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PloS One 2023To provide the poultry industry with effective mitigation strategies, the effects of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the reduction of Salmonella Infantis, hilA...
To provide the poultry industry with effective mitigation strategies, the effects of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on the reduction of Salmonella Infantis, hilA expression, and chicken skin microbiota were evaluated. Chicken breast skins (4×4 cm; N = 100, n = 10, k = 5) were inoculated with Salmonella (Typhimurium or Infantis) at 4°C (30min) to obtain 108 CFU/g attachment. Skins were shaken (30s), with remaining bacteria being considered firmly attached. Treatments were applied as 30s dips in 50 mL: no inocula-no-treatment control (NINTC), no treatment control (NTC), tap water (TW), TW+600 ppm PAA (PAA), or TW+0.5% CPC (CPC). Excess fluid was shaken off (30s). Samples were homogenized in nBPW (1 min). Samples were discarded. Salmonella was enumerated and Log10 transformed. Reverse transcriptase-qPCR (rt-qPCR) was performed targeting hilA gene and normalized using the 2-ΔΔCt method. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in RStudio with means separated by Tukey's HSD (P≤0.05). Genomic DNA of rinsates was extracted, 16S rRNA gene (V4) was sequenced (MiSeq), and data analyzed in QIIME2 (P≤0.05 and Q≤0.05). CPC and PAA affected Salmonella levels differently with CPC being effective against S. Infantis compared to TW (P<0.05). Treatment with CPC on S. Infantis-infected skin altered the hilA expression compared to TW (P<0.05). When inoculated with S. Typhimurium, there was no difference between the microbiota diversity of skins treated with PAA and CPC; however, when inoculated with S. Infantis, there was a difference in the Shannon's Entropy and Jaccard Dissimilarity between the two treatments (P<0.05). Using ANCOM at the genus level, Brochothrix was significant (W = 118) among skin inoculated with S. Typhimurium. Among S. Infantis inoculated, Yersiniaceae, Enterobacterales, Lachnospiraceae CHKCI001, Clostridia vadinBB60 group, Leuconostoc, Campylobacter, and bacteria were significant (40
8). CPC and PAA-treated skins had lowest relative abundance of the genera. In conclusion, CPC mitigated Salmonella Infantis, altered hilA expression, and influenced the chicken skin microbiota. Topics: Animals; Poultry; Cetylpyridinium; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Chickens; Food Microbiology; Salmonella typhimurium
PubMed: 38127975
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293549 -
MAbs 2024The higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important quality attribute with strong contribution to clinically relevant biological functions...
The higher order structure (HOS) of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is an important quality attribute with strong contribution to clinically relevant biological functions and drug safety. Due to the multi-faceted nature of HOS, the synergy of multiple complementary analytical approaches can substantially improve the understanding, accuracy, and resolution of HOS characterization. In this study, we applied one- and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric analysis, as well as circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fluorescence spectroscopy as orthogonal methods, to characterize the impact of methionine (Met) oxidation on the HOS of an IgG1 mAb. We used a forced degradation method involving concentration-dependent oxidation by peracetic acid, in which Met oxidation is site-specifically quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Conventional biophysical techniques report nuanced results, in which CD detects no change to the secondary structure and little change in the tertiary structure. Yet, DSC measurements show the destabilization of Fab and Fc domains due to Met oxidation. More importantly, our study demonstrates that 1D and 2D NMR and chemometric analysis can provide semi-quantitative analysis of chemical modifications and resolve localized conformational changes with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we leveraged a novel N-Met labeling technique of the antibody to directly observe structural perturbations at the oxidation sites. The NMR methods described here to probe HOS changes are highly reliable and practical in biopharmaceutical characterization.
Topics: Methionine; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Chemometrics; Racemethionine; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
PubMed: 38117548
DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2292688 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023The cold chain conditions have been suggested to facilitate long-distance transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but it is unclear how viable the virus is on cold chain packaging...
INTRODUCTION
The cold chain conditions have been suggested to facilitate long-distance transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but it is unclear how viable the virus is on cold chain packaging materials.
METHODS
This study used the MHV-JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus as a model organism to investigate the viability of SARS-CoV-2 on foam, plastic, cardboard, and wood sheets at different temperatures (-40°C, -20°C, and 4°C). In addition, the ability of peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite to eliminate the MHV-JHM on plastic and cardboard sheets were also evaluated.
