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West African Journal of Medicine Mar 2024According to the World Health Organization, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silent global pandemic that plagues everyone. It makes therapy of infectious diseases...
INTRODUCTION
According to the World Health Organization, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silent global pandemic that plagues everyone. It makes therapy of infectious diseases more difficult and eventually increases morbidity and mortality.
AIM
The purpose of this work is to examine existing data on plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), to assess the prevalence of PMQR genes in Enterobacterales, and to determine any knowledge gaps from sub-Saharan Africa.
METHODOLOGY
The Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) standard was followed when conducting this systematic review. The main internet databases examined for pertinent publications were PubMed, Google Scholar, and Ajol. A set of qualifying criteria were used to evaluate the qualified articles. Using the eligibility criteria, 56 full-text articles were chosen for screening.
RESULT
Thirty-two (32) articles with the majority originating from West and North Africa and only one article reporting a study carried out in Central Africa were selected for this review. Escherichia coli and Ciprofloxacin were the most reported Enterobacterales and Quinolone respectively. The PMQR genes include qnr (qnrA,qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, and qnrS), aac (6') Ib, aac (6') Ib-cr, oqxAB and qepA gene. The most prevalent PMQR gene is the aac (6') Ib-cr gene (32%) followed by qnrS (26%).
CONCLUSION
This study highlighted the requirement for an efficient antimicrobial resistance surveillance system in the continent and revealed a significant incidence of PMQR genes.
Topics: Humans; Fluoroquinolones; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Plasmids; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterobacteriaceae; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Africa
PubMed: 38788127
DOI: No ID Found -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2024The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified carbapenem-resistant (), and () as high-priority pathogens, and carbapenem-resistant bacteria (CRB) have been... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified carbapenem-resistant (), and () as high-priority pathogens, and carbapenem-resistant bacteria (CRB) have been reported to spread between humans, animals, and the environment.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of carbapenem resistance in animals, foods, and the environment on the African continent and to provide recommendations and perspectives for better prevention and control of carbapenem resistance in Africa.
RESULTS
A total of 137 research articles collected from 2009 to 2023 were selected for this review, including articles reporting carbapenem-resistant bacteria in animals (81/137; 59.1%), the environment (66/137; 48.2%), and foods (26/137; 19%). Carbapenem-resistant bacterial species belonged to 31 genera and 17 families, including mainly spp. (68/127; 53.5%); spp. (45/127; 35.4%); spp. (20/127; 15.7%), spp. (19/127; 15%) and spp. (15/127; 11.8%). The prevalence of CRBs by country ranged from 1.1% to 48.5%, and the pooled prevalence of CRBs isolated from animal-environment-food in Africa was 19.1% (2804/14,684; Standard Deviation = 15). Twenty carbapenemase families belonging to A, B, C, and D Ambler classes were reported, including mainly carbapenemase genes from (44/84; 52.4%), (34/84; 40.5%), (23/84; 27.4%), (22/84; 26.2%), (19/84; 22.6%), and (12/84; 14.3%) families. The reported mobile genetic elements (MGE) carrying carbapenemase-encoding genes included plasmids (16/19; 84.2%), integrons (3/19; 15.8%), transposons (3/19; 15.8%), and insertion sequences (2/19; 10.5%). was often carried by (60kb-65kb) IncL/M-type pOXA-48 plasmids, while was often carried by (45-50kb) IncX-type plasmids. Moreover, 25 articles investigated and reported virulent and hypervirulent CRBs that carried multiple virulence factors.
CONCLUSION
Animal-environment-food ecosystems would constitute reservoirs of CRBs involved in human infections. The One Health approach and constant collaboration between governments are necessary to drastically reduce the mortality rates linked to antimicrobial resistance.
PubMed: 38715963
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S458317 -
Cancer Treatment Reviews Jun 2024Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents an ideal scenario for intratumoral therapies (IT), due to its local recurrence pattern and frequent superficial... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) presents an ideal scenario for intratumoral therapies (IT), due to its local recurrence pattern and frequent superficial extension. IT therapies aim to effect tumor regression by directly injecting antineoplastic agents into lesions. However, there is a lack of updated evidence regarding IT therapies in HNSCC.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A systematic literature search (CRD42023462291) was conducted using WebOfScience, ClinicalTrials.gov, and conference abstracts from ESMO and ASCO, identifying for IT clinical trials in patients with HNSCC, from database creation to September 12th, 2023. Efficacy as well as safety (grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events[trAEs]) were reported.
