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BMC Public Health Jun 2024To control resurging infectious diseases like mumps, it is necessary to resort to effective control and preventive measures. These measures include increasing vaccine...
BACKGROUND
To control resurging infectious diseases like mumps, it is necessary to resort to effective control and preventive measures. These measures include increasing vaccine coverage, providing the community with advice on how to reduce exposure, and closing schools. To justify such intervention, it is important to understand how well each of these measures helps to limit transmission.
METHODS
In this paper, we propose a simple SEILR (susceptible-exposed-symptomatically infectious-asymptomatically infectious-recovered) model by using a novel transmission rate function to incorporate temperature, humidity, and closing school factors. This new transmission rate function allows us to verify the impact of each factor either separately or combined. Using reported mumps cases from 2004 to 2018 in the mainland of China, we perform data fitting and parameter estimation to evaluate the basic reproduction number . As a wide range of one-dose measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine programs in China started only in 2008, we use different vaccination proportions for the first Stage I period (from 2004 to 2008) and the second Stage II period (from 2009 to 2018). This allows us to verify the importance of higher vaccine coverage with a possible second dose of MMR vaccine.
RESULTS
We find that the basic reproduction number is generally between 1 and 3. We then use the Akaike Information Criteria to assess the extent to which each of the three factors contributed to the spread of mumps. The findings suggest that the impact of all three factors is substantial, with temperature having the most significant impact, followed by school opening and closing, and finally humidity.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the strategy of increasing vaccine coverage, changing micro-climate (temperature and humidity), and closing schools can greatly reduce mumps transmission.
Topics: China; Humans; Mumps; Humidity; Schools; Temperature; Epidemics; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Child; Adolescent; Child, Preschool; Basic Reproduction Number
PubMed: 38898424
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18819-w -
Clinical Pediatrics Jun 2024
PubMed: 38864152
DOI: 10.1177/00099228241260568 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024Homeless individuals suffer a high burden of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Moreover, they are particularly susceptible to adverse infection outcomes with...
INTRODUCTION
Homeless individuals suffer a high burden of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Moreover, they are particularly susceptible to adverse infection outcomes with limited access to the health care system. Data on the seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella within this cohort are missing.
METHODS
The seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella was determined within the homeless population in Germany. Predictors of lacking immune protection were determined using multivariable logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Homeless individuals in Germany ( = 611) showed a seroprevalence of 88.5% (95% CI: 85.8-91.0) for measles, 83.8% (95% CI: 80.6-86.6) for mumps, 86.1% (95% CI: 83.1-88.7) for rubella, and 95.7% (95% CI 93.8-97.2) for varicella. Measles seroprevalences declined from individuals born in 1965 to individuals born in 1993, with seroprevalences not compatible with a 95% threshold in individuals born after 1980. For mumps, seroprevalences declined from individuals born in 1950 to individuals born in 1984. Here, seroprevalences were not compatible with a 92% threshold for individuals born after 1975. Seronegativity for measles, mumps and rubella was associated with age but not with gender or country of origin.
DISCUSSION
Herd immunity for measles and mumps is not achieved in this homeless cohort, while there was sufficient immune protection for rubella and varicella. Declining immune protection rates in younger individuals warrant immunization campaigns also targeting marginalized groups such as homeless individuals. Given that herd immunity thresholds are not reached for individuals born after 1980 for measles, and after 1975 for mumps, vaccination campaigns should prioritize individuals within these age groups.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Mumps; Cross-Sectional Studies; Germany; Ill-Housed Persons; Adult; Measles; Rubella; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Middle Aged; Chickenpox; Young Adult; Vaccination; Adolescent; Aged
PubMed: 38784578
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1375151 -
Cureus Apr 2024Parotid abscesses are sequelae of acute parotitis that are rare in pediatric patients. Common inciting causes of parotid abscesses include infection, inflammatory...
Parotid abscesses are sequelae of acute parotitis that are rare in pediatric patients. Common inciting causes of parotid abscesses include infection, inflammatory conditions, and ductal obstruction. This case presents a parotid abscess found in an otherwise healthy four-year-old girl. Further evaluation revealed no evidence of infection, no anatomical ductal obstruction, and no evidence of autoimmune conditions that could have caused the abscess. Nonetheless, the patient was treated with an incision and drainage procedure and antibiotic therapy with full recovery. Development of a parotid abscess with no identifiable cause is exceedingly rare with limited documented instances. From this case, idiopathic parotid abscesses may be considered as a diagnosis of exclusion after ruling out common causes, though management still follows the standard of care.
PubMed: 38765350
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58464 -
Cureus Apr 2024Primary tuberculous parotitis is an extremely rare entity presenting with nonspecific symptoms, variable clinical signs, and imaging features mimicking parotid...
