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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Jan 2024The physiological and biochemical responses of salt-stressed safflower to elevated CO remain inadequately known. This study investigated the interactive effects of high...
The physiological and biochemical responses of salt-stressed safflower to elevated CO remain inadequately known. This study investigated the interactive effects of high CO concentration (700 ± 50 vs. 400 ± 50 μmol mol) and salinity stress levels (0.4, 6, and 12 dS m, NaCl) on growth and physiological properties of four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes, under open chamber conditions. Results showed that the effects of CO on biomass of shoot and grains depend on salt stress and plant genotype. Elevated CO conditions increased shoot dry weight under moderate salinity stress and decreased it under severe stress. The increased CO concentration also increased the safflower genotypes' relative water content and their K/Na concentrations. Also enriched CO increased total carotenoid levels in safflower genotypes and improved membrane stability index by reducing HO levels. In addition, increased CO level led to an increase in seed oil content, under both saline and non-saline conditions. This effect was particularly pronounced under severe saline conditions. Under conditions of high CO and salinity, the Koseh genotype exhibited higher grain weight and seed oil content than other genotypes. This advantage is due to the higher relative water content, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and K/Na, as well as the lower Na and HO concentrations. Results indicate that the high CO level mitigated the destructive effect of salinity on safflower growth by reducing Na uptake and increasing the Fv/Fm, total soluble carbohydrates, and membrane stability index. This finding can be used in safflower breeding programs to develop cultivars that can thrive in arid regions with changing climatic conditions.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Carbon Dioxide; Hydrogen Peroxide; Plant Breeding; Water; Plant Oils
PubMed: 38070243
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108242 -
Cellular and Molecular Biology... Nov 2023Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and the second cause of cancer-related death after lung cancer. Although the common methods used in the...
Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women and the second cause of cancer-related death after lung cancer. Although the common methods used in the treatment of breast cancer are chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery, the search for alternative treatments continues. The leading alternative treatments are medicinal plants which actually inspire the production of many cancer drugs. In this study, the proliferative and metastatic effects of Carthamus tinctorius L., known for its many therapeutic properties, on metastatic breast cancer were investigated. Here, intending to evaluate the the content and actions of different extracts of safflower leaves extracts were prepared by extracting in water, alcohol and oil and analysed by FTIR. Their antioxidant effect was tested and then the extracts were applied to metastatic breast cancer cells. FTIR spectrums of all three extracts have revealed the presence of organic compounds. It is found that all extracts but mostly the oil extract has antioxidant property. MTT assay, wound healing assay and gene expression analysis were performed to assess the antiproliferative and anti metastatic effects of the extracts on breast cancer cells. It is found that, there is no significant antiproliferative effect of extracts on MDA-MB-231 cells except the alcohol extract. However, all safflower extracts, especially the oil extract, significantly reduced the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells. It is concluded that safflower contents are potent chemicals which inhibit the cellular mechanisms underlying the spreading of cancer cells and further analysis may lead to new initiatives in drug design research.
Topics: Humans; Female; Carthamus tinctorius; Breast Neoplasms; MDA-MB-231 Cells; Antioxidants; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 38063123
DOI: 10.14715/cmb/2023.69.12.4 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Dec 2023Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oleosomes are unique organelles that house triglycerides and fatty acids and demonstrate a natural resilience to environmental stresses.... (Review)
Review
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oleosomes are unique organelles that house triglycerides and fatty acids and demonstrate a natural resilience to environmental stresses. There is recent growing interest in safflower oleosomes due to their potential applications in dermatology, especially as a carrier technology to improve drug penetration through the skin. This paper explores various aspects of safflower oleosomes, including their production, safety, absorption, and applications in photoprotection and epidermal remodeling. Oleosomes have shown encouraging results in targeted drug delivery in in vitro and in vivo animal models; however, human clinical research is required to determine their efficacy and safety in dermatology. Oleosomes are comprise a novel biotechnology that has the potential to transform sustainable and natural treatments in dermatology by utilizing their unique structure. Safflower oleosomes are stable lipid molecules that can deliver small and large molecules with high efficacy. This review will examine the current research findings and prospective future applications of oleosomes.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Carthamus tinctorius; Lipid Droplets; Skin; Epidermis
PubMed: 38060028
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-023-02750-y -
Dietary flaxseed oil induces production of adiponectin in visceral fat and prevents obesity in mice.Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2024Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that...
