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European Journal of Pediatrics Jan 2023Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease. In young children, RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract illness and...
UNLABELLED
Infections with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe disease. In young children, RSV is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract illness and life-threatening infections most commonly occur in the first years of life. In adults, elderly and immunocompromised people are most vulnerable. Recently there has been an acceleration in the development of candidate RSV vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and therapeutics which are expected to become available in Europe within the next 2-10 years. Understanding the true burden of childhood RSV disease will become very important to support public health authorities and policy makers in the assessment of new therapeutic opportunities against RSV disease. A systematic literature search was performed to map local data on the burden of RSV disease and to evaluate available RSV surveillance systems. A group of 9 paediatric infectious diseases specialists participated in an expert panel. The purpose of this meeting was to evaluate and map the burden associated with RSV infection in children, including patient pathways and the epidemiological patterns of virus circulation in Belgium. Sources of information on the burden of RSV disease in Belgium are very limited. For the outpatient setting, it is estimated that 5-10% of young patients seen in primary care are referred to the hospital. Around 3500 children between 0 and 12 months of age are hospitalized for RSV-bronchiolitis every year and represent the majority of all hospitalizations. The current Belgian RSV surveillance system was evaluated and found to be insufficient. Knowledge gaps are highlighted and future perspectives and priorities offered.
CONCLUSION
The Belgian population-based RSV surveillance should be improved, and a hospital-led reporting system should be put in place to enable the evaluation of the true burden of RSV disease in Belgium and to improve disease management in the future.
WHAT IS KNOWN
• RSV bronchiolitis is a very important cause of infant hospitalization. • The burden of disease in the community is poorly studied and underestimated.
WHAT IS NEW
• This expert opinion summarizes knowledge gaps and offers insights that allow improvement of local surveillance systems in order to establish a future-proof RSV surveillance system.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Belgium; Bronchiolitis; Hospitalization; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 36371521
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04698-z -
Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Jan 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an underrecognized cause of illness in older adults. We conducted a systematic... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) is an underrecognized cause of illness in older adults. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to estimate the RSV disease burden in adults ≥60 years in high-income countries.
METHODS
Data on RSV-ARI and hospitalization attack rates and in-hospital case fatality rates (hCFR) in adults ≥60 years from the United States, Canada, European countries, Japan, and South Korea were collected based on a systematic literature search (January 1, 2000-November 3, 2021) or via other methods (citation search, unpublished studies cited by a previous meta-analysis, gray literature, and an RSV-specific abstract booklet). A random effects meta-analysis was performed on estimates from the included studies.
RESULTS
Twenty-one studies were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled estimates were 1.62% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-3.08) for RSV-ARI attack rate, 0.15% (95% CI: 0.09-0.22) for hospitalization attack rate, and 7.13% (95% CI: 5.40-9.36) for hCFR. In 2019, this would translate into approximately 5.2 million cases, 470,000 hospitalizations, and 33,000 in-hospital deaths in ≥60-year-old adults in high-income countries.
CONCLUSIONS
RSV disease burden in adults aged ≥60 years in high-income countries is higher than previously estimated, highlighting the need for RSV prophylaxis in this age group.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Middle Aged; Aged; Developed Countries; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Hospitalization; Cost of Illness
PubMed: 36369772
DOI: 10.1111/irv.13031 -
Nutrients Oct 2022Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections... (Review)
Review
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections is still lacking. This review aimed at summarizing the effects of VA supplementation against viral infections to support clinicians in evaluating supplemental treatments. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Randomized clinical trials comparing the direct effects of VA oral supplementation in any form vs. placebo or standard of care in the prevention and/or management of confirmed viral infections in people of any age were included. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. The revised Cochrane Risk-Of-Bias tool was used to assess quality. Overall, 40 articles of heterogeneous quality were included. We found data on infections sustained by ( = 17), ( = 2), ( = 1), ( = 3), ( = 4), and ( = 13). Studies were published between 1987 and 2017 and mostly conducted in Africa. The findings were heterogeneous across and within viral families regarding virological, immunological, and biological response, and no meaningful results were found in the prevention of viral infections. For a few diseases, VA-supplemented individuals had a better prognosis and improved outcomes, including clearance of HPV lesions or reduction in some measles-related complications. The effects of VA oral supplementation seem encouraging in relation to the management of a few viral infections. Difference in populations considered, variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain the heterogeneity of the results. Further investigations are needed to better identify the benefits of VA administration.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Virus Diseases; Vitamin A; Vitamin D
PubMed: 36235733
DOI: 10.3390/nu14194081 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Oct 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses are important global causes of morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the Luminex NxTAG... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses are important global causes of morbidity and mortality. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the Luminex NxTAG respiratory pathogen panels (RPPs)™ (index) against other RPPs (comparator) for detection of RSV and influenza viruses. Studies comparing human clinical respiratory samples tested with the index and at least one comparator test were included. A random-effect latent class meta-analysis was performed to assess the specificity and sensitivity of the index test for RSV and influenza. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool and certainty of evidence using GRADE. Ten studies were included. For RSV, predicted sensitivity was 99% (95% credible interval [CrI] 96-100%) and specificity 100% (95% CrI 98-100%). For influenza A and B, predicted sensitivity was 97% (95% CrI 89-100) and 98% (95% CrI 88-100) respectively; specificity 100% (95% CrI 99-100) and 100% (95% CrI 99-100), respectively. Evidence was low certainty. Although index sensitivity and specificity were excellent, comparators' performance varied. Further research with clear patient recruitment strategies could ascertain performance across different populations.Protocol Registration: Prospero CRD42021272062.