RESULTS
The results indicate that MHV-JHM can survive on foam, plastic, or cardboard sheets for up to 28 days at -40°C and -20°C, and up to 14 days on foam and plastic surfaces at 4°C. Although viral nucleic acids were still detectable after storing at 4°C for 28 days, the corresponding virus titer was below the limit of quantification (LOQ).
DISCUSSION
The study highlights that a positive nucleic acid test result may not indicate that the virus is still viable, and confirms that peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite can effectively eliminate MHV-JHM on packaging materials under cold chain conditions.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Murine hepatitis virus; SARS-CoV-2; Sodium Hypochlorite; Peracetic Acid; Refrigeration; COVID-19
PubMed: 38115844
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1319828 -
Poultry Science Feb 2024Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is commonly used during poultry processing to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and parts. Wash solutions containing PAA are used...
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) is commonly used during poultry processing to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella on carcasses and parts. Wash solutions containing PAA are used at varying concentrations during processing and processors use internally validated practices that best suit the needs of the individual establishment. This study was conducted to determine how temperature, pH, and contact time in combination with PAA concentration can affect the survival of Salmonella on poultry. The effectiveness of PAA in reducing the population of Salmonella on chicken wings was dependent on the concentration and temperature of the PAA solutions. The pH or contact time had no effects (P > 0.05) on total Salmonella or Salmonella Infantis reduction (log CFU/mL). Treatment with 0 ppm PAA at 27°C did not reduce (P > 0.05) total Salmonella or Salmonella Infantis compared to the inoculated, untreated control; in contrast, treatment at 4°C and 0 ppm PAA reduced (P < 0.05) total Salmonella and Salmonella Infantis. Treatments applied at 4°C significantly reduced (P < 0.05) total Salmonella at 50, 200, and 500 ppm PAA, compared to treatment at 27°C among the same PAA concentration. The population of Salmonella Infantis was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) at 4°C with 0, 50, 200, 500, and 1,000 ppm PAA among the same PAA concentration, compared to treatment at 27°C. Treatment conditions, such as temperature, can impact the effectiveness of PAA used as an antimicrobial treatment during poultry processing, and the results from this study can provide useful insights that could assist poultry processors to effectively incorporate PAA into antimicrobial intervention systems.
Topics: Animals; Peracetic Acid; Chickens; Temperature; Anti-Infective Agents; Salmonella; Poultry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Food Microbiology; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Handling
PubMed: 38103529
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103310 -
International Journal of Food... Feb 2024Microbial multispecies communities consisting of background microbiota and Listeria monocytogenes could be established on materials used in food processing environments....
Microbial multispecies communities consisting of background microbiota and Listeria monocytogenes could be established on materials used in food processing environments. The presence, abundance and diversity of the strains within these microbial multispecies communities may be affected by mutual interactions and differences in resistance towards regular cleaning and disinfection (C&D) procedures. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the growth and diversity of a L. monocytogenes strain cocktail (n = 6) during biofilm formation on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel (SS) without and with the presence of a diverse set of background microbiota (n = 18). L. monocytogenes and background microbiota strains were isolated from mushroom processing environments and experiments were conducted in simulated mushroom processing environmental conditions using mushroom extract as growth medium and ambient temperature (20 °C) as culturing temperature. The L. monocytogenes strains applied during monospecies biofilm incubation formed biofilms on both PVC and SS coupons, and four cycles of C&D treatment were applied with a chlorinated alkaline cleaning agent and a disinfection agent based on peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. After each C&D treatment, the coupons were re-incubated for two days during an incubation period for 8 days in total, and C&D resulted in effective removal of biofilms from SS (reduction of 4.5 log CFU/cm or less, resulting in counts below detection limit of 1.5 log CFU/cm after every C&D treatment), while C&D treatments on biofilms formed on PVC resulted in limited reductions (reductions between 1.2 and 2.4 log CFU/cm, which equals a reduction of 93.7 % and 99.6 %, respectively). Incubation of the L. monocytogenes strains with the microbiota during multispecies biofilm incubation led to the establishment of L. monocytogenes in the biofilm after 48 h incubation with corresponding high L. monocytogenes strain diversity in the multispecies biofilm on SS and PVC. C&D treatments removed L. monocytogenes from multispecies biofilm communities on SS (reduction of 3.5 log CFU/cm or less, resulting in counts below detection limit of 1.5 log CFU/cm after every C&D treatment), with varying dominance of microbiota species during different C&D cycles. However, C&D treatments of multispecies biofilm on PVC resulted in lower reductions of L. monocytogenes (between 0.2 and 2.4 log CFU/cm) compared to single species biofilm, and subsequent regrowth of L. monocytogenes and stable dominance of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. In addition, planktonic cultures of L. monocytogenes were deposited and desiccated on dry surfaces without and with the presence of planktonic background microbiota cultures. The observed decline of desiccated cell counts over time was faster on SS compared to PVC. However, the application of C&D resulted in counts below the detection limit of 1.7 log CFU/coupon on both surfaces (reduction of 5.9 log CFU/coupon or less). This study shows that L. monocytogenes is able to form single and multispecies biofilms on PVC with high strain diversity following C&D treatments. This highlights the need to apply more stringent C&D regime treatments for especially PVC and similar surfaces to efficiently remove biofilm cells from food processing surfaces.
