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Appetite Jun 2024The influence dishware size has on meal energy intake is unclear and no study to date has examined the impact on total daily energy intake. In a pre-registered RCT we... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The influence dishware size has on meal energy intake is unclear and no study to date has examined the impact on total daily energy intake. In a pre-registered RCT we investigate the impact of breakfast dishware size on breakfast and post-breakfast energy intake, as well as daily energy intake and hunger/fullness. In a repeated-measures design, 50 females (aged 18-77 years) were randomised to receive smaller or larger breakfast dishware on two separate days. Energy intake was also measured during the rest of the day. The primary outcomes were breakfast and post-breakfast energy intake (kcal). Secondary outcomes were total daily energy intake (kcal), and hunger/fullness (rated from 0 to 100). We examined if results differed by socioeconomic position (SEP). Dishware did not affect energy intake at breakfast (smaller: M = 394.8 kcal; SD = 172.2 larger: M = 394.4 kcal; SD = 164.4; d = 0.003, p = 0.98), and there was no statistically significant evidence that dishware size affected energy intake after breakfast, though post-breakfast energy intake was somewhat higher after using larger breakfast dishware (smaller: M = 1974.6 kcal; SD = 475.2; larger: M = 2077.5 kcal; SD = 525.9; d = -0.27, p = 0.06). Total daily energy intake, hunger and fullness ratings did not significantly differ between dishware conditions. There was no evidence that SEP moderated the effect of dishware size on energy intake. Smaller vs. larger breakfast dishware size had no significant effect on breakfast or post-breakfast energy intake, hunger, fullness, or daily energy intake. Previous studies may have overestimated the promise of dishware size as an intervention for reducing energy intake. Alternative interventions targeting the food environment should now be prioritised.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Energy Intake; Meals; Hunger; Breakfast; Postprandial Period; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 38485059
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107296 -
PloS One 2024The Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate...
The Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate associated with many adverse health effects. The physiological mechanisms linked to this consumption, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, may impact non medical traits such as facial attractiveness. To explore this issue, the relationship between facial attractiveness and immediate and chronic refined carbohydrate consumption estimated by glycemic load was studied for 104 French subjects. Facial attractiveness was assessed by opposite sex raters using pictures taken two hours after a controlled breakfast. Chronic consumption was assessed considering three high glycemic risk meals: breakfast, afternoon snacking and between-meal snacking. Immediate consumption of a high glycemic breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women while controlling for several control variables, including energy intake. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption had different effects on attractiveness depending on the meal and/or the sex. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption, estimated by the glycemic load, during the three studied meals reduced attractiveness, while a high energy intake increased it. Nevertheless, the effect was reversed for men concerning the afternoon snack, for which a high energy intake reduced attractiveness and a high glycemic load increased it. These effects were maintained when potential confounders for facial attractiveness were controlled such as age, age departure from actual age, masculinity/femininity (perceived and measured), BMI, physical activity, parental home ownership, smoking, couple status, hormonal contraceptive use (for women), and facial hairiness (for men). Results were possibly mediated by an increase in age appearance for women and a decrease in perceived masculinity for men. The physiological differences between the three meals studied and the interpretation of the results from an adaptive/maladaptive point of view in relation to our new dietary environment are discussed.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Meals; Breakfast; Snacks; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Devices; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hyperglycemia
PubMed: 38446775
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298984 -
PloS One 2024Effective nutrition management is fundamental in the comprehensive treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Various strategies have been explored in this regard,...
BACKGROUND
Effective nutrition management is fundamental in the comprehensive treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Various strategies have been explored in this regard, demonstrating their potential usefulness in improving clinical outcomes. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of meals frequency on the well-being of these patients.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
In accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched until July 10th, 2023. We included studies from the last 10 years in people with type 2 diabetes that had an intervention regarding their meal frequency. The risk of bias was evaluated based on the Cochrane tool according to the type of study. Of 77 retrieval articles, 13 studies matched our inclusion criteria. The primary focus of each study was to evaluate glycemic control as the major outcome. Studies suggest that meal frequency, time-restricted feeding, breakfast skipping, bedtime snacking, and chrononutrition practices all play roles in type 2 diabetes management and risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Restricting feeding to 2 to 3 meals per day and practicing time restricted feeding with less than 10 hours of daily food intake promotes weight loss and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aligning food consumption with the body's natural rhythm is beneficial, whereas skipping breakfast disrupts this rhythm. Snacking after evening or waiting 3-4 hours after meal helps control glucose levels, but consuming pre-bedtime snacks do not provide the same benefits.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42023431785.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Meals; Snacks; Breakfast; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 38421977
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298531 -
Nutrients Feb 2024The aim of the study was to explore the impact of both the macronutrient composition and snacking timing on the postprandial glycemic insulinemic responses and food...
