failure (13/95; 13.7%, 95% CI 7.5-22); two prothiofos-poisoned patients required intubation. Both intubations and death occurred late compared with other OP insecticides. Prolonged ventilation was needed in those who survived-a median of 310 (IQR 154-349) h. Unexpectedly, red cell AChE activity on admission did not correlate with clinical severity-all patients had severe AChE inhibition (about 1% of normal) but most had only mild cholinergic features, were conscious, and did not require ventilatory support.
CONCLUSION
Compared with other commonly used OP insecticides, profenofos and prothiofos are of moderately severe toxicity, causing relatively delayed respiratory failure and death. There was no apparent response to oxime therapy. The lack of correlation between red cell AChE activity and clinical features suggests that this parameter may not always be a useful marker of synaptic AChE activity and severity after OP pesticide poisoning.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Cause of Death; Cholinesterases; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Middle Aged; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphorus Compounds; Organothiophosphates; Prospective Studies; Sri Lanka; Young Adult
PubMed: 19737786
DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp119 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022In this work, we reported a rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay in homogenous solution for detecting organophosphorus pesticides by using tetramethylrhodamine...
In this work, we reported a rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay in homogenous solution for detecting organophosphorus pesticides by using tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA) with extended guanine (G) bases. The hybridization of cDNA and aptamer drew TAMRA close to repeated G bases, then the fluorescence of TAMRA was quenched by G bases due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Upon introducing the pesticide target, the aptamer bound to pesticide instead of cDNA because of the competition between pesticide and cDNA. Thus, the TAMRA departed from G bases, resulting in fluorescence recovery of TAMRA. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection for phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos, and omethoate were 0.333, 0.167, 0.267, and 0.333 µg/L, respectively. The method was also used in the analysis of profenofos in vegetables. Our fluorescence design was simple, rapid, and highly sensitive, which provided a means for monitoring the safety of agricultural products.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; DNA, Complementary; Fluorescence; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides
PubMed: 35957269
DOI: 10.3390/s22155712