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RSC Advances Sep 20212,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is the most widely used quinone with a high reduction potential, and it commonly mediates hydride transfer reactions and... (Review)
Review
2,3-Dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ) is the most widely used quinone with a high reduction potential, and it commonly mediates hydride transfer reactions and shows three accessible oxidation states: quinone (oxidized), semiquinone (one-electron-reduced), and hydroquinone (two-electron-reduced). DDQ has found broad utility as a stoichiometric oxidant in the functionalization of activated C-H bonds and the dehydrogenation of saturated C-C, C-O, and C-N bonds. The cost and toxicity of DDQ triggered recent efforts to develop methods that employ catalytic quantities of DDQ in combination with alternative stoichiometric oxidants. The aerobic catalytic approach was established for the selective oxidation of non-sterically hindered electron-rich benzyl methyl ethers and benzylic alcohols, and effectively extended to the oxidative deprotection of -methoxybenzyl ethers to generate the alcohols in high selectivity. A combination of DDQ and protic acid is known to oxidize several aromatic donors to the corresponding cation radicals. The excited-state DDQ converts benzyls, heteroarenes, fluoroarenes, benzene, and olefins into their radical cation forms as well as chloride and other anions into their respective radicals. These reactive intermediates have been employed for the generation of C-C and C-X (N, O, or Cl) bonds in the synthesis of valuable natural products and organic compounds. To the best of our knowledge, however, there is still no review article exclusively describing the applications of DDQ in organic synthesis. Therefore, in the present review, we provide an overview of DDQ-induced organic transformations with their scope, limitations and the proposed reaction mechanisms.
PubMed: 35479576
DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04575j -
Neurochemical Research Jul 2022Lipoic acid (α-LA) (1,2-dithiolane3-pentanoic acid (CHOS) is also called thioctic acid with an oxidized (disulfide, LA) and a reduced (di-thiol: dihydro-lipoic acid,... (Review)
Review
Lipoic acid (α-LA) (1,2-dithiolane3-pentanoic acid (CHOS) is also called thioctic acid with an oxidized (disulfide, LA) and a reduced (di-thiol: dihydro-lipoic acid, DHLA) form of LA. α-LA is a potent anti-oxidative agent that has a significant potential to treat neurodegenerative disorders. α-LA is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature. It is widely distributed in plants and animals in cellular membranes and in the cytosol, which is responsible for LA's action in both the cytosol and plasma membrane. A systematic literature review of Bentham, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the Nature and mechanistic interventions of the α-Lipoic acid for central nervous system diseases. Moreover, α-LA readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, which is a significant factor for CNS activities. The mechanisms of α-LA reduction are highly tissue-specific. α-LA produces its neuroprotective effect by inhibiting reactive oxygen species formation and neuronal damage, modulating protein levels, and promoting neurotransmitters and anti-oxidant levels. Hence, the execution of α-LA as a therapeutic ingredient in the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders is promising. Finally, based on evidence, it can be concluded that α-LA can prevent diseases related to the nervous system.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Thioctic Acid
PubMed: 35445914
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03598-w -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2023Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the antibiotics in the penicillin category that is used in various fields. Considering the harmful effects of its remains, it is necessary to... (Review)
Review
Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the antibiotics in the penicillin category that is used in various fields. Considering the harmful effects of its remains, it is necessary to survey the ways to remove this compound. Advanced oxidation process (AOPs), specially photo-Fenton has been used for the removal of AMX. This study has been conducted based on PubMed, Google Scholar, DOAJ, Web of Science, and Scopus databases during the years 2008-2019. Some factors such as the aquatic solution, light source characteristics, iron, and HO concentration, AMX degradation percentage, removal of total organic carbon percentage, and AMX concentration have been surveyed to optimize the process. Studies showed that the photo-Fenton process is highly dependent on pH, and in most studies, the highest efficiency has been observed in acidic pH values. Using a more energy light source can be effective in reducing the use of catalysts and oxidizers. The combined methods of AOPs such as photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and photo-electro-Fenton have higher efficiency in increasing mineralization than the photon process. The use of synthetic wastewater has a higher efficiency in the degradation of AMX than in real wastewater in the photo-Fenton process, which can be due to the absence of the interfering agents in synthetic environments.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Wastewater; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iron; Oxidation-Reduction; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 35436046
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0155 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jun 2022Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), as a new type of emerging contaminant, have drawn great attention over the last few years, due to their wide distribution in... (Review)
Review
Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), as a new type of emerging contaminant, have drawn great attention over the last few years, due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxicities to humans and living beings. Various treatment methods have been reported to remove OPFRs from water or wastewater. In this review, the performances and mechanisms for OPFRs removal with different methods including adsorption, oxidation, reduction and biological techniques are overviewed and discussed. Each technique possesses its advantage and limitation, which is compared in the paper. The degradation pathways of typical OPFRs pollutants, such as Cl-OPFRs, alkyl OPFRs and aryl OPFRs, are also reviewed and compared. The degradation of those OPFRs depends heavily upon their structures and properties. Furthermore, the implications and future perspectives in such area are discussed. The review may help identify the research priorities for OPFRs remediation and understand the fate of OPFRs during the treatment processes.
