-
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Bacterial endophytes (120) were isolated from six halophytes (, , , , , and ). These halophiles were molecularly identified and characterized with or without NaCl...
Bacterial endophytes (120) were isolated from six halophytes (, , , , , and ). These halophiles were molecularly identified and characterized with or without NaCl conditions. Characterization was based on tests such as indole acetic acid (IAA), exopolysaccharides (EPS), and siderophores (SID) production; solubilization of phosphate (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn); mineralization of phytate; enzymatic activity (acid and alkaline phosphatase, phytases, xylanases, and chitinases) and the mineralization/solubilization mechanisms involved (organic acids and sugars). Moreover, compatibility among bacteria was assessed. Eleven halophiles were characterized as highly tolerant to NaCl (2.5 M). The bacteria isolated were all different from each other. Two belonged to and one to while the rest of bacteria were identified up to the genus level as belonging to , , and three strains of The biochemical responses of nutrient solubilization and enzymatic activity were different between bacteria and were influenced by the presence of NaCl. Organic acids were involved in P mineralization and nutrient solubilization. Tartaric acid was common in the solubilization of P, Zn, and K. Maleic and vanillic acid were only detected in Zn and K solubilization, respectively. Furthermore, sugars appeared to be involved in the solubilization of nutrients; fructose was detected in the solubilization tests. Therefore, these biochemical bacterial characteristics should be corroborated in vivo and tested as a consortium to mitigate saline stress in glycophytes under a global climate change scheme that threatens to exacerbate soil salinity.
PubMed: 38931058
DOI: 10.3390/plants13121626 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Unraveling the intricate physiological and biochemical intricacies associated with female dominance in grape berries across diverse developmental stages is imperative...
Unraveling the intricate physiological and biochemical intricacies associated with female dominance in grape berries across diverse developmental stages is imperative for optimizing grape production and ensuring the attainment of high-quality yields. This study conducted a thorough analysis of grape berries across phenological stages (BBCH-79, BBCH-81, BBCH-89) and cultivars. At BBCH-89, Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki demonstrated the highest berry weight and total soluble solids (TSS) levels, emphasizing its enological potential. Acidity peaked at BBCH-79 (28.16) and declined at BBCH-89 (6.11), signaling a shift towards lower acidity in later stages. Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki consistently showed the highest maturity index (MI). Mineral content variations were observed across nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), with Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki often having the highest concentrations, particularly in potassium, calcium, and boron. Hormonal analysis revealed a significant surge in concentrations at BBCH-89, with Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki standing out. Notably, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations increased by 106%, and abscisic acid (ABA) levels peaked at BBCH-79 with a 38% increase in Bozcaada Çavuşu*Kuntra. Sugar content analysis showed variations in fructose, glucose, sucrose, rhamnose, xylose, galactose, and arabinose levels across sampling times and cultivars. Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki consistently exhibited higher sugar levels, especially at BBCH-81 and BBCH-89. Vitamin concentrations varied temporally and among cultivars, with BBCH-89 displaying the highest vitamin A concentration (6.24 mg/100 g FW), and Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki often exhibiting maximum values for vitamin B1, B2, B6, and C. Further research and targeted cultivation practices focusing on the unique attributes of Bozcaada Çavuşu*Vasilâki could enhance grape production efficiency, emphasizing its potential contribution to achieving consistently high-quality yields across various phenological stages.
PubMed: 38931044
DOI: 10.3390/plants13121612 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024The crystal structures of two newly synthesized nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salts, namely [QH][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) () and [(acr)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), were...
The crystal structures of two newly synthesized nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salts, namely [QH][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) () and [(acr)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), were determined. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of four N-heterocyclic nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salts-1,10-phenanthrolinium, [(phen)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), 2,2'-bipyridinium [(bpy)H][VO(nta)(HO)](HO) (), and two newly synthesized compounds () and ()-were evaluated against prostate cancer (PC3) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. All the compounds exhibited strong cytotoxic effects on cancer cells and normal cells (HaCaT human keratinocytes). The structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the number and arrangement of conjugated aromatic rings in the counterion had an impact on the antitumor effect. The compound (III), the 1,10-phenanthrolinium analogue, exhibited the greatest activity, whereas the acridinium salt (II), with a different arrangement of three conjugated aromatic rings, showed the lowest toxicity. The increased concentrations of the compounds resulted in alterations to the cell cycle distribution with different effects in MCF-7 and PC3 cells. In MCF-7 cells, compounds and were observed to block the G/M phase, while compounds and were found to arrest the cell cycle in the G/G phase. In PC3 cells, all compounds increased the rates of cells in the G/G phase.
