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ACS Omega Mar 2023Hair is exposed to harmful factors such as sunlight, pollution, cosmetic applications, and cleaning every day. With lost moisture, the hair is worn out, loses shine, and...
Hair is exposed to harmful factors such as sunlight, pollution, cosmetic applications, and cleaning every day. With lost moisture, the hair is worn out, loses shine, and exhibits color changes in the case of dyed hair. In this study, the effects of herbal oils on hair were investigated by comparing the properties with measurements. Three different types of hair were used: natural (unprocessed), damaged, and dyed hair. After washing hair with a base shampoo, herbal oils were applied, and brightness, color changes, elasticity, and breaking points were examined. Safflower seed oil, grape seed oil, and rosehip oil were applied to the samples. It was tried to regain the properties that have decreased as a result of shampoo application in the hair with the applied oils. The highest gloss was observed with grape seed oil, and according to color change calculations, the best result was seen with safflower seed oil. Tensile-strain testing was performed for all samples, and rosehip oil gave the best results. The changes in hair fractures were examined with a scanning electron microscope, and grape seed oil was the best for all hair types. When all analyses were evaluated, the best performing herbal oil was grape seed oil. All analysis results showed that herbal oils can be used in the cosmetics industry with different applications.
PubMed: 36910971
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06550 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2023Limited information on monitoring adulteration in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by hyperspectral imaging (HSI) exists. This work presents a comparative study of...
Limited information on monitoring adulteration in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by hyperspectral imaging (HSI) exists. This work presents a comparative study of chemometrics for the authentication and quantification of adulteration in EVOO with cheaper edible oils using GC-MS, HSI, FTIR, Raman and UV-Vis spectroscopies. The adulteration mixtures were prepared by separately blending safflower oil, corn oil, soybean oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, and sesame oil with authentic EVOO in different concentrations (0-20%, m/m). Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and PLS regression models were then built for the classification and quantification of adulteration in olive oil, respectively. HSI, FTIR, UV-Vis, Raman, and GC-MS combined with PLS-DA achieved correct classification accuracies of 100%, 99.8%, 99.6%, 96.6%, and 93.7%, respectively, in the discrimination of authentic and adulterated olive oil. The overall PLS regression model using HSI data was the best in predicting the concentration of adulterants in olive oil with a low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.1%, high R (0.97), and high residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 6.0. The findings suggest the potential of HSI technology as a fast and non-destructive technique to control fraud in the olive oil industry.
PubMed: 36765958
DOI: 10.3390/foods12030429 -
Endocrine Regulations Jan 2023The intent of the present study was to test two hypotheses. The primary hypothesis was that there would be differences between blood serum individual free fatty acids... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The intent of the present study was to test two hypotheses. The primary hypothesis was that there would be differences between blood serum individual free fatty acids (SIFFA) and serum individual total fatty acids (SITFA) in terms of their different relationships (correlations) to each of homeostatic model assessment-individual insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostatic model assessment-individual insulin resistance-percentage β-cell function (HOMA-% β) remaining in human type 2 diabetic patients with pre-flaxseed oil (FXO) and pre-safflower oil (SFO) administration. The secondary hypothesis was that FXO (rich in alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) supplementation would alter these correlations differently in the SIFFA and STIFFA pools in comparison with the placebo SFO (poor in ALA). Patients were recruited via a newspaper advertisement and two physicians. All patients came to visit 1 and three months later to visit 2. At visit 2, the subjects were randomly assigned (double-blind) to flaxseed or safflower oil (placebo) treatment for three months until visit 3. There were pre-intervention differences in the SIFFA and STIFA pool's relationships with each of HOMA-IR and HOMA-% β. These relatioships remained either unchanged or became significant after intervention (treatment or placebo). There was a negative correlation found between HOMA-IR and serum free ALA (SFALA) mol % after FXO. Serum total ALA (STALA) mol % had no significant correlations with HOMA-IR and HOMA- % β before and after flaxseed oil administration. The SIFFA and SITFA pools have different relationships with HOMA-IR and HOMA-% β for each of pre- and post-intervention. It is concluded that the data support both the primary and the secondary hypotheses indicating that they are correct.
Topics: Humans; Linseed Oil; Fatty Acids; Insulin Resistance; Safflower Oil; Serum; Dietary Supplements; alpha-Linolenic Acid
PubMed: 36753666
DOI: 10.2478/enr-2023-0003 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Globally, abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or cold), water (drought and flooding), and salinity, cause significant losses in crop production and have adverse... (Review)
Review
Globally, abiotic stresses, such as temperature (heat or cold), water (drought and flooding), and salinity, cause significant losses in crop production and have adverse effects on plant growth and development. A variety of DNA-based molecular markers, such as SSRs, RFLPs, AFLPs, SNPs, etc., have been used to screen germplasms for stress tolerance and the QTL mapping of stress-related genes. Such molecular-marker-assisted selection strategies can quicken the development of tolerant/resistant cultivars to withstand abiotic stresses. Oilseeds such as rapeseed, mustard, peanuts, soybeans, sunflower, safflower, sesame, flaxseed, and castor are the most important source of edible oil worldwide. Although oilseed crops are known for their capacity to withstand abiotic challenges, there is a significant difference between actual and potential yields due to the adaptation and tolerance to severe abiotic pressures. This review summarizes the applications of molecular markers to date to achieve abiotic stress tolerance in major oilseed crops. The molecular markers that have been reported for genetic diversity studies and the mapping and tagging of genes/QTLs for drought, heavy metal stress, salinity, flooding, cold and heat stress, and their application in the MAS are presented.