RESULTS
After evaluation of 1180 articles identified by the systematic search, 31 studies treating 948 patients were included. IT injectables were categorized as chemotherapies with or without electroporation (k = 4, N = 268), oncolytic viruses, plasmids, and bacteria-based (k = 16, N = 446), immunotherapies and EGFR-based therapies (k = 5, N = 160), radioenhancer particles (k = 2, N = 68), and calcium electroporation (k = 1, n = 6). EGFR-antisense plasmids, NBTXR3 radioenhancer and immune innate agonists show best overall response rates, at 83 %, 81 % and 44 % respectively. Eleven (35 %) studies added systemic therapy or radiotherapy to the IT injections. No study used predictive biomarkers to guide patient selection. 97 % studies were phase I-II. Safety-wise, electroporation and epinephrine-based injectable trials had significant local symptoms such as necrosis, fistula formation and post-injection dysphagia. Treatment-related tumor haemorrhages of various grades were described in several trials. Grade ≥ 3 trAEs attributable to the other therapies mainly comprised general symptoms such as fatigue. There were 3 injectable-related deaths across the systematic review.
CONCLUSION
This is the first review to summarize all available evidence of IT in HNSCC. As of today, IT therapies lack sufficient evidence to recommend their use in clinical practice. Continuing research on potential molecules, patient selection, safe administration of injections and controlled randomized trials are needed to assess their added benefit.
Topics: Humans; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Antineoplastic Agents; Injections, Intralesional; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 38696902
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102746 -
Northern Clinics of Istanbul 2023The World Health Organization has designated carbapenem-resistant (CRAB) as a "critical" pathogen on the global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This... (Review)
Review
The World Health Organization has designated carbapenem-resistant (CRAB) as a "critical" pathogen on the global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study aims to discuss the molecular epidemiology of CRAB isolates in Turkiye in the last 12 years and the prevalence of gene regions associated with resistance or pathogenesis using a systematic review method. Our study consists of a literature search, determination of eligibility and exclusion criteria, qualitative analysis of studies, data extraction, and statistical analysis. All studies were analyzed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Guidelines. The incidence rates of blaOXA-23, blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24/40, blaOXA-24/40-like, blaOXA-51, blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-58, and blaOXA-58-like genes in CRAB strains were 76.4%, 68.6%, 1.2%, 3.4%, 97.0%, 98.6%, 8.4%, and 17.1%, respectively. It was determined that the prevalence of the blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58 gene regions showed a statistically significant change over the years. Due to the high prevalence of A. baumannii strains carrying the blaOXA-23 variant, it is necessary to follow its geographical distribution and transposon and plasmid movements. Based on available data, molecular surveillance of CRAB strains should be standardized. In addition, sterilization and disinfection processes applied within the scope of an effective struggle against CRAB strains that can remain live on surfaces for a long time should be reviewed frequently.
PubMed: 37719251
DOI: 10.14744/nci.2022.17003 -
Access Microbiology 2023In Central Africa, it is difficult to tackle antibiotic resistance, because of a lack of data and information on bacterial resistance, due to the low number of studies... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
In Central Africa, it is difficult to tackle antibiotic resistance, because of a lack of data and information on bacterial resistance, due to the low number of studies carried out in the field. To fill this gap, we carried out a systematic review of the various studies, and devised a molecular epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance from humans, animals and the environmental samples.
METHOD
A systematic search of all publications from 2005 to 2020 on bacterial resistance in Central Africa (Gabon, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola) was performed on Pubmed, Google scholar and African Journals Online (AJOL). All circulating resistance genes, prevalence and genetic carriers of these resistances were collected. The study area was limited to the nine countries of Central Africa.
RESULTS
A total of 517 studies were identified through a literature search, and 60 studies carried out in eight countries were included. Among all articles included, 43 articles were from humans. Our study revealed not only the circulation of beta-lactamase and carbapenemase genes, but also several other types of resistance genes. To finish, we noticed that some studies reported mobile genetic elements such as integrons, transposons, and plasmids.
CONCLUSION
The scarcity of data poses difficulties in the implementation of effective strategies against antibiotic resistance, which requires a health policy in a 'One Health' approach.