Topics: Environmental Pollutants; Flame Retardants; Humans; Organophosphates; Phosphorus; Water
PubMed: 35217347
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128517 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2022The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effect of antioxidant consumption on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage after performing a muscle... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the effect of antioxidant consumption on markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage after performing a muscle strength exercise.
METHODS
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements were followed. Four databases were used: Scopus, PubMed, WOS and SportDiscus. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale.
RESULTS
A total of 1709 articles were retrieved and following duplicate removal and application of exclusion criteria seven articles were reviewed. Supplementation with pomegranate juice alleviates oxidative stress, taurine reduces muscle damage, melatonin protects the skeletal muscles, blueberries decrease oxidation and oats mitigate muscle damage.
CONCLUSIONS
Acute administration of antioxidants immediately before or during an exercise session can have beneficial effects, such as delay of fatigue and a reduction in the recovery period. Administration of antioxidant susbtances may reduce muscle damage and oxidative stress markers.
Topics: Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 35162826
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031803 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2023This study addresses a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the most common advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for the removal of phthalate esters... (Review)
Review
This study addresses a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the most common advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for the removal of phthalate esters (PE) in aqueous matrices. Six AOP were reviewed for PE degradation such as processes based on photolysis, Fenton, ozonation and sulfate radicals ( ), combined AOP and other processes. The PE degradation efficiencies by AOP processes ranged from 40.3 to 100%. In the reviewed literature, an initial PE concentration within 0.04-250 mg/L was applied. The HO concentrations used in the UV/HO process and O concentrations in ozonation-based processes ranged between 0.85-1,360.6 mg/L and 2-4,971 mg/L, respectively. Based on the reported results, the PE oxidation data fit well to the pseudo-first order kinetic model. A review of the studies revealed that many oxidant species are produced in the AOP, including hydroxyl radicals (OH), , superoxide radical anions ( ), hydroperoxyl radicals (HO ), hydrogen peroxide (HO), and singlet oxygen (O). Among these oxidants, OH play a key role in the degradation of PE. However, are more effective and efficient than OH since has a higher oxidation power (E = 2.5-3.1 V) compared to OH radicals (E = 1.8-2.7 V). In different AOP processes, the aromatic rings of PE are destroyed by OH and produce intermediates such as phthalic acid (CH(COH)), benzoic acid ethyl ester (CHO), 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (CHO), formic acid (CHO), acetic acid (CHCOOH), and oxalic acid (CHO), among some others. Until now, limited data have been reported on PE toxicity assessment. The reviewed literature has shown that AOP can be used effectively to degrade PE from aqueous matrices. However, this systematic study suggests focusing more on the evaluation of the toxicity of the effluent resulting from AOP for the decomposition of PE in future studies.
Topics: Esters; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ultraviolet Rays; Oxidation-Reduction; Ozone; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 37261847
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0147 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jan 2022Ferroptosis is a programmed iron-dependent cell death characterized by accumulation of lipid peroxides (LOOH) and redox disequilibrium. Ferroptosis shows unique...
Ferroptosis is a programmed iron-dependent cell death characterized by accumulation of lipid peroxides (LOOH) and redox disequilibrium. Ferroptosis shows unique characteristics in biology, chemistry, and gene levels, compared to other cell death forms. The metabolic disorder of intracellular LOOH catalyzed by iron causes the inactivity of GPX4, disrupts the redox balance, and triggers cell death. Metabolism of amino acid, iron, and lipid, including associated pathways, is considered as a specific hallmark of ferroptosis. Epidemiological studies and animal experiments have shown that ferroptosis plays an important character in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), heart failure (HF), cardiac hypertrophy, cardiomyopathy, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This review systematically summarized the latest research progress on the mechanisms of ferroptosis. Then we report the contribution of ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases. Finally, we discuss and analyze the therapeutic approaches targeting for ferroptosis associated with cardiovascular diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cell Death; Ferroptosis; Humans; Lipid Peroxides; Metabolic Diseases; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 34800783
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112423 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Aug 2021To qualitative and quantitatively review published literature assessing the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To qualitative and quantitatively review published literature assessing the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).