PubMed: 36676037
DOI: 10.3390/life13010088 -
Biology Dec 2022Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane that supports respiratory chain structure and function and is demonstrated to be influenced...
Linoleic Acid-Enriched Diet Increases Mitochondrial Tetralinoleoyl Cardiolipin, OXPHOS Protein Levels, and Uncoupling in Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue during Diet-Induced Weight Gain.
Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid unique to the inner mitochondrial membrane that supports respiratory chain structure and function and is demonstrated to be influenced by types of dietary fats. However, the influence of dietary fat on CL species and how this best supports mitochondrial function in brown adipose tissue (BAT), which exhibits an alternative method of energy utilization through the uncoupling of the mitochondrial proton gradient to generate heat, is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate metabolic parameters, interscapular BAT CL quantity, species, and mitochondrial function in mice consuming isocaloric moderate-fat diets with either lard (LD; similar fatty acid profile to western dietary patterns) or safflower oil high in linoleic acid (SO), shown to be metabolically favorable in large clinical meta-analyses. Mice fed the SO diet exhibited decreased adiposity, improved insulin sensitivity, and enrichment of LA-containing CL species in BAT CL. Furthermore, mice fed the SO diet exhibit higher levels of OXPHOS complex proteins and increased oxygen consumption in BAT. Our findings demonstrate that dietary consumption of LA-rich oil improves metabolic parameters, increases LA-containing CL species, and improves BAT function when compared to the consumption of lard in mice during diet-induced weight gain.
PubMed: 36671702
DOI: 10.3390/biology12010009 -
Nutrients Dec 2022(1) Background: The florets of L. are traditionally used as a blood-activating drug and can be used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but no compounds with...
(1) Background: The florets of L. are traditionally used as a blood-activating drug and can be used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, but no compounds with anti-atherosclerotic activity have been reported. (2) Methods: This study investigated the chemical compounds from the florets of . Comprehensive spectroscopic techniques revealed their structures, and ECD calculations established their absolute configurations. Nile Red staining, Oil Red O staining, and cholesterol assessment were performed on these compounds and their aglycones for the inhibitory activity against the formation of foam cells induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) in RAW264.7 macrophages. In addition, RAW264.7 macrophages were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity by measuring the inhibition of NO production caused by LPS. (3) Results: Five new sesquiterpenoids (-) isolated from the florets of were identified as (-)-(1,4,9,11)-caryophyll-8(13)-en-14-ol-5-one (), (+)-(1,4,9,11)-caryophyll-8(13)-en-14-ol-5-one (), (-)-(3,1,5,8,9,11)-5,8-epoxycaryophyll-3-en-14---D-glucopyranoside (), (+)-(1,7,10)-guai-4-en-3-one-11---D-fucopyranoside (), and (-)-(2,5,10)-vetispir-6-en-8-one-11---D-fucopyranoside (). All compounds except for compound reduced the lipid content in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 cells. Compounds and and their aglycones were found to reduce the level of total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC) in ox-LDL-treated RAW264.7 cells. However, no compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity. (4) Conclusion: Sesquiterpenoids from help to decrease the content of lipids, TC and FC in RAW264.7 cells, but they cannot inhibit NO production, which implies that their anti-atherogenic effects do not involve the inhibition of inflammation.
Topics: Carthamus tinctorius; Sesquiterpenes; Macrophages; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Atherosclerosis
PubMed: 36558507
DOI: 10.3390/nu14245348 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Safflower () is a diploid crop plant belonging to the family and is well known as one of important oilseed crops due to edible oil containing unsaturated fatty acids....
Occurrence of simple sequence repeats in cDNA sequences of safflower () reveals the importance of SSR-containing genes for cell biology and dynamic response to environmental cues.
Safflower () is a diploid crop plant belonging to the family and is well known as one of important oilseed crops due to edible oil containing unsaturated fatty acids. In recent years it is gaining increased attention for food, pharmaceutical and industrial uses, and hence the updating its breeding methods is necessary. Genic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in addition of being desire molecular markers, are supposed to influence gene function and the respective phenotype. This study aimed to identify SSRs in cDNA sequences and further analysis of the functional features of the SSR-containing genes to elucidate their role in biological and cellular processes. We identified 1,841 SSR regions in 1,667 cDNA sequences. Among all types of repeats, trinucleotide repeats were the most abundant (35.7%), followed by hexanucleotide (29.6%) and dinucleotide repeats (22.0%). Thirty five SSR primer pairs were validated by PCR reaction, detected a high rate of polymorphism (>57%) among safflower accessions, physically mapped on safflower genome and could clearly discriminate the cultivated accessions from wild relatives. The cDNA-derived SSR markers are suitable for evaluation of genetic diversity, linkage and association mapping studies and genome-based breeding programmes. Occurrence of SSR repeats in biologically-important classes of proteins such as kinases, transferases and transcription factors was inferred from functional analyses, which along with variability of their repeat copies, can endow the cell and whole organism the flexibility of facing with continuously changing environment, and indicate a structure-based evolution mechanism of the genome which acts as an up-to-dating tool for the cell and whole origanism, which is realized in GO terms such as involvement of most SSR-containing genes in biological, cellular and metabolic processes, especially in response to stimulus, response to stress, interaction to other organisms and defense responses.