PubMed: 37691840
DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000556.v5 -
European Journal of Medical Research Jul 2023Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are adult stem cells with multi-directional differentiation potential derived from ectoderm. Vitro experiments have shown that adding... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are adult stem cells with multi-directional differentiation potential derived from ectoderm. Vitro experiments have shown that adding cytokines can help DPSCs to be transformed from multipotent stem cells to osteoblasts. TGF-β has been proved to have an effect on the proliferation and mineralization of bone tissue, but its effect on the osteogenesis and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells is still uncertain. We aim to determine the effect of TGF-β on the osteogenesis and proliferation of dental pulp stem cells.
METHODS
We have identified studies from the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, and China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) for studies interested in TGF-β and proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in the following indicators: A490 (an index for evaluating cell proliferation), bone sialoprotein (BSP), Col plasmid-1 (Col-1), osteocalcin (OCN), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2); and the number of mineralized nodules. Any language restrictions were rejected. Furthermore, we drew a forest plot for each outcome. We conducted a sensitivity analysis, data analysis, heterogeneity, and publication bias test. We evaluate the quality of each study under the guidance of Cochrane's tool for quality assessment.
RESULTS
The pooled data showed that TGF-β could promote the proliferation and ossification of dental pulp stem cells. All the included results support this conclusion except for the number of mineralized nodules: TGF-β increases the A490 index (SMD 3.11, 95% CI [0.54-5.69]), promotes the production of BSP (SMD 3.11, 95% CI [0.81-6.77]), promotes the expression of Col-1 (SMD 4.71, 95% CI [1.25-8.16]) and Runx-2 (SMD 3.37, 95% CI [- 0.63 to 7.36]), increases the content of OCN (SMD 4.32, 95% CI [1.20-7.44]) in dental pulp, and has no significant effect on the number of mineralized nodules (SMD 3.87, 95% CI [- 1.76 to 9.51]) in dental pulp stem cells.
CONCLUSIONS
TGF-β promotes the proliferation and osteogenesis of dental pulp stem cells.
Topics: Humans; Cell Differentiation; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dental Pulp; Osteogenesis; Stem Cells; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 37501191
DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01227-y -
International Journal of Food... Oct 2023Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is an emergent foodborne and zoonotic Salmonella serovar with critical implications for global health. In recent years, the... (Review)
Review
Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis is an emergent foodborne and zoonotic Salmonella serovar with critical implications for global health. In recent years, the prevalence of S. Infantis infections has increased in the United States, Europe, and Latin America, due to contaminated chicken and other foods. An essential trait of S. Infantis is its resistance to multiple antibiotics, including the critically important third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, undermining effective medical treatment, particularly in low-resource settings. We describe the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Infantis, focusing on humans, animals, the environment, and food. We conducted a systematic review (1979-2021), selected 183 studies, and analyzed the origin, source, antimicrobial resistance, and presence of a conjugative plasmid of emerging S. Infantis (pESI) in reported isolates. S. Infantis has been detected worldwide, with a substantial increase since 2011. We found the highest number of isolations in the Americas (42.9 %), Europe (29.8 %), Western Pacific (17.2 %), Eastern Mediterranean (6.6 %), Africa (3.4 %), and South-East Asia (0.1 %). S. Infantis showed MDR patterns and numerous resistant genes in all sources. The primary source of MDR S. Infantis is broiler and their meat; however, this emerging pathogen is also present in other reservoirs such as food, wildlife, and the environment. Clinical cases of MDR S. Infantis have been reported in children and adults. The global emergence of S. Infantis is related to a plasmid (pESI) with antibiotic and arsenic- and mercury-resistance genes. Additionally, a new megaplasmid (pESI-like), carrying bla and antibiotic-resistant genes reported in an ancestral version, was detected in the broiler, human, and chicken meat isolates. Strains harboring pESI-like were primarily observed in the Americas and Europe. MDR S. Infantis has spread globally, potentially becoming a major public health threat, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Salmonella enterica; Serogroup; Chickens; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37406596
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110297 -
3 Biotech Jun 2023The present study reviewed and discussed the promising affinity tags for one-step purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins. The approach used to structure... (Review)
Review
A systematic review about affinity tags for one-step purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins: integrated bioprocesses aiming both economic and environmental sustainability.