The aim of the study was to explore the impact of both the macronutrient composition and snacking timing on the postprandial glycemic insulinemic responses and food intake. Seventeen healthy female volunteers completed the randomized crossover trials. The volunteers were provided a standard breakfast and lunch at 8:00 and 13:00, respectively, and an ad libitum dinner at 18:00. Provided at either 10:30 (midmorning) or 12:30 (preload), the glycemic effects of the three types of 70 kcal snacks, including chicken breast (mid-C and pre-C), apple (mid-A and pre-A), and macadamia nut (mid-M and pre-M), were compared with the non-snack control (CON), evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). The mid-M showed increased insulin resistance after lunch compared with CON, while the pre-M did not. The pre-A stabilized the glycemic response in terms of all variability parameters after lunch, while the mid-A had no significant effect on postprandial glucose control. Both the mid-C and pre-C improved the total area under the glucose curve, all glycemic variability parameters, and the insulin resistance within 2 h after lunch compared with CON. The pre-C attained the lowest energy intake at dinner, while the mid-A and the mid-M resulted in the highest. In conclusion, the chicken breast snack effectively stabilized postprandial glycemic excursion and reduced insulin resistance while the macadamia snack did not, regardless of ingestion time. Only as a preload could the apple snack mitigate the glucose response after the subsequent meal.
Topics: Humans; Female; Snacks; Blood Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Healthy Volunteers; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Meals; Glucose; Nutrients; Postprandial Period; Cross-Over Studies; Insulin
PubMed: 38398859
DOI: 10.3390/nu16040535 -
Public Health Nutrition Feb 2024To examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI over 8 years differ by weight status in a sample of adolescents.
Associations of regular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner with Body Mass Index during adolescence: longitudinal findings by weight status among the Eating and Activity over Time 2010-2018 cohort.
OBJECTIVE
To examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI over 8 years differ by weight status in a sample of adolescents.
DESIGN
Longitudinal, population-based study. Breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption and BMI were self-reported. Linear regressions were used to examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI differed by weight status.
SETTING
Adolescents in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area.
PARTICIPANTS
Adolescents ( 1,471) were surveyed as part of the EAT 2010-2018 in 2009-2010 (M = 14·3 years) and 2017-2018 (M = 22·0 years).
RESULTS
The prevalence of regular breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption (≥ 5 times/week) ranged from 45 to 65 %, 75 to 89 % and 76 to 94 %, respectively, depending on weight status category. Among adolescents with a sex- and age-specific BMI < 15th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner during adolescence were positively associated with BMI in emerging adulthood compared with irregular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner (<5 times/week) after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics ( = 5·43, = 5·39 and = 6·46, respectively; all -values <0·01). Among adolescents in the BMI 15-85th and 85-95th percentiles, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI but to a lesser extent (-values <0·01). For participants with a BMI ≥ 95th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI, but the associations were not statistically significant (-values > 0·05).
CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between meal consumption during adolescence and BMI in emerging adulthood differs by adolescent weight status. Future studies should investigate underlying factors related to meal consumption routines and BMI.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Adult; Young Adult; Infant; Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Lunch; Feeding Behavior; Meals
PubMed: 38384116
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980024000454 -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Feb 2024Dietary intake assessment is an integral part of addressing suboptimal dietary intakes. Existing food-based methods are time-consuming and burdensome for users to report... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Dietary intake assessment is an integral part of addressing suboptimal dietary intakes. Existing food-based methods are time-consuming and burdensome for users to report the individual foods consumed at each meal. However, ease of use is the most important feature for individuals choosing a nutrition or diet app. Intakes of whole meals can be reported in a manner that is less burdensome than reporting individual foods. No study has developed a method of dietary intake assessment where individuals report their dietary intakes as whole meals rather than individual foods.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to develop a novel, meal-based method of dietary intake assessment and test its ability to estimate nutrient intakes compared with that of a web-based, 24-hour recall (24HR).