Induction of obesity by dietary fats and oils differs according to the type of fat. Adiponectin is believed to be related to obesity prevention. We hypothesized that flaxseed oil is important for preventing obesity and producing adiponectin. To clarify this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship between obesity and different fat sources in mice fed diets with 6 types of fat and oils. C57BL/6J mice were given a control diet containing 5% corn oil or a high-fat diet containing 20% of either lard, palm oil, rapeseed oil, oleate-rich safflower oil, corn oil, or flaxseed oil for 14 weeks. In another experiment, mice were given a control diet and rosiglitazone (10 mg/kg body weight) by oral gavage for 1 week. At the end of study, plasma adiponectin and expression of fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white and brown adipose tissue and the liver were measured. Dietary flaxseed oil, which is rich in α-linolenic acid, did not induce obesity. Flaxseed oil resulted in increased β-oxidation-related factors in epididymal white adipose tissue, decreased fatty acid synthesis-related factors in the liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue following increase of plasma adiponectin. The results suggested that increase in plasma adiponectin after intake of flaxseed oil may be due to altered expression of AdipoQ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in epididymal white adipose tissue. Flaxseed oil increased expression of adiponectin in visceral fat and regulated obesity-controlling fatty acid metabolism-related factors in white adipose tissue and liver, and thermogenesis-related factor in brown adipose tissue.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Linseed Oil; Adiponectin; Flax; Corn Oil; Intra-Abdominal Fat; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Obesity; Diet, High-Fat; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 38039598
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.11.004 -
Microorganisms Oct 2023Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect () on CLA production and...
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is perceived to protect the body from metabolic diseases. This study was conducted to determine the effect () on CLA production and sensory characteristics of cheddar cheese. can convert linoleic acid (LA) to CLA. To increase CLA in cheddar cheese and monitor the conversion of LA to CLA by , the LA content of cheese milk (3.4% fat) was increased by partially replacing fat with safflower oil (85% LA of oil) at 0, 3, 6, and 9% concentrations (T, T, T, and T). Furthermore, 10 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL (8 log CFU mL) was added in all treatments along with traditional cheddar cheese culture ( ssp. and ssp. ). After 30 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.75, 6.72, 6.65, and 6.55 log CFU g. After 60 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.35, 6.27, 6.19, and 6.32 log CFU g. After 60 days of ripening, in T, T, T, and T was 6.41, 6.25, 6.69, and 6.65 log CFU g. GC-MS analysis showed that concentrations of CLA in the 90 days' control, T, T, T, and T were 1.18, 2.73, 4.44, 6.24, and 9.57 mg/100 g, respectively. HPLC analysis revealed that treatments containing and LA presented higher concentrations of organic acids than the control sample. The addition of safflower oil at all concentrations did not affect cheese composition, free fatty acids (FFA), and the peroxide value (POV) of cheddar cheese. Color flavor and texture scores of experimental cheeses were not different from the control cheese. It was concluded that and safflower oil can be used to increase CLA production in cheddar cheese.
PubMed: 37894271
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102613 -
Journal of Food Science Dec 2023Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and tracheloside (TCL) are the main lignan components of flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake, which are by-products of oil...
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and tracheloside (TCL) are the main lignan components of flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake, which are by-products of oil extraction. Both SDG and TCL are metabolized into mammalian lignan enterolactone (EL) with the involvement of intestinal bacteria. In this research, we evaluated the anti-osteoporosis effects of SDG and the in vivo metabolites EL and enterodiol (ED) prepared in our previous work, as well as the newly isolated chemical constituents from safflower seed, including TCL, the lactone ring opening product of TCL (OTCL) and two alkaloids on the alloxan-induced zebrafish model. All the compounds showed significant anti-osteoporosis effects at 80 µM, with p < 0.05 for EL and p < 0.001 for other compounds compared with the model. SDG and TCL showed the most significant and concentration-dependent effects, with p < 0.001 compared with model at 20 µM. The alkaloids, N-coumaroylserotonin glucoside and N-feruloylserotonin glucoside, also showed anti-osteoporosis at 20 µM with p < 0.01, whereas EL, ED, and OTCL showed no significant effects. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that SDG and TCL upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes Runx2, SP7, OPG, Col1a1a, Alp, ON, OPN, and OCN in alloxan-treated zebrafish. The in vivo metabolite of lignans, EL, showed significant anti-inflammatory effect (p < 0.01) at 20 µM, which might also help to combat osteoporosis and other complications caused by excessive immune response in the body. The results provided scientific data for using the oil extraction by-products as sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study found that lignans in flaxseed cake and safflower seed cake exhibited anti-osteoporosis effects by upregulating the expression of osteogenic genes, making the oil extraction by-products sources of anti-osteoporosis compounds.
Topics: Animals; Flax; Zebrafish; Carthamus tinctorius; Alloxan; Glucosides; Mammals; Lignans; Seeds; 4-Butyrolactone; Butylene Glycols; Alkaloids
PubMed: 37889085
DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16816 -
Journal of Oleo Science Oct 2023The objective of the present study was to increase the frying stability of refined safflower oil (RSO) by blending it with refined olive pomace oil (ROPO) during deep...