Topics: Humans; Antineoplastic Agents; Breast Neoplasms; Male; Female; MCF-7 Cells; Prostatic Neoplasms; Nitrilotriacetic Acid; Structure-Activity Relationship; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Heterocyclic Compounds; Vanadium; PC-3 Cells; Cell Cycle; Molecular Structure; Salts; Cell Survival; Apoptosis
PubMed: 38930989
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122924 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024In this study, hybrid skeleton material ZIF-8@ZIF-67 was synthesized by the epitaxial growth method and then was utilized as a carrier for encapsulating lipase (PFL)...
In this study, hybrid skeleton material ZIF-8@ZIF-67 was synthesized by the epitaxial growth method and then was utilized as a carrier for encapsulating lipase (PFL) through the co-precipitation method, resulting in the preparation of immobilized lipase (PFL@ZIF-8@ZIF-67). Subsequently, it was further treated with glutaraldehyde to improve protein immobilization yield. Under optimal immobilization conditions, the specific hydrolytic activity of PFL@ZIF-8@ZIF-67 was 20.4 times higher than that of the free PFL. The prepared biocatalyst was characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Additionally, the thermal stability of PFL@ZIF-8@ZIF-67 at 50 °C was significantly improved compared to the free PFL. After 7 weeks at room temperature, PFL@ZIF-8@ZIF-67 retained 78% of the transesterification activity, while the free enzyme was only 29%. Finally, PFL@ZIF-8@ZIF-67 was applied to the neryl acetate preparation in a solvent-free system, and the yield of neryl acetate reached 99% after 3 h of reaction. After 10 repetitions, the yields of neryl acetate catalyzed by PFL@ZIF-8@ZIF-67 and the free PFL were 80% and 43%, respectively.
Topics: Enzymes, Immobilized; Pseudomonas fluorescens; Lipase; Esterification; Enzyme Stability; Zeolites; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature; Acetates; X-Ray Diffraction; Biocatalysis; Imidazoles
PubMed: 38930986
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122922 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Secondary metabolites, bioactive compounds produced by living organisms, can unveil symbiotic relationships in nature. In this study, soilborne entomopathogenic...
Preliminary Screening on Antibacterial Crude Secondary Metabolites Extracted from Bacterial Symbionts and Identification of Functional Bioactive Compounds by FTIR, HPLC and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry.
Secondary metabolites, bioactive compounds produced by living organisms, can unveil symbiotic relationships in nature. In this study, soilborne entomopathogenic nematodes associated with symbiotic bacteria ( and ) were extracted from solvent supernatant containing secondary metabolites, demonstrating significant inhibitory effects against , , , , , and . The characterization of these secondary metabolites by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy revealed amine groups of proteins, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of polyphenols, hydroxyl groups of polysaccharides, and carboxyl groups of organic acids. Furthermore, the obtained crude extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography for the basic identification of potential bioactive peptides. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of ethyl acetate extracts from identified major compounds including nonanoic acid derivatives, proline, paromycin, octodecanal derivatives, trioxa-5-aza-1-silabicyclo, 4-octadecenal, methyl ester, oleic acid, and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylicacid. Additional extraction from yielded functional compounds such as indole-3-acetic acid, phthalic acid, 1-tetradecanol, nemorosonol, 1-eicosanol, and unsaturated fatty acids. These findings support the potential development of novel natural antimicrobial agents for future pathogen suppression.
Topics: Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Symbiosis; Secondary Metabolism; Photorhabdus; Xenorhabdus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Animals
PubMed: 38930979
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122914 -
The Grafting of Hydroxyaromatic Organics within Layered Perovskites via a Microwave-Assisted Method.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024A new series of inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite materials were prepared by microwave-assisted grafting reactions. Simple carboxylic acids, acetic acid, and propionic...