METHODS
Participants completed a web-based, generic meal-based recall. This involved, for each meal type (breakfast, light meal, main meal, snack, and beverage), choosing from a selection of meal images those that most represented their intakes during the previous day. Meal images were based on generic meals from a previous study that were representative of the actual meal intakes in Ireland. Participants also completed a web-based 24HR. Both methods were completed on the same day, 3 hours apart. In a crossover design, participants were randomized in terms of which method they completed first. Then, 2 weeks after the first dietary assessments, participants repeated the process in the reverse order. Estimates of mean daily nutrient intakes and the categorization of individuals according to nutrient-based guidelines (eg, low, adequate, and high) were compared between the 2 methods. P values of less than .05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
In total, 161 participants completed the study. For the 23 nutrient variables compared, the median percentage difference between the 2 methods was 7.6% (IQR 2.6%-13.2%), with P values ranging from <.001 to .97, and out of 23 variables, effect sizes for the differences were small for 19 (83%) variables, moderate for 2 (9%) variables, and large for 2 (9%) variables. Correlation coefficients were statistically significant (P<.05) for 18 (78%) of the 23 variables. Statistically significant correlations ranged from 0.16 to 0.45, with median correlation of 0.32 (IQR 0.25-0.40). When participants were classified according to nutrient-based guidelines, the proportion of individuals who were classified into the same category ranged from 52.8% (85/161) to 84.5% (136/161).
CONCLUSIONS
A generic meal-based method of dietary intake assessment provides estimates of nutrient intake comparable with those provided by a web-based 24HR but with varying levels of agreement among nutrients. Further studies are required to refine and improve the generic recall across a range of nutrients. Future studies will consider user experience including the potential feasibility of incorporating image recognition of whole meals into the generic recall.
Topics: Humans; Eating; Meals; Mental Recall; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 38354039
DOI: 10.2196/48817 -
BMC Nutrition Feb 2024To assess whether changes in breakfast and water consumption during the first full school year after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic varied based on sex/gender,...
BACKGROUND
To assess whether changes in breakfast and water consumption during the first full school year after the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic varied based on sex/gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status among Canadian adolescents.
METHODS
Prospective annual survey data collected pre- (October 2019-March 2020) and post-COVID-19 onset (November 2020-June 2021) the Cannabis, Obesity, Mental health, Physical activity, Alcohol, Smoking, and Sedentary behaviour (COMPASS) study. The sample consisted of 8,128 students; mean (SD) age = 14.2 (1.3) years from a convenience sample of 41 Canadian secondary schools. At both timepoints self-reported breakfast and water consumption were dichotomized as daily or not. Multivariable logistic generalized estimating equations with school clustering were used to estimate differences in maintenance/adoption of daily consumption post-COVID-19 based on demographic factors, while controlling for pre-COVID-19 behaviour.
RESULTS
Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals are reported. Females (AOR = 0.71 [0.63, 0.79]) and lower socioeconomic status individuals (AOR=0.41 [0.16, 1.00]) were less likely to maintain/adopt daily breakfast consumption than male and higher socioeconomic status peers in the 2020-2021 school year. Black identifying individuals were less likely than all other racial/ethnic identities to maintain/adopt plain water consumption every day of the week (AOR = 0.33 [0.15, 0.75], p < 0.001). No significant interaction effects were detected.
CONCLUSIONS
Results support the hypothesis that changes in nutritional behaviours were not equal across demographic groups. Female, lower socioeconomic status, and Black adolescents reported greater declines in healthy nutritional behaviours. Public health interventions to improve adherence to daily breakfast and water consumption should target these segments of the population.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Not a trial.
PubMed: 38317176
DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00831-3 -
BMC Public Health Jan 2024Unhealthful dietary patterns have been consistently associated with low levels of physical activity (PA), but studies dedicated to sedentary behavior (SB) are scarce,...
BACKGROUND
Unhealthful dietary patterns have been consistently associated with low levels of physical activity (PA), but studies dedicated to sedentary behavior (SB) are scarce, especially in adults. The few studies that investigated the association between SB and dietary patterns focused mostly on specific types of SB, such as TV-watching or screen time. SB can be accumulated in distinct domains (i.e., work, transport, and leisure-time), thus, it is key to investigate in depth the impact that different domains of SB can have on eating-related indicators. We aimed to investigate the associations between different SB domains and eating-related indicators, in a sample of adults.
METHODS
Cross-sectional data from students, teachers, and staff from a Portuguese University was collected in November/2021 through an anonymous online survey. Data analyses were performed using the IBM SPSS software (version 28.0) and included descriptive statistics, partial correlations, and group comparisons using one-way ANOVA. Daily average SB at work/study, transport, and in leisure-time were self-reported and eating-related indicators were measured with several items from the Mediterranean Diet Score. Specific eating-related behaviors reflecting a protective eating pattern (e.g., eating breakfast regularly), and eating behavior traits (e.g., external eating) were also assessed. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height(m). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire/Short-Form was used to assess PA.