PubMed: 36466261
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.991107 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022During seed aging, there is a critical node (CN) where the population viability drops sharply. Exploring the specific locations of the CN in different species of plants...
During seed aging, there is a critical node (CN) where the population viability drops sharply. Exploring the specific locations of the CN in different species of plants is crucial for understanding the biological storage properties of seeds and refining seed life span management. Safflower, a bulk oil crop that relies on seeds for propagation, has a short seed life. However, at present, its biological characteristics during storage are not clear, especially the changes in metabolic capability and cell structures. Such knowledge is needed to improve the management of safflower seed life span and effective preservation in gene banks. Here, the seed survival curve of oilseed safflower under the controlled deterioration conditions of 60% relative humidity and 50°C was detected. The seed population showed an inverted S shape for the fall in germination. In the first 12 days of aging, germination remained above 86%. Prior to the CN at approximately day 10 (C10), when viability was in the "plateau" interval, seed vigor reduced at the same imbibition time point. Further analysis of the changes in sugar concentration found that the sucrose content decreased slowly with aging and the content of raffinose and two monosaccharides decreased abruptly at C10. Differentially metabolized lipids, namely lysophospholipids [lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) and lyso-phosphatidylethanolamines (LPE)] and PMeOH, increased at day 3 of aging (C3). Fatty acid content increased by C6, and the content of phospholipids [phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), and phosphatidylinositols (PI) and glycolipids [digalactosyl diacylglycerol, monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, and sulphoquinovosyl diglycerides (SQDG)] decreased significantly from C10. In addition, the activities of raffinose hydrolase alpha-galactosidase and the glyoxylate key enzyme isocitrate lyase decreased with seed aging. Confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed shrinkage of the seed plasma membrane at C10 and the later fragmentation. Seedling phenotypic indicators and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride activity assays also verified that there were significant changes in seeds quality at the CN. In summary, the time point C10 is a CN during seed population aging. Before the CN, sugar and lipid metabolism, especially fatty acid metabolism into sugar, can make up for the energy consumed by aging. After this point, the seeds were irreversibly damaged, and their viability was greatly and rapidly reduced as the cell structure became increasingly destroyed.
PubMed: 36388552
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020478 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of saturated fats from cocoa butter (plant source) compared with lard (animal source) on alcoholic liver damage in...
The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of saturated fats from cocoa butter (plant source) compared with lard (animal source) on alcoholic liver damage in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed either a control diet (C) or an ethanol diet (E), and the dietary fats (corn oil, olive oil, and safflower oil) of these two diets were further replaced by lard (CL, EL) or cocoa butter (CC, EC). After 8-week feeding, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, hepatic triglyceride (TG) levels, plasma intercellular adhesion molecular (ICAM)-1 levels, hepatic cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) protein expression, and hepatic interleukin (IL)-1β significantly increased in the E group compared to the C group. In addition, hepatic histopathological scores of fatty changes, inflammatory cell infiltration, and degeneration and necrosis in the E group were significantly higher compared to those in the C group. However, fatty changes were significantly inhibited only in the EC group as well as hepatic inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and necrosis being significantly lower in the EL and EC groups. Plasma ICAM-1 and hepatic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels were significantly lower in the EL and EC groups than those in the E group. Moreover, a correlation analysis showed that hepatic histopathological scores of degeneration and necrosis were significantly positively correlated with erythrocytic oleic acid (C18:1) and were negatively correlated with linoleic acid (C18:2). In conclusion, cocoa butter protected the liver against lipid accumulation and inflammation in rats chronically fed ethanol.
PubMed: 36290494
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100526 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw...
In this study, an encapsulation system was developed for functional plant oil delivery. Through a series of orthogonal experiments and single factor experiments, the raw material compositions, emulsification conditions, and spray drying conditions for the preparation of flaxseed oil and safflower seed oil powders were optimized, and the final encapsulation efficiency was as high as 99% with approximately 50% oil loading. The storage stability experiments showed that oil powder's stability could maintain its physicochemical properties over six months. Oral supplementation of the spray-dried flaxseed oil powder exhibited a significant and better effect than flaxseed oil on alleviating colitis in C57BL/6J mice. It suppressed the pro-inflammatory cell factors, including IL-6 and TNF-α, and repaired gut microbial dysbiosis by increasing the microbial diversity and promoting the proliferation of probiotic taxa such as . This work suggests that spray-dried flaxseed oil powder has great potential as a nutraceutical food, with spray drying being a good alternative technique to improve its bioactivity.
PubMed: 36230069
DOI: 10.3390/foods11192993