The present study reviewed and discussed the promising affinity tags for one-step purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins. The approach used to structure this systematic review was The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) methodology. The Scopus and Web of Science databases were used to perform the bibliographic survey by which 267 articles were selected. After the inclusion/exclusion criteria and the screening process, from 25 chosen documents, we identified 7 types of tags used in the last 10 years, carbohydrate-binding module tag (CBM), polyhistidine (His-tag), elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), silaffin-3-derived pentalysine cluster (Sil3k tag), N-acetylmuramidase (AcmA tag), modified haloalkane dehalogenase (HaloTag), and aldehyde from a lipase polypeptide (Aldehyde tag). The most used bacterial host for expressing the targeted protein was and the most used expression vector was pET-28a. The results demonstrated two main immobilization and purification methods: the use of supports and the use of self-aggregating tags without the need of support, depending on the tag used. Besides, the chosen terminal for cloning the tag proved to be very important once it could alter enzyme activity. In conclusion, the best tag for protein one-step purification and immobilization was CBM tag, due to the eco-friendly supports that can be provided from industry wastes, the fast immobilization with high specificity, and the reduced cost of the process.
PubMed: 37193330
DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03616-w -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2023Site-specific recombinases (integrases) can mediate the horizontal transfer of genomic islands. The ability to integrate large DNA sequences into target sites is very...
Site-specific recombinases (integrases) can mediate the horizontal transfer of genomic islands. The ability to integrate large DNA sequences into target sites is very important for genetic engineering in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Here, we characterized an unprecedented catalogue of 530 tyrosine-type integrases by examining genes potentially encoding tyrosine integrases in bacterial genomic islands. The phylogeny of putative tyrosine integrases revealed that these integrases form an evolutionary clade that is distinct from those already known and are affiliated with novel integrase groups. We systematically searched for candidate integrase genes, and their integration activities were validated in a bacterial model. We verified the integration functions of six representative novel integrases by using a two-plasmid integration system consisting of a donor plasmid carrying the integrase gene and site and a recipient plasmid harboring an site in -deficient Escherichia coli. Further quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays validated that the six selected integrases can be expressed with their native promoters in E. coli. The region reductions showed that the extent of sites of integrases is approximately 200 bp for integration capacity. In addition, mutational analysis showed that the conserved tyrosine at the C terminus is essential for catalysis, confirming that these candidate proteins belong to the tyrosine-type recombinase superfamily, i.e., tyrosine integrases. This study revealed that the novel integrases from bacterial genomic islands have site-specific recombination functions, which is of physiological significance for their genomic islands in bacterial chromosomes. More importantly, our discovery expands the toolbox for genetic engineering, especially for efficient integration activity. Site-specific recombinases or integrases have high specificity for DNA large fragment integration, which is urgently needed for gene editing. However, known integrases are not sufficient for meeting multiple integrations. In this work, we discovered an array of integrases through bioinformatics analysis in bacterial genomes. Phylogeny and functional assays revealed that these new integrases belong to tyrosine-type integrases and have the ability to conduct site-specific recombination. Moreover, region extent and catalysis site analysis were characterized. Our study provides the methodology for discovery of novel integrases and increases the capacity of weapon pool for genetic engineering in bacteria.
Topics: Integrases; Genomic Islands; Escherichia coli; Tyrosine; Plasmids; Bacteriophages; Attachment Sites, Microbiological
PubMed: 36719242
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01738-22 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2022Carbapenemases are β-lactamase enzymes that hydrolyze a variety of β-lactams including carbapenem and belong to different Ambler classes (A, B, D). These enzymes can... (Review)
Review
Carbapenemases are β-lactamase enzymes that hydrolyze a variety of β-lactams including carbapenem and belong to different Ambler classes (A, B, D). These enzymes can be encoded by plasmid or chromosomal-mediated genes. The major issues associated with carbapenemases-producing organisms are compromising the activity and increasing the resistance to carbapenems which are the last resort antibiotics used in treating serious infections. The global increase of pathogen, carbapenem-resistant has significantly threatened public health. Thus, there is a pressing need for a better understanding of this pathogen, to know the various carbapenem resistance encoding genes and dissemination of resistance genes from which help in developing strategies to overcome this problem. The horizontal transfer of resistant determinants through mobile genetic elements increases the incidence of multidrug, extensive drug, and Pan-drug resistant . Therefore, the current review aims to know the various mechanisms of carbapenem resistance, categorize and discuss carbapenemases encoding genes and various mobile genetic elements, and the prevalence of carbapenemase genes in recent years in from various geographical regions.
PubMed: 36579124
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S386641