Topics: Disinfection; Listeria monocytogenes; Agaricales; Desiccation; Biofilms; Microbiota; Stainless Steel; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Microbiology
PubMed: 38101188
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110509 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023The quality of poultry drinking water has a significant effect on broiler health and performance. This study conducted an analysis of aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC),...
The quality of poultry drinking water has a significant effect on broiler health and performance. This study conducted an analysis of aerobic mesophilic counts (AMC), (EB), (PS), and screened for the presence of spp. in water samples collected from a total of 14 farms in Austria, with either a public or private water source. The efficacy of two water line treatment methods was evaluated: a chemical treatment of the water lines with 4.0 ppm ClO (T1) and a combined chemical (4.0 ppm active ClO and 3.0% peracetic acid) and mechanical treatment (purging of the water lines with a high-pressure air pump; T2). However, both the T1 and T2 treatments failed to reduce the AMC counts below the maximum acceptable microbial limit of 4.0 log CFU/ml in water samples. In addition, no significant reduction in EB and PS counts was observed in water samples after either T1 or T2 water line treatment. The water samples showed a high level of microbial diversity with 18 to 26 different genera. The genus was most frequently isolated across all poultry farms, while was identified in a single sample collected before water line treatment. Isolate analysis revealed the presence of opportunistic pathogens in water samples both before (T1 43.1%, T2 30.9%) and after (T1 36.3%, T2 33.3%) water line treatment. Opportunistic pathogens belonging to genera including spp., spp., and spp., were most frequently isolated from poultry drinking water. These isolates exhibited multidrug resistance and resistance phenotypes to antimicrobials commonly used in Austrian poultry farms. The findings of this study emphasize the potential risk of exposure to opportunistic pathogens for poultry and personnel, underscoring the importance of efficient water line management.
PubMed: 38076551
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1254442 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Peroxyacetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted much attention in wastewater treatment by reason of high selectivity, long half-life...
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted much attention in wastewater treatment by reason of high selectivity, long half-life reactive oxygen species (ROS), and wider applicability. In this study, cobalt ferrite (CoFeO) was applied to activate PAA for the removal of ofloxacin (OFX). The degradation of OFX could reach 83.0% via the CoFeO/PAA system under neutral conditions. The low concentration of co-existing anions and organic matter displayed negligible influence on OFX removal. The contributions of hydroxyl radicals (·OH), organic radicals (R-O·), and other reactive species to OFX degradation in CoFeO/PAA were systematically evaluated. Organic radicals (especially CHC(O)OO·) and singlet oxygen (O) were verified to be the main reactive species leading to OFX destruction. The Co(II)/Co(III) redox cycle occurring on the surface of CoFeO played a significant role in PAA activation. The catalytic performance of CoFeO remained above 80% after five cycles. Furthermore, the ecotoxicity of OFX was reduced after treatment with the CoFeO/PAA system. This study will facilitate further research and development of the CoFeO/PAA system as a new strategy for wastewater treatment.
Topics: Hydrogen Peroxide; Peracetic Acid; Ofloxacin; Oxidation-Reduction; Water Purification; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 38067634
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237906 -
Food Microbiology Apr 2024Cleaning and/or sanitizing methods were evaluated to reduce Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) on coupons of porous (PS; polyester-nylon with coating conveyor belt [PNCB],...