RESULTS
The sample included 301 adults (60.1% women), with a mean age of 34.5 years. Overall, leisure-time SB was inversely associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r = -0.20; p < 0.001) and with a protective eating profile (r = -0.31; p < 0.001). Higher transport SB was also related to lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (r = -0.20; p < 0.001) and to an unhealthier eating profile (r = -0.22; p < 0.001), but no associations were found for work-related SB (p > 0.05). These results persisted after the adjustment for BMI, sex, and self-reported PA. These results were impacted by the age tertile.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that adults with higher levels of SB in leisure-time and transport domains tend to report less healthy eating-related behaviors, irrespective of BMI, sex, and PA level. However, some differences in these associations were found according to the age tertile. This information may assist public health authorities in focusing their efforts in augmenting literacy on SB, namely on how SB can be accumulated via different settings. Furthermore, public health literacy efforts need to extend besides the more known deleterious effects of SB on health (e.g., diabetes, cardiovascular disease), to also include the interplay with eating indicators. Strategies to reduce SB and unhealthy eating should be particularly focused on promoting physically active forms of commuting and reducing SB in the leisure setting.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Male; Cross-Sectional Studies; Sedentary Behavior; Analysis of Variance; Body Mass Index; Breakfast
PubMed: 38263005
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17760-2 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023There is a paucity of evidence regarding the benefit of royal jelly (RJ) on post-stroke complications in patients with ischemic stroke. To address this knowledge gap,...
AIMS
There is a paucity of evidence regarding the benefit of royal jelly (RJ) on post-stroke complications in patients with ischemic stroke. To address this knowledge gap, this randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was carried out to determine the effects of RJ consumption on post-stroke clinical outcomes.
METHODS
Of 64 eligible ischemic stroke patients (45-80 years), 32 were randomized to the RJ and 32 to the placebo groups and completed a 12-week intervention. The intervention group was advised to receive 1,000 mg of RJ dragee daily after breakfast. Post-stroke complications including cognition, fatigue, mental health, and appetite, along with serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were assessed in groups pre-and post-intervention.
RESULTS
After 12 weeks of RJ consumption, cognitive function [adjusted mean difference, 4.71; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.75 to 7.67], serum levels of BDNF (adjusted mean difference, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.67), stress (adjusted mean difference, -3.33; 95% CI, -6.50 to -0.17), and appetite (adjusted mean difference, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.19 to 2.56) were significantly improved. However, the findings for fatigue (adjusted mean difference, -4.32; 95% CI, -10.28 to 1.63), depression (adjusted mean difference, -1.71; 95% CI, -5.58 to 2.16), anxiety (adjusted mean difference, -2.50; 95% CI, -5.50 to 0.49), and MUAC (adjusted mean difference, 0.36; 95% CI, -0.11 to 0.84) were less favorable.
CONCLUSION
Findings support the benefits of RJ consumption in improving post-stroke complications and clinical outcomes.: https://www.irct.ir/trial/59275, Identifier IRCT20180818040827N4.
PubMed: 38260068
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1227414 -
Nutrients Jan 2024This study aimed to compare whether a super bolus (SB) is a more efficient strategy than a normal bolus (NB) for high glycemic index (h-GI) meals in children with type 1... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to compare whether a super bolus (SB) is a more efficient strategy than a normal bolus (NB) for high glycemic index (h-GI) meals in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
METHODS
A randomized, double-blind, crossover trial with an allocation ratio of 1:1, registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04019821). 72 children aged 10-18 years with T1D > 1 year, and on insulin pump therapy > 3 months were included. As an intervention, they ate a h-GI breakfast for the two following days and receive a prandial insulin bolus either in the form of SB or NB.
RESULTS
The SB group had lower glucose values during the observation time and lower glucose levels in 90th min (primary end point). The median time in range was also higher after SB. At the same time, more hypoglycemic episodes and a higher time below range were noted in this group. Almost 90% of them were the threshold value for initiating treatment for hypoglycemia and occurred near the end of observation period. More hyperglycemic episodes and over twice as much time in hyperglycemia were noted after NB.
CONCLUSIONS
Super bolus is an effective strategy to avoid postprandial hyperglycemia but the basal insulin suspension should be longer to avoid hypoglycemia (f.ex. 3 h).
Topics: Child; Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Glucose; Glycemic Index; Hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Insulin; Meals; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 38257156
DOI: 10.3390/nu16020263