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The Journal of Applied Psychology Mar 2017Starting with initiatives dating back to the mid-1800s, we provide a high-level review of the key trends and developments in the application of applied psychology to the... (Review)
Review
Starting with initiatives dating back to the mid-1800s, we provide a high-level review of the key trends and developments in the application of applied psychology to the field of occupational safety. Factory laws, basic worker compensation, and research on accident proneness comprised much of the early work. Thus, early research and practice very much focused on the individual worker, the design of their work, and their basic protection. Gradually and over time, the focus began to navigate further into the organizational context. One of the early efforts to broaden beyond the individual worker was a significant focus on safety-related training during the middle of the 20th century. Toward the latter years of the 20th century and continuing the move from the individual worker to the broader organizational context, there was a significant increase in leadership and organizational climate (safety climate) research. Ultimately, this resulted in the development of a multilevel model of safety culture/climate. After discussing these trends, we identify key conclusions and opportunities for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record
Topics: History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Occupational Health; Organizational Culture; Psychology, Industrial; Research; Safety
PubMed: 28125258
DOI: 10.1037/apl0000114 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Nov 2017The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess the likelihood of children suffering traumatic dental injuries in the permanent dentition subsequent to traumatic dental...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess the likelihood of children suffering traumatic dental injuries in the permanent dentition subsequent to traumatic dental injuries in their primary dentition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A longitudinal study was conducted in Pelotas, Brazil. Children were assessed in 2007, when they were aged 2-5 years, and in 2013, at which time, they were aged 8-11 years. Data collection included interviews with parents and clinical oral examination for dental trauma and occlusion. The classification proposed by Andreasen and Andreasen was used, and crown discoloration and fistula were added to this criterion in order to assess pulp involvement. Child/parent report was used to aid in the diagnosis of both treated and untreated injuries. As a limitation, no radiographs were taken. Descriptive, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.
RESULTS
A total of 110 children were included. Dental trauma frequency in the primary dentition was 38.2% and that in the permanent dentition was 30.9%. In the multivariate analyses, children with dental trauma in the primary dentition showed a higher likelihood of suffering dental trauma in the permanent dentition [odds ratio (OR) 2.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-8.91, P = 0.05].
CONCLUSIONS
Individuals with previous trauma in the primary dentition are prone to further trauma in the permanent dentition. The history of dental trauma may be used to predict dental trauma in the permanent dentition and to establish preventive measures.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Behavioral characteristics may be related to the risk of a child suffering injuries. The results suggested that some children are accident-prone.
Topics: Accident Proneness; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Dentition, Permanent; Female; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Risk Factors; Tooth Injuries; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 28032199
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-2037-3 -
Gaceta Sanitaria 2018To learn about children's perception of the causes and prevention strategies involved in school accidents.
OBJECTIVE
To learn about children's perception of the causes and prevention strategies involved in school accidents.
METHOD
The sample included 584 school children aged 8-9 years from Navarra. A mixed design was chosen by questionnaire with three open-response questions and one multiple-choice assessment. Analysis was performed in two phases: 1) qualitative development of categories and dimensions of the responses of narrative content, and 2) quantitative variables for recoding correlational analysis.
RESULTS
22 categories emerged, which make up three perceptual dimensions: 1) attribution of causality (5), 2) identification of mechanisms of avoidance (11), and 3) development of coping strategies (6). The correlation intra-variables portray varying degrees: on the one hand, moderate positive numbers (r>0.5) in allocating and identifying causality avoidance mechanisms and, on the other hand, high positive correlation values (r>0.7) referred to developing coping strategies.
DISCUSSION
Children are able to identify accidents as a health problem. They question the multiplicity of elements involved and relate the origin and kind of accident to prevention and support mechanisms.
Topics: Accident Prevention; Accident Proneness; Causality; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Humans; Male; Psychology, Child; Qualitative Research; School Health Services; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 27816229
DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.07.007 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Nov 2016Injury is the leading cause of death for Canadians aged 1 to 44, occurring disproportionately across regions and communities. In the Inuit territory of Nunavut, for...
Injury is the leading cause of death for Canadians aged 1 to 44, occurring disproportionately across regions and communities. In the Inuit territory of Nunavut, for instance, unintentional injury rates are over three times the Canadian average. In this paper, we develop a framework for assessing vulnerability to injury and use it to identify and characterize the determinants of injuries on the land in Nunavut. We specifically examine unintentional injuries on the land (outside of hamlets) because of the importance of land-based activities to Inuit culture, health, and well-being. Semi-structured interviews (n = 45) were conducted in three communities that have varying rates of search and rescue (SAR), complemented by an analysis of SAR case data for the territory. We found that risk of land-based injuries is affected by socioeconomic status, Inuit traditional knowledge, community organizations, and territorial and national policies. Notably, by moving beyond common conceptualizations of unintentional injury, we are able to better assess root causes of unintentional injury and outline paths for prevention.