The objective of the present study was to increase the frying stability of refined safflower oil (RSO) by blending it with refined olive pomace oil (ROPO) during deep fat frying. For this purpose; RSO, ROPO and their blends were utilized for frying of potato sticks at 180°C for 3 consecutive days. The frying stability of the oils was monitored by analyzing them for their free fatty acids, peroxide values, total polar contents, ultraviolet spectrophotometric indices at 232 and 270 nm, fatty acid profiles, p-anisidine values, α-tocopherol contents and photometric color indices. 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl ester (GE) levels of oils before and after frying were measured as well. The results have shown that thermooxidative degradation products increased as the frying progressed for all oils, however the decomposition rate was found to slow down in blend oils by stabilizing with ROPO. Blending RSO with ROPO decreased linoleic and linolenic; but increased the oleic and palmitic acid percentages of the blends. C18:2/C16:0 ratio was found to decrease by frying for RSO and the blend oils, however ROPO was not affected significantly. 3-MCPD-E levels of the blends increased as the ratio of ROPO increased. Principal component analysis enabled a clear discrimination between oils with different composition throughout the frying process.
PubMed: 37704448
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23016 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Safflower oil is a very valuable product for the body and human health. It is rich in macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals, and also has antioxidant...
Safflower oil is a very valuable product for the body and human health. It is rich in macro- and microelements, vitamins and minerals, and also has antioxidant properties. The primary purification of safflower oil is an important stage of its production and directly affects the quality of the final product and its storage ability. Purifying safflower oil using a combination of filtration and sedimentation processes in an experimental cone-shaped centrifuge is a new direction in its processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of flax fiber as a filter material for safflower oil. The Akmai variety of the safflower was tested. The results showed that the quality indicators of safflower oil before and after filtration through flax fiber are different. The amount of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic (18.31 ± 0.874%) and cis-linoleic acid (82.52 ± 1.854%) increased, as well as the content of arginine (2.1), tyrosine (0.57), methionine (0.4), cystine (2.5), tryptophan (2.6), and other amino acids (in oil g per 100 g of protein). The increase in the total amount of phenols (322.12 ± 6 mgEAG/kg of oil) was observed, which directly caused the higher antioxidant activity (42.65 ± 8%) of the safflower oil. These results demonstrate that flax fiber can enrich safflower oil. To find the optimal conditions for safflower oil centrifugation in a cone-shaped sedimentary-filtering centrifuge, the thickness of the flax fiber and the distance between the inner and outer perforated filter rotor were tested. It was found that the optimal and effective thickness of the flax fiber is 1.5 × 10 nm, while the thickness of the sediment is 0.5 × 10 nm.
PubMed: 37685208
DOI: 10.3390/foods12173275 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Wei safflower seed oil (WSO) prepared by the cold pressing method and organic solvent extraction method was characterized in this study. The yield of cold-pressed WSO...
Wei safflower seed oil (WSO) prepared by the cold pressing method and organic solvent extraction method was characterized in this study. The yield of cold-pressed WSO (CP-WSO) was inferior to that of -hexane-extracted WSO (HE-WSO). The physicochemical properties (refractive index, density, iodine value, insoluble impurities) and fatty acid compositions were similar, and both were rich in linoleic acid. However, CP-WSO had better color and less solvent residue. The type and content of vitamin E in CP-WSO was also superior to that in HE-WSO, which explained the high oxidative stability of CP-WSO in the Rancimat test. Our results provide a reference for the development of Wei safflower seed oil.
PubMed: 37685161
DOI: 10.3390/foods12173228 -
Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.) Oct 2023Many studies have investigated the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as their potential for lowering lipid levels and reducing diabetes risk....
Many studies have investigated the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as their potential for lowering lipid levels and reducing diabetes risk. However, few studies have specifically examined docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with limited availability in its pure form. We hypothesized that DPA would have lipid-lowering effects and improve insulin resistance in KK/Ta mice. To test our hypothesis, 7-week-old KK/Ta mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity before being divided into 3 groups and fed an experimental diet for 10 weeks. The experimental diets were: LSO, using lard and safflower oil as fat sources; SO, in which lard in the LSO diet was replaced with safflower oil; and DPA, in which lard in the LSO diet was replaced with DPA oil. After 10 weeks, plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations were significantly decreased in the DPA group, but not in the SO group. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 gene expressions involved in fatty acid synthesis in the liver were significantly lower in the DPA group compared with the LSO group. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly decreased in both the SO group and the DPA group compared with the LSO group, whereas plasma insulin concentrations were significantly decreased in the DPA group alone. These results indicate that DPA has plasma lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic effects, possibly from suppression of fatty acid synthesis in the liver.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Blood Glucose; Safflower Oil; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus; Liver; Lipid Metabolism
PubMed: 37660501
DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.08.004