Cleaning and/or sanitizing methods were evaluated to reduce Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) on coupons of porous (PS; polyester-nylon with coating conveyor belt [PNCB], plywood [PW]) and non-porous (NPS; high density polyethylene, stainless steel) surfaces. Coupons (2.5 cm diameter) were inoculated with six-strain cocktail with cabbage juice, inverted and incubated on tryptic soy agar with yeast extract (TSAYE; 37 °C, 24 h). Coupons (n = 4; ∼9 log CFU/coupon) were rinsed only (RO), multi-step cleaned (MSC), sanitized only (SO; peroxyacetic acid [PAA], bleach, quaternary ammonium compounds [QAC]), or cleaned and sanitized (MSC + S), transferred to Dey/Engley broth (DEB) with glass beads (1 g), vortexed and enumerated on Harlequin-TSAYE. Half of the coupons were dried prior to transfer to DEB. MSC resulted in ave. 2 log CFU/coupon reductions on NPS, and 0.6-1.1 log on PS. MSC + S led to >5-log reduction on NPS (81%; n = 48). On PS, MSC + S-PAA resulted in 1.8 and 1.9 log reductions on PW and PNCB, respectively. RO and SO reduced Lm on all surfaces, although less effectively than MSC and MSC + S. On PS, MSC + S-PAA was most effective, followed by bleach and QAC (p < 0.05). Drying after sanitizing increased Lm reduction by ∼0.4 log (p < 0.05). Partial cleaning and/or sanitizing leads to minimal reduction of Lm, while multi-step cleaning with sanitizing is highly effective.
Topics: Listeria monocytogenes; Biofilms; Peracetic Acid; Anti-Infective Agents; Food Microbiology; Colony Count, Microbial; Stainless Steel
PubMed: 38049275
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104421 -
Poultry Science Jan 2024Food waste and food loss has been a growing concern in the manufacturing industry with a gap between identifying the problem and implementing a solution. The...
Research Note: Reducing food loss in the manufacturing process of chickens by reconditioning dropped raw poultry carcasses with peroxyacetic acid and sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) solution.
Food waste and food loss has been a growing concern in the manufacturing industry with a gap between identifying the problem and implementing a solution. The manufacturing process of chicken is largely automated by conveyor belts and machines in which initial application of either peroxyacetic acid (PAA) or sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) solution is utilized to reduce the microbial load and prevent food borne illnesses on the chicken products as they are processed and packaged for distribution. However, during this automated process whole chickens can drop from the manufacturing line and become contaminated leading to the disposal and waste of the product. A solution to reduce food waste was to analyze a reconditioning procedure within the manufacturing process. The study evaluated the aerobic microbial growth on salvaged marinated deli raw whole chickens without giblets (WOGs) from conveyor belt loss reconditioned in either PAA or sodium hypochlorite (chlorine) solution to undropped chicken WOGs. Chicken rinsate and segmented samples were collected from each parameter and tested for microbial growth using Petrifilm aerobic plate count (APC) plates and converting results into log colony forming units (CFU). A difference (P < 0.05) was observed with the reconditioning of the WOGs in PAA (0.71 log CFU/mL) compared to the control (1.45 ± 0.26 log CFU/mL), for rinses. Of the segmented samples, the trussing strings displayed a significant decrease in APC counts for both chlorine (2.30 ± 0.49 log CFU/g) and PAA (2.3 ± 0.49 log CFU/g) reconditioning compared to the control (2.72 ± 0.39 log CFU/g). Reconditioning of salvaged deli chicken WOGs in chlorine or PAA is comparable to or better than the conventional process for the reduction of APC, it is an effective strategy to reintroduce dropped marinated deli chicken WOGs to the manufacturing line and can reduce food waste at a manufacturing level.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Poultry; Peracetic Acid; Sodium Hypochlorite; Chlorine; Food Loss and Waste; Food Microbiology; Refuse Disposal
PubMed: 37980760
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103213 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023In this study, we determined and identified the bacterial diversity of different types of artisanal and industrially produced cheese. The antibiotic (erythromycin,...
In this study, we determined and identified the bacterial diversity of different types of artisanal and industrially produced cheese. The antibiotic (erythromycin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, ampicillin, clindamycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and gentamicin) and biocide (peracetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and benzalkonium chloride) resistance of clinically relevant bacteria was determined as follows: , , sp., , , , , , , , sp., , , , , and Also, the effect of the sub-inhibitory concentration of three biocides on antibiotic resistance was determined. The microbiota of evaluated dairy products comprise diverse and heterogeneous groups of bacteria with respect to antibiotic and disinfectant tolerance. The results indicated that resistance was common in the case of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and streptomycin. sp. SCSSZT2/3, SRGT/1, SAT/1, MTT/5, and SIJ/2 showed resistance to most antibiotics. The tested bacteria showed sensitivity to peracetic acid and a different level of tolerance to benzalkonium chloride and sodium hypochlorite. The inhibition zone diameter of antibiotics against SZT/2, JS11, CSKO2, and GRT/10 was affected only by the sub-inhibitory concentration of peracetic acid.
PubMed: 37959056
DOI: 10.3390/foods12213937