Topics: Accident Proneness; Humans; Inuit; Nunavut; Off-Road Motor Vehicles; Qualitative Research; Rescue Work
PubMed: 27669121
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.026 -
Dental Traumatology : Official... Apr 2017It has been more than 10 years since the proposal of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) model as an explanatory construct for traumatic dental injuries... (Review)
Review
It has been more than 10 years since the proposal of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) model as an explanatory construct for traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) in children. The aim of this review was to address developments in the study of the issue after 2005-2016. A systematic literature search covering the period from 2005 to 2016 was conducted on PubMed, the Cochrane library and Google Scholar using relevant keywords. Fourteen studies exploring the relationship between ADHD and TDIs from 2005 and onward (including the proposal paper) were identified. Of the 12 controlled studies, nine reported confirming findings for a link with ADHD in the occurrence of TDIs. More than one-third of all children with ADHD may suffer from TDIs. In ADHD children, the most common types of injury were uncomplicated/complicated crown fractures and subluxation of maxillary central incisors resulting from falls and collisions. There is also evidence that ADHD represents an independent risk factor other than the well-established risk factor of incisor overjet. Over the last 10 years, convincing evidence has accumulated that ADHD is an important and common risk factor for TDIs. Increased awareness and side-by-side work of medical, dental and mental professionals at both clinical and research settings are necessary.
Topics: Accident Proneness; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Humans; Risk Factors; Tooth Injuries
PubMed: 27748049
DOI: 10.1111/edt.12307 -
International Journal of Occupational... Sep 2018To explore the relationships between human factors and accident proneness of coal mine workers, the depth perception, dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of 239...
To explore the relationships between human factors and accident proneness of coal mine workers, the depth perception, dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of 239 Chinese coal mine workers were tested and their accident proneness was surveyed with an accident proneness questionnaire. The results indicated that dark adaptation and vigilance abilities of the mine workers declined with increasing age. Vigilance had a significant negative relationship with accident proneness. There were significant differences in vigilance between coal mine workers doing different types of work. Individual difference in vigilance was relevant to the type of work that an individual did in a coal mine. The dark adaptation index had a significant positive relationship with accident proneness. Coal mine workers with weaker dark adaptation ability were also more accident prone. Some ergonomics recommendations concerning coal mine safety management in China are proposed.
Topics: Accident Proneness; Accidents, Occupational; Adult; Age Factors; Attention; China; Coal Mining; Dark Adaptation; Depth Perception; Ergonomics; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Miners; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 27465575
DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2016.1216364 -
Accident; Analysis and Prevention Oct 2016Road traffic accidents resulting in group deaths and injuries are often related to coach drivers' inappropriate operations and behaviors. Thus, the evaluation of coach...
Road traffic accidents resulting in group deaths and injuries are often related to coach drivers' inappropriate operations and behaviors. Thus, the evaluation of coach drivers' fitness to drive is an important measure for improving the safety of public transportation. Previous related research focused on drivers' age and health condition. Comprehensive studies about commercial drivers' cognitive capacities are limited. This study developed a toolkit consisting of nine cognition measurements across driver perception/sensation, attention, and reaction. A total of 1413 licensed coach drivers in Jiangsu Province, China were investigated and tested. Results indicated that drivers with accident history within three years performed overwhelmingly worse (p<0.001) on dark adaptation, dynamic visual acuity, depth perception, attention concentration, attention span, and significantly worse (p<0.05) on reaction to complex tasks compared with drivers with clear accident records. These findings supported that in the assessment of fitness to drive, cognitive capacities are sensitive to the detection of drivers with accident proneness. We first developed a simple evaluation model based on the percentile distribution of all single measurements, which defined the normal range of "fit-to-drive" by eliminating a 5% tail of each measurement. A comprehensive evaluation model was later constructed based on the kernel principal component analysis, in which the eliminated 5% tail was calculated from on integrated index. Methods to categorizing qualified, good, and excellent coach drivers and criteria for evaluating and training Chinese coach drivers' fitness to drive were also proposed.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Attention; Automobile Driving; China; Cognition; Depth Perception; Female; Humans; Licensure; Male; Middle Aged; Occupations; Psychometrics; Safety; Task Performance and Analysis; Transportation; Visual Acuity; Visual Perception
PubMed: 26463880
DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.09.019 -
Development and Psychopathology Nov 2015Elucidating the mechanisms by which infant birth conditions shape development across lengthy periods is critical for understanding typical and pathological development...
Mutual influences between child emotion regulation and parent-child reciprocity support development across the first 10 years of life: Implications for developmental psychopathology.