A new series of inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite materials were prepared by microwave-assisted grafting reactions. Simple carboxylic acids, acetic acid, and propionic acid, as well as hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acids, 3,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid (DBA), 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid (HPA), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA), and 4-hydroxy-4-biphenyl carboxylic acid (HBCA), were reacted with the Dion-Jacobson double-layered perovskite, HLaNbO and its alcoxy derivatives. Grafting was found to not occur with simple carboxylic acids, while those molecules with hydroxyls were all attached to the perovskite interlayers. Reactivity of the hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acids varied with the different layered perovskite hosts where reactions with HLaNbO did not occur, and those with n-propoxy-LaNbO were limited; the greatest extent of reactivity was seen with n-decoxy-LaNbO. This is attributed to the larger interlayer spacing available for the insertion of the various hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid compounds. The loading exhibited by the grafting species was less than that seen with well-known long-chain alkoxy grafting groups. It is expected that the width of the molecules contributes to this where, due to the benzyl groups, the interlayer volume of the grafted moieties occupies a larger horizontal fraction, therefore minimizing the loading to the below half. X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy studies found that grafting of the n-decoxy-LaNbO intermediates with the series of hydroxyaromatics resulted in a reduction in crystallinity along with a disruption of the layer structure. Raman data on the series show little variation in local structure except for HBCA, where there appears to be a lengthening of the Nb-O apical linkage and a possible reduction in the distortion of inner-layer NbO octahedra. The optical properties of the hydroxyaromatic carboxylic acid grafted perovskites were also investigated using diffuse-reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy. The band gaps of DBA, HPA, and HBA were found to be similar to the parent (E ≈ 3.4 eV), while the HBCA was significantly less by ca. 0.6 eV. This difference is attributed to electron withdrawal from the perovskite block to the HBCA ligand, leading to a lower band gap for the HBCA compound. The methods described herein allow for the formation of a new series of inorganic-organic hybrid materials where the products are of interest as precursors to more complex architectures as well as models for band gap modification of metal oxide photocatalysts.
PubMed: 38930953
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122888 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024Synthetic efforts toward complex natural product (NP) scaffolds are useful ones, particularly those aimed at expanding their bioactive chemical space. Here, we utilised...
Synthetic efforts toward complex natural product (NP) scaffolds are useful ones, particularly those aimed at expanding their bioactive chemical space. Here, we utilised an orthogonal cheminformatics-based approach to predict the potential biological activities for a series of synthetic bis-indole alkaloids inspired by elusive sponge-derived NPs, echinosulfone A () and echinosulfonic acids A-D (-). Our work includes the first synthesis of desulfato-echinosulfonic acid C, an α-hydroxy bis(3'-indolyl) alkaloid (), and its full NMR characterisation. This synthesis provides corroborating evidence for the structure revision of echinosulfonic acids A-C. Additionally, we demonstrate a robust synthetic strategy toward a diverse range of α-methine bis(3'-indolyl) acids and acetates (-) without the need for silica-based purification in either one or two steps. By integrating our synthetic library of bis-indoles with bioactivity data for 2048 marine indole alkaloids (reported up to the end of 2021), we analyzed their overlap with marine natural product chemical diversity. Notably, the C-6 dibrominated α-hydroxy bis(3'-indolyl) and α-methine bis(3'-indolyl) analogues (, , and ) were found to contain significant overlap with antibacterial C-6 dibrominated marine bis-indoles, guiding our biological evaluation. Validating the results of our cheminformatics analyses, the dibrominated α-methine bis(3'-indolyl) alkaloids (, , , and ) were found to exhibit antibacterial activities against methicillin-sensitive and -resistant . Further, while investigating other synthetic approaches toward bis-indole alkaloids, 16 incorrectly assigned synthetic α-hydroxy bis(3'-indolyl) alkaloids were identified. After careful analysis of their reported NMR data, and comparison with those obtained for the synthetic bis-indoles reported herein, all of the structures have been revised to α-methine bis(3'-indolyl) alkaloids.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Indole Alkaloids; Cheminformatics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; Biological Products
PubMed: 38930871
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122806 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2024The extract of , a traditional Chinese medicinal and food homologous plant belonging to the family Orchidaceae, was previously reported to have hypoglycemic and...
The extract of , a traditional Chinese medicinal and food homologous plant belonging to the family Orchidaceae, was previously reported to have hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. In this study, the direct effects of polysaccharide (DHP) and non-polysaccharide (NDHP) components of , as well as its water extract (DHWE) were compared with that of metformin (an antidiabetic drug) on the gut microbiota (collected from fecal flora) of rats with streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes (T1D) using an in vitro fermentation method. The results showed that DHWE, DHP, and NDHP reduced pH and increased bacterial proliferation and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in fermentation broth. DHWE, DHP, NDHP and metformin promoted the production of acetic and propionic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid, and propionic acid, respectively. DHWE, DHP, and NDHP reduced the abundance of (subdominant pathogenic bacteria) and increased the abundance of (dominant beneficial gut bacteria). NDHP also reduced the abundance of (beneficial and conditional pathogenic). Metformin increased the abundance of and reduced the abundance of and . At the genus level, NDHP promoted the proliferation of and and decreased harmful bacteria (e.g., ), and DHP increased the abundance of (opportunistic and usually harmless). By contrast, metformin increased the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., ) and reduced the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., ). Our study indicates that DHWE, DHP, and NDHP are potentially more beneficial than metformin on the gut microbiota of T1D rats in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Metformin; Dendrobium; Polysaccharides; Rats; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Hypoglycemic Agents; Plant Extracts; Male; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
PubMed: 38930856
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122791 -
Microorganisms Jun 2024Cooked sausages packaged in a modified atmosphere (MAP: 20% CO 70% N, <0.2% O) with evident yellow stains were analyzed. The aims of this work were to study the...