METHODOLOGY
Pubmed (MeSH), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Willey Online Library, Cochrane, and Cross Reference were searched for studies assessing MDA levels in OSCC samples.
RESULTS
From the 1008 articles identified, 849 were excluded based on title and abstract screening due to duplication and irrelevance to the topic of interest. Full-text assessment of the remaining 159 articles led to the inclusion of only 46 articles that satisfied the selection criteria. Of these, only 26 studies had data compatible for quantitative analysis. The MDA levels in OSCC groups are significantly increased ( < 0.00001) in plasma, serum, and saliva samples in the majority of the studies evaluated. In contrast, MDA levels in OSCC tissue samples are significantly attenuated ( < 0.00001) compared to healthy controls, supported by fewer studies.
CONCLUSIONS
The augmented MDA levels in plasma, serum, and saliva samples of the OSCC reflect the heightened oxidative stress level accurately. Further studies are required to understand the attenuated MDA levels in the tissue samples of OSCC. Correlation analysis between MDA levels with established clinicopathological prognostic markers could aid in formulating oxidative stress-based prognostication and treatment planning.
Topics: Biomarkers; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Malondialdehyde; Mouth Neoplasms; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Prognosis; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 34563041
DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020072 -
Journal of Thermal Biology Jul 2021Hyperthermia, induced by exercise in the heat, alters the redox status. The physiological significance of these observations remains uncertain but may justify why the...
BACKGROUND
Hyperthermia, induced by exercise in the heat, alters the redox status. The physiological significance of these observations remains uncertain but may justify why the consequences of exercising in the heat span from positive health adaptations to negative and even lethal outcomes. Here, we conducted a systematic review to investigate the redox responses during acute exercise in the heat in healthy adults.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Wiley, ClinicalTrials.gov, PEDRO and LILACS for clinical trials investigating pro- and antioxidant responses to exercise associated with hyperthermia and/or sweat-induced dehydration in healthy young individuals. Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the quality of the included studies.
RESULTS
A total of 1,014 records were selected, nine full papers were evaluated for eligibility, and eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, results show that hyperthermia promotes oxidative stress both at the tissue level and in the circulation. Exercising in the heat heightens endogenous antioxidant defense systems, attenuating the negative effects of hyperthermia on oxidative damage. Studies also indicate that sweat-induced dehydration promotes oxidative stress, which is attenuated by rehydration.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that changes in redox status play a role in determining whether an acute bout of exercise in the heat lead to adaptive or maladaptive outcomes.
Topics: Antioxidants; Dehydration; Exercise; Humans; Hyperthermia; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 34420607
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102943 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jun 2022Antineoplastic agents present potential hazards to human health and the environment. For this reason, these compounds have attracted a great deal of attention from... (Review)
Review
Trends in Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for degradation of antineoplastic agents in water matrices: current knowledge and future challenges evaluation using a bibliometric and systematic analysis.
Antineoplastic agents present potential hazards to human health and the environment. For this reason, these compounds have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in the environmental sciences field. In order to help guide future research, it is important to understand the current state of investigation of the occurrence of these microcontaminants and methods for their removal, especially focusing on Fenton and photo-Fenton processes applied to various aqueous matrices in which this class of pharmaceuticals is present. For this purpose, a systematic review of these topics was performed by bibliometric analysis of articles published during the last decade and available in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. This study enables visualization of the current panorama and trends in this field, providing a guide for future collaborative research and exchange of knowledge. Various strategies have been suggested to improve the efficiency of Fenton and photo-Fenton processes, mainly by means of the application of multiples additions of iron, the use of heterogeneous catalysts, and/or the use of chelating agents. Some studies have evaluated different radiation sources employed for photo-Fenton processes, such as solar and/or artificial radiation. In turn, the identification of transformation products generated by Fenton and photo-Fenton treatments, together with their evaluation by in silico (Q)SAR predictions or experimental toxicological bioassays, are related subjects that have been less reported in published works and that should be studied in depth. These subjects can support treatment evaluations that are more realistic, considering their limitations or potentials.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Bibliometrics; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidation-Reduction; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 34403053
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15938-4