Elucidating the mechanisms by which infant birth conditions shape development across lengthy periods is critical for understanding typical and pathological development and for targeted early interventions. This study examined how newborns' regulatory capacities impact 10-year outcomes via the bidirectional influences of child emotion regulation (ER) and reciprocal parenting across early development. Guided by dynamic systems theory, 125 infants were tested at seven time points: birth, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months and 5 and 10 years. Initial regulatory conditions were measured by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; vagal tone) and neurobehavioral regulation (Brazelton, 1973) at birth. At each assessment between 3 months and 5 years, infant ER was microcoded from age-appropriate paradigms and mother-child reciprocity observed during social interactions. Four regulation-related outcomes were measured at 10 years: child RSA, empathy measured by mother-child conflict discussion and a lab paradigm, accident proneness, and behavior problems. An autoregressive cross-lagged structural model indicated that infant birth conditions impacted 10-year outcomes via three mechanisms. First, child ER and reciprocal parenting were individually stable across development and were each predicted by regulatory birth conditions, describing gradual maturation of ER and reciprocity over time. Second, better ER skills at one time point were related to greater reciprocity at the next time point and vice versa, and these cross-time effects defined a field of individual-context mutual influences that mediated the links between neonatal RSA and 10-year outcomes. Third, direct associations emerged between neonatal regulation and outcome, suggesting that birth conditions may establish a neurobiological milieu that promotes a more mature and resilient system. These mechanisms describe distinct "attractor" states that constrain the system's future options, emphasize the importance of defining behavior-based phenotypes of heterotypic continuity, and suggest that infants may shape their development by initiating unique cascades of individual-context bidirectional effects.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Emotional Intelligence; Female; Humans; Infant; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Object Attachment; Parent-Child Relations; Problem Behavior; Psychopathology; Socialization
PubMed: 26439059
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579415000656 -
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Sep 2015Aggressive driving is acknowledged as a contributor to motor vehicle crashes. This study explored a theoretical model of aggressive expression and crash-related outcomes...
Aggressive driving is acknowledged as a contributor to motor vehicle crashes. This study explored a theoretical model of aggressive expression and crash-related outcomes using self-report data collected, using an online questionnaire, from drivers in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. The proposed model tested whether the personality traits of boredom proneness, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, coupled with trait driving anger, predicted aggressive driving; and whether aggressive driving predicted crash-related outcomes (loss of concentration and control, near misses, and moving violations). The structural model was confirmed, with aggressive expressions of anger being found to mediate the relationships driving anger and impulsivity had with the crash-related outcomes. Multigroup invariance analysis showed that the model remained invariant across drivers from the United Kingdom and Ireland, suggesting that the contributing factors for aggressive expression and crash involvement are similar across both countries. When self-reported crash-related conditions were compared between drivers in the United Kingdom and Ireland, drivers in the United Kingdom reported more aggressive driving, more minor crashes, more incidents of road rage, and more frequent losses of concentration and vehicle control.
Topics: Accidents, Traffic; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aggression; Anger; Automobile Driving; Female; Humans; Impulsive Behavior; Ireland; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Psychological; Risk Assessment; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom; Young Adult
PubMed: 25809573
DOI: 10.1111/risa.12379 -
Risk Analysis : An Official Publication... Oct 2015This study explores the relationship between individuals' risk tolerance and occupational injuries. We analyze data from a national representative survey of U.S. workers...
This study explores the relationship between individuals' risk tolerance and occupational injuries. We analyze data from a national representative survey of U.S. workers that includes information about injuries, risk tolerance, cognitive and noncognitive attributes, and risky behaviors. We measure risk tolerance through questions regarding individuals' willingness to gamble on their lifetime income. We estimate zero-inflated count models to assess the role played by such measures on workers' recurrent injuries. We discuss some implications of our results for future research and occupational safety policies. Our results highlight the concurrent and changing role played by individual, work, and environmental factors in explaining recurrent incidents. They show that risk tolerance affects recurrent injuries, although not in the direction that proponents of the concept of proneness would expect. Our measure of risk aversion shows that individuals who are somewhat more risk tolerant have fewer recurrent injuries than those who are risk averse. But the estimated relationship is U-shaped, not monotonic and, therefore, not easy to predict. At the same time, we find that individuals' "revealed risk preferences"-specific risky behaviors-are related to higher injury probabilities. Demanding working conditions, measures of socioeconomic status, health, and safety problems experienced by workers during their youth remain among the most important factors explaining the phenomena of recurrent injuries. So our results contribute also to the important debate about the relationship between health and socioeconomic status.
Topics: Accidents; Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Occupational Injuries; Regression Analysis; Risk Assessment; United States
PubMed: 25809160
DOI: 10.1111/risa.12364