Cooked sausages packaged in a modified atmosphere (MAP: 20% CO 70% N, <0.2% O) with evident yellow stains were analyzed. The aims of this work were to study the microbial cause of the spoilage and to evaluate different antimicrobial compounds to prevent it. was identified as the primary cause of the yellow coating in spoiled cooked sausage, as confirmed by its intentional inoculation on slices of unspoiled sausage. was the main bacteria responsible for the yellow coating in spoiled cooked sausage, as confirmed by its intentional inoculation on slices of unspoiled sausage. The yellow color was also evident during growth in the model system containing cooked sausage extract, but the colonies on MRS agar appeared white, demonstrating that the food substrate stimulated the production of the yellow pigment. The spoilage was also characterized by different volatile compounds, including ketones, ethanol, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate, found in the spoiled cooked sausage packages. These compounds explained the activity of because they are typical of heterofermentative LAB, cultivated either on food substrates or in artificial broths. also produced slight swelling in the spoiled packages. The efficacy of different antimicrobials was assessed in model systems composed of cooked sausage extract with the antimicrobials added at food product concentrations. The data showed that sodium lactate, sodium acetate, and a combination of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate could only slow the growth of the spoiler-they could not stop it from occurring. Conversely, hop extract inhibited , showing a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of approximately 0.008 mg CAE/mL in synthetic broth and 4 mg CAE/kg in cooked sausage slices. Adding hop extract at the MIC did not allow growth and did not change the sensorial characteristics of the cooked sausages. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the antimicrobial activities of hop extracts against either in vitro or in vivo.
PubMed: 38930557
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061175 -
Microorganisms May 2024Considering current global climate change, drought stress is regarded as a major problem negatively impacting the growth of soybeans, particularly at the critical stages...
Drought-Tolerant Bacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mitigate the Detrimental Effects of Drought Stress Induced by Withholding Irrigation at Critical Growth Stages of Soybean (, L.).
Considering current global climate change, drought stress is regarded as a major problem negatively impacting the growth of soybeans, particularly at the critical stages R3 (early pod) and R5 (seed development). Microbial inoculation is regarded as an ecologically friendly and low-cost-effective strategy for helping soybean plants withstand drought stress. The present study aimed to isolate newly drought-tolerant bacteria from native soil and evaluated their potential for producing growth-promoting substances as well as understanding how these isolated bacteria along with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) could mitigate drought stress in soybean plants at critical growth stages in a field experiment. In this study, 30 isolates and 30 rhizobacterial isolates were isolated from the soybean nodules and rhizosphere, respectively. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 was used for evaluating their tolerance to drought, and then the production of growth promotion substances was evaluated under both without/with PEG. The most effective isolates (DTB4 and DTR30) were identified genetically using 16S rRNA gene. A field experiment was conducted to study the impact of inoculation with DTB4 and DTR30 along with AMF (, , and ) on the growth and yield of drought-stressed soybeans. Our results showed that the bioinoculant applications improved the growth traits (shoot length, root length, leaf area, and dry weight), chlorophyll content, nutrient content (N, P, and K), nodulation, and yield components (pods number, seeds weight, and grain yield) of soybean plants under drought stress ( ≤ 0.05). Moreover, proline contents were decreased due to the bioinoculant applications under drought when compared to uninoculated treatments. As well as the count of bacteria, mycorrhizal colonization indices, and the activity of soil enzymes (dehydrogenase and phosphatase) were enhanced in the soybean rhizosphere under drought stress. This study's findings imply that using a mixture of bioinoculants may help soybean plants withstand drought stress, particularly during critical growth stages, and that soybean growth, productivity, and soil microbial activity were improved under drought stress.
PubMed: 38930505
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061123