Primary tuberculous parotitis is an extremely rare entity presenting with nonspecific symptoms, variable clinical signs, and imaging features mimicking parotid neoplasm. It is a clinical and diagnostic challenge, and a confirmed histological diagnosis would indicate nonoperative management, thus avoiding unwarranted surgery and associated morbidity. Tuberculosis of the salivary gland is a relatively rare extrapulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis, with the incidence of tuberculous parotitis being 2%-9%. The prevalence of disseminated tuberculosis has increased in recent times because of the use of immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplantation and chemotherapy. However, the incidence of concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with tuberculous parotitis is a rarer scenario. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can confirm the diagnosis of tuberculous parotitis with a high sensitivity (84%-100%) and specificity (94%-100%). The utility of FNAC is also enhanced as the aspirate can be utilized for cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) testing for mycobacterium and drug sensitivity testing, thereby further increasing its sensitivity and specificity. This translates to a lesser chance of unnecessary surgical intervention and the potential surgical morbidity. Here, we report a case of parotid swelling in a 72-year-old male, with no evidence of any pulmonary or systemic tuberculosis, with clinical and imaging features suggestive of parotid neoplasm but diagnosed as tubercular parotitis on FNAC. He was started on antitubercular therapy, which resulted in the progressive diminution of the size of the lesion. Primary tuberculous parotitis should be considered a possibility while managing the parotid neoplasm.
PubMed: 38745804
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58217 -
Communications Biology Apr 2024Childhood Sjögren's disease represents critically unmet medical needs due to a complete lack of immunological and molecular characterizations. This study presents key...
Childhood Sjögren's disease represents critically unmet medical needs due to a complete lack of immunological and molecular characterizations. This study presents key immune cell subsets and their interactions in the periphery in childhood Sjögren's disease. Here we show that single-cell RNA sequencing identifies the subsets of IFN gene-enriched monocytes, CD4 T effector memory, and XCL1 NK cells as potential key players in childhood Sjögren's disease, and especially in those with recurrent parotitis, which is the chief symptom prompting clinical visits from young children. A unique cluster of monocytes with type I and II IFN-related genes is identified in childhood Sjögren's disease, compared to the age-matched control. In vitro regulatory T cell functional assay demonstrates intact functionality in childhood Sjögren's disease in contrast to reduced suppression in adult Sjögren's disease. Mapping this transcriptomic landscape and interplay of immune cell subsets will expedite the understanding of childhood Sjögren's disease pathogenesis and set the foundation for precision medicine.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Sjogren's Syndrome; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Gene Expression Profiling; Transcriptome; Killer Cells, Natural
PubMed: 38641668
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06124-6 -
Biomedical Reports May 2024Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection usually affects the respiratory system; however, a number of atypical manifestations of this...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection usually affects the respiratory system; however, a number of atypical manifestations of this disease have also been reported, especially in children. The present study reports a case of a 12-year-old presenting with right unilateral parotitis and sialadenitis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. The young patient, after a 3-day history of fever, was brought to our clinic (Polyclinic University Hospital 'G. Rodolico', Catania, Italy) for the sudden onset of unilateral parotitis accompanied by sialadenitis and hyperaemia of the skin, which was tender to touch. The SARS-CoV-2 molecular swab was positive; the ultrasound of the affected region showed an increase in the volume of the parotid and sublingual gland and reactive lymph nodes compatible with parotitis and sialadenitis. This case suggests that, in the present Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 should be included in the differential diagnosis of parotitis and sialadenitis along with mumps and flue. Notably, a respiratory panel and serology for other potential causes are needed in case of parotitis-like disease.
PubMed: 38628628
DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1771 -
Indian Pediatrics Apr 2024Mumps is a global public health problem caused by mumps virus, a member of paramyxoviridae family. MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella), an effective vaccine, has been... (Review)
Review
Mumps is a global public health problem caused by mumps virus, a member of paramyxoviridae family. MMR (Mumps, Measles, Rubella), an effective vaccine, has been incorporated into routine immunization schedules in over 100 countries. On the contrary, in India, vaccine against mumps has not been included in the routine immunization schedule as mumps is still not viewed as a significant public health problem by the government to warrant such an intervention. An increasing number of mumps outbreaks being reported from many parts of the country in the recent past, is matter of concern. The current paper reviews the situation of mumps in India including the recent surge, and discusses the remedial measures to contain these outbreaks. We conclude that inclusion of Mumps component as MMR vaccine in the Universal Immunization Programme of India along with strengthening surveillance is required to tackle the situation.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Viral; India; Measles; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Mumps; Rubella
PubMed: 38597102
DOI: No ID Found