Topics: Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza B virus; Influenza, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 36229786
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07766-9 -
Journal of Global Health Sep 2022With the easing of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions, the resurgence of both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was observed in several countries... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
With the easing of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions, the resurgence of both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was observed in several countries globally after remaining low in activity for over a year. However, whether co-infection with influenza or RSV influences disease severity in COVID-19 patients has not yet been determined clearly. We aimed to understand the impact of influenza/RSV co-infection on clinical disease severity among COVID-19 patients.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic literature review of publications comparing the clinical severity between the co-infection group (ie, influenza/RSV with SARS-CoV-2) and mono-infection group (ie, SARS-CoV-2), using the following four outcomes: need or use of supplemental oxygen, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and deaths. We summarized the results by clinical outcome and conducted random-effect meta-analyses where applicable.
RESULTS
Twelve studies reporting a total of 7862 COVID-19 patients were included in the review. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection were found to be associated with a higher risk of ICU admission (five studies, odds ratio (OR) = 2.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.64-2.68) and mechanical ventilation (five studies, OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.10-4.85). No significant association was found between influenza co-infection and need/use of supplemental oxygen or deaths among COVID-19 patients (four studies, OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.37-2.95; 11 studies, OR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.65-3.08, respectively). For RSV co-infection, data were only sufficient to allow for analyses for the outcome of deaths, and no significant association was found between RSV co-infection and deaths among COVID-19 patients (three studies, OR = 5.27, 95% CI = 0.58-47.87).
CONCLUSIONS
Existing evidence suggests that co-infection with influenza might be associated with a 2-fold increase in the risk for ICU admission and for mechanical ventilation among COVID-19 patients whereas evidence is limited on the role of RSV co-infection. Co-infection with influenza does not increase the risk of death in COVID-19 patients.
REGISTRATION
PROSEPRO CRD42021283045.
Topics: COVID-19; Coinfection; Humans; Influenza, Human; Oxygen; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 36112521
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.12.05040 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2022The burden and health care utilization (HCU) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in US infants aged <1 year across health care settings are not well characterized.
BACKGROUND
The burden and health care utilization (HCU) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in US infants aged <1 year across health care settings are not well characterized.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed studies of RSV and bronchiolitis published 2000-2021 (data years, 1979-2020). Outcomes included RSV hospitalization (RSVH)/bronchiolitis hospitalization rates, emergency department (ED)/outpatient (OP) visit rates, and intensive care unit (ICU) admissions or mechanical ventilation (MV) use among RSV-/bronchiolitis-hospitalized infants. Study quality was determined using standard tools.
RESULTS
We identified 141 good-/fair-quality studies. Five national studies reported annual average RSVH rates (range, 11.6 per 1000 per year among infants aged 6-11 months in 2006 to 50.1 per 1000 per year among infants aged 0-2 months in 1997). Two national studies provided RSVH rates by primary diagnosis for the entire study period (range, 22.0-22.7 per 1000 in 1997-1999 and 1997-2000, respectively). No national ED/OP data were available. Among 11 nonnational studies, RSVH rates varied due to differences in time, populations (eg, prematurity), and locations. One national study reported that RSVH infants with high-risk comorbidities had 5-times more MV use compared to non-high-risk infants in 1997-2012.
CONCLUSIONS
Substantial data variability was observed. Nationally representative studies are needed to elucidate RSV burden and HCU.
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Palivizumab; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; United States
PubMed: 35968876
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac201 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious illness in those aged <5 years in the United States, but uncertainty remains around which populations receive RSV...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious illness in those aged <5 years in the United States, but uncertainty remains around which populations receive RSV testing. We conducted a systematic literature review of RSV testing patterns in studies published from 2000 to 2021.
METHODS
Studies of RSV, medically attended RSV lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), and bronchiolitis were identified using standard methodology. Outcomes were clinical decisions to test for RSV, testing frequency, and testing incidence proportions in inpatient (IP), emergency department (ED), outpatient (OP), and urgent care settings.
RESULTS
Eighty good-/fair-quality studies, which reported data from the period 1988-2020, were identified. Twenty-seven described the clinical decision to test, which varied across and within settings. Two studies reported RSV testing frequency for multiple settings, with higher testing proportions in IP (n = 2, range: 83%-85%, 1996-2009) compared with ED (n = 1, 25%, 2006-2009) and OP (n = 2, 15%-25%, 1996-2009). Higher RSV testing incidence proportions were observed among LRTI infant populations in the ED (n = 1, 74%, 2007-2008) and OP (n = 2, 54%-69%, 1995-2008). Incidence proportions in LRTI populations were not consistently higher in the IP setting (n = 13). Across studies and time, there was heterogeneity in RSV testing patterns, which may reflect varying detection methods, populations, locations, time periods, and healthcare settings.
CONCLUSIONS
Not all infants and children with LRTI are tested for RSV, highlighting underestimation of RSV burden across all settings.
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Incidence; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; United States
PubMed: 35968874
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac203 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in US children, reduces quality of life (QOL) of children, their caregivers, and...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in US children, reduces quality of life (QOL) of children, their caregivers, and families.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic literature review in PubMed, EconLit, and other databases in the United States of articles published since 2000, derived utility lost per RSV episode from cohort studies, and performed a systematic analysis.
RESULTS
From 2262 unique citations, 35 received full-text review and 7 met the inclusion criteria (2 cohort studies, 4 modeling studies, and 1 synthesis). Pooled data from the 2 cohort studies (both containing only hospitalized premature infants) gave quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) losses per episode of 0.0173 at day 38. From the cohort study that also assessed caregivers' QOL, we calculated net QALYs lost directly attributable to RSV per nonfatal episode from onset to 60 days after onset for the child, caregiver, child-and-caregiver dyad of 0.0169 (167% over prematurity alone), 0.0031, and 0.0200, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Published data on QOL of children in the United States with RSV are scarce and consider only premature hospitalized infants, whereas most RSV episodes occur in children who were born at term and were otherwise healthy. QOL studies are needed beyond hospitalized premature infants.
Topics: Caregivers; Cohort Studies; Humans; Infant; Quality of Life; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; United States
PubMed: 35968873
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac183 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2022A systematic literature review was conducted to summarize the mortality (overall and by disease severity factors) of US infants and children aged <5 years with...
BACKGROUND
A systematic literature review was conducted to summarize the mortality (overall and by disease severity factors) of US infants and children aged <5 years with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or all-cause bronchiolitis (ACB).
METHODS
Comprehensive, systematic literature searches were conducted; articles were screened using prespecified eligibility criteria. A standard risk of bias tool was used to evaluate studies. Mortality was extracted as the rate per 100 000 or the case fatality ratio (CFR; proportion of deaths among RSV/ACB cases).
RESULTS
Among 42 included studies, 36 evaluated inpatient deaths; 10 used nationally representative populations updated through 2013, and only 2 included late-preterm/full-term otherwise healthy infants and children. The RSV/ACB definition varied across studies (multiple International Classification of Diseases [ICD] codes; laboratory confirmation); no study reported systematic testing for RSV. No studies reported RSV mortality rates, while 3 studies provided ACB mortality rates (0.57-9.4 per 100 000). CFRs ranged from 0% to 1.7% for RSV (n = 15) and from 0% to 0.17% for ACB (n = 6); higher CFRs were reported among premature, intensive care unit-admitted, and publicly insured infants and children.
CONCLUSIONS
RSV mortality reported among US infants and children is variable. Current, nationally representative estimates are needed for otherwise healthy, late-preterm to full-term infants and children.
Topics: Bronchiolitis; Child; Child, Preschool; Data Collection; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 35968871
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac226 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Nov 2022Given the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) disease burden in poultry worldwide and the evidence of a possible role played by wild birds in the virus epidemiology, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Given the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) disease burden in poultry worldwide and the evidence of a possible role played by wild birds in the virus epidemiology, the present study summarizes aMPV serological and molecular data on free-ranging avifauna available in the literature by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. A computerized literature research was performed on PubMed, Scopus, CAB Direct and Web of Science to identify relevant publications across the period 1990-2021, along with the screening of reference lists. A random-effect model was applied to calculate pooled prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals. The inconsistency index statistic (I ) was applied to assess between-study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses for molecular studies only were performed according to geographical area of samplings, taxonomic order, genus and migration patterns of the birds surveyed. A total of 11 publications on molecular surveys and 6 on serological ones were retained for analysis. The pooled molecular prevalence was 6% (95% CI: 1-13%) and a high between-study heterogeneity was detected (I = 96%, p < .01). Moderator analyses showed statistically significant differences according to geographical area studied, taxonomic order and genus. Concerning serological prevalence, a pooled estimate of 14% (95% CI: 1-39%), along with a high between-study heterogeneity, was obtained (I = 98%, p < .01). Moderator analysis was not performed due to the scarcity of eligible serological studies included. Overall, molecular and serological evidence suggests that some wild bird taxa could play a role in aMPV epidemiology. Particularly, wild ducks, geese, gulls and pheasants, according to scientific contributions hereby considered, proved to be susceptible to aMPV, and due to host ecology, may act as a viral carrier or reservoir. Further surveys of wild birds are encouraged for a better comprehension of the poultry/wild bird interface in aMPV epidemiology and for better characterizing the virus host breadth.
Topics: Animals; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Animals, Wild; Ducks; Geese; Poultry Diseases; Chickens
PubMed: 35960706
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14680