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Scientific Reports Mar 2024Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential for the management of diabetes and the development of appropriate treatment protocols. The conventional blood...
Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is essential for the management of diabetes and the development of appropriate treatment protocols. The conventional blood glucose (BG) testing have an intrusive technique to prick the finger and it can be uncomfortable when it is a regular practice. Intrusive procedures, such as fingerstick testing has negatively influencing patient adherence. Diabetic patients now have an exceptional improvement in their quality of life with the development of cutting-edge sensors and healthcare technologies. intensive care unit (ICU) and pregnant women also have facing challenges including hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The worldwide diabetic rate has incited to develop a wearable and accurate non-invasive blood glucose monitoring system. This research developed an Internet of Things (IoT) - enabled wearable blood glucose monitoring (iGM) system to transform diabetes care and enhance the quality of life. The TTGOT-ESP32 IoT platform with a red and near-infrared (R-NIR) spectral range for blood glucose measurement has integrated into this wearable device. The primary objective of this gadget is to provide optimal comfort for the patients while delivering a smooth monitoring experience. The iGM gadget is 98.82 % accuracy when used after 10 hours of fasting and 98.04 % accuracy after 2 hours of breakfast. The primary objective points of the research were continuous monitoring, decreased risk of infection, and improved quality of life. This research contributes to the evolving field of IoT-based healthcare solutions by streaming real-time glucose values on AWS IoT Core to empower individuals with diabetes to manage their conditions effectively. The iGM Framework has a promising future with the potential to transform diabetes management and healthcare delivery.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Internet of Things; Quality of Life; Diabetes Mellitus; Immunoglobulin M
PubMed: 38486038
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56677-z -
Appetite Jun 2024The influence dishware size has on meal energy intake is unclear and no study to date has examined the impact on total daily energy intake. In a pre-registered RCT we... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The influence dishware size has on meal energy intake is unclear and no study to date has examined the impact on total daily energy intake. In a pre-registered RCT we investigate the impact of breakfast dishware size on breakfast and post-breakfast energy intake, as well as daily energy intake and hunger/fullness. In a repeated-measures design, 50 females (aged 18-77 years) were randomised to receive smaller or larger breakfast dishware on two separate days. Energy intake was also measured during the rest of the day. The primary outcomes were breakfast and post-breakfast energy intake (kcal). Secondary outcomes were total daily energy intake (kcal), and hunger/fullness (rated from 0 to 100). We examined if results differed by socioeconomic position (SEP). Dishware did not affect energy intake at breakfast (smaller: M = 394.8 kcal; SD = 172.2 larger: M = 394.4 kcal; SD = 164.4; d = 0.003, p = 0.98), and there was no statistically significant evidence that dishware size affected energy intake after breakfast, though post-breakfast energy intake was somewhat higher after using larger breakfast dishware (smaller: M = 1974.6 kcal; SD = 475.2; larger: M = 2077.5 kcal; SD = 525.9; d = -0.27, p = 0.06). Total daily energy intake, hunger and fullness ratings did not significantly differ between dishware conditions. There was no evidence that SEP moderated the effect of dishware size on energy intake. Smaller vs. larger breakfast dishware size had no significant effect on breakfast or post-breakfast energy intake, hunger, fullness, or daily energy intake. Previous studies may have overestimated the promise of dishware size as an intervention for reducing energy intake. Alternative interventions targeting the food environment should now be prioritised.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Female; Energy Intake; Meals; Hunger; Breakfast; Postprandial Period; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 38485059
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107296 -
The American Journal of Occupational... Mar 2024Impaired self-awareness (SA) of deficits after an acquired brain injury (ABI) severely affects patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADLs). However, any...
IMPORTANCE
Impaired self-awareness (SA) of deficits after an acquired brain injury (ABI) severely affects patients' independence in activities of daily living (ADLs). However, any assessment tool permits an exhaustive evaluation of SA in the context of ADLs.
OBJECTIVE
To study the validity of the Breakfast and Dressing Conflict Task (BD Conflict Task) to assess online SA (awareness of performance in the context of a given task) in patients with ABI; to study its interactions with offline SA (general awareness); and to test the validity of a simplified measure of performance monitoring, the ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index.
DESIGN
Convergent validity and correlational study.
SETTING
Research laboratory, hospitals, and homes.
PARTICIPANTS
Thirty patients with ABI and 28 neurologically healthy controls.
OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Using the BD Conflict Task, measures of emergent awareness, self-regulation, anticipatory awareness, and self-evaluation were assessed and their convergent validity and relationship with offline SA were analyzed. The ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index was calculated, and its convergent validity was tested.
RESULTS
The online SA variables of the BD Conflict Task showed convergent validity with traditional online SA measures. Offline SA correlated with emergent and anticipatory awareness in the Breakfast Task. The ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index proved to be a valid measure of patients' performance monitoring.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These preliminary findings suggest that the BD Conflict Task is a valid tool to assess online SA in patients with ABI and provide further understanding of the online SA-offline SA interaction. Furthermore, the ADL Conflict-Monitoring Index may be a valid and easy-to-use monitoring measure in clinical settings. Plain-Language Summary: Patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) and reduced awareness of their cognitive deficits face problems performing activities of daily living (ADLs) and may show signs of unsafe behaviors. Being aware of one's own abilities involves anticipating problems before starting a task, detecting and correcting errors during the task, and evaluating performance afterward. This study provides preliminary validity for the Breakfast and Dressing Conflict Task, a new tool that assesses aspects of self-awareness simultaneously in the context of familiar and significant ADLs. Furthermore, the tool simplifies the assessment of detecting and correcting errors with an easy-to-use index, making it suitable for use in clinical settings.
Topics: Humans; Activities of Daily Living; Breakfast; Perception; Bandages; Brain Injuries
PubMed: 38477680
DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2024.050346 -
Zhongguo Zhen Jiu = Chinese Acupuncture... Mar 2024To observe the clinical effect of the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone on cough variant asthma (CVA) differentiated as... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone on cough variant asthma of pathogenic wind attacking the lung: a randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVES
To observe the clinical effect of the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone on cough variant asthma (CVA) differentiated as pathogenic wind attacking the lung and explore the influences on eosinophil count (EOS) in the peripheral blood and the content of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the serum of patients.
METHODS
Ninety-two patients with CVA of pathogenic wind attacking the lung were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 46 cases in each group. In the observation group, the modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone was applied to the unilateral Feishu (BL 13), Gaohuang (BL 43) and Zusanli (ST 36) in each session of treatment, once every 3 days. In the control group, budesonide and formoterol powder inhaler was delivered, 4.5 μg per inhalation, once every half an hour after breakfast and dinner; one more time of inhalation needed if the symptoms were not well controlled, but less than 6 times of inhalation per day. The duration of treatment was 8 weeks in both groups. Separately, before and after treatment, and during the 1-month follow-up after treatment completion, the score of the symptoms of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was observed in the two groups; using the lung function detector, the indexes of pulmonary function (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1], FEV1/forced vital capacity [FVC] and peak expiratory flow [PEF]) were determined, and the count of EOS in the peripheral blood and the content of IL-4 and TNF-α in the serum were determined before and after treatment; and the clinical effect was compared between the two groups.
RESULTS
After treatment and in follow-up, the TCM symptom scores were decreased compared with those before treatment in the two groups (<0.05), and the score in the observation group was lower than that of the control group in follow-up (<0.05). After treatment, FEV1, FEV1/FVC and PEF were increased when compared with those before treatment in the two groups (<0.05), and the count of EOS in the peripheral blood and the content of IL-4 and TNF-α in the serum were reduced (<0.05); there was no statistical difference in these indexes between the two groups (>0.05). After treatment, the total effective rate of the observation group was 95.7% (44/46), which was not different statistically in comparison with the control group (93.5% [43/46], >0.05). In the follow-up, the total effective rate of the observation group was 95.7% (44/46), which was higher than that of the control group (78.3% [36/46], <0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The modified painless blistering moxibustion with wheat-grain sized moxa cone may ameliorate the symptoms of CVA of pathogenic wind attacking the lung and improve the pulmonary functions, which is probably related to the regulation of the count of EOS in the peripheral blood and the content of IL-4 and TNF-α in the serum, thereby, reducing the inflammatory response.
Topics: Humans; Moxibustion; Triticum; Interleukin-4; Cough-Variant Asthma; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Wind; Lung
PubMed: 38467499
DOI: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20230509-0001 -
PloS One 2024The Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate...
The Western diet has undergone a massive switch since the second half of the 20th century, with the massive increase of the consumption of refined carbohydrate associated with many adverse health effects. The physiological mechanisms linked to this consumption, such as hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinemia, may impact non medical traits such as facial attractiveness. To explore this issue, the relationship between facial attractiveness and immediate and chronic refined carbohydrate consumption estimated by glycemic load was studied for 104 French subjects. Facial attractiveness was assessed by opposite sex raters using pictures taken two hours after a controlled breakfast. Chronic consumption was assessed considering three high glycemic risk meals: breakfast, afternoon snacking and between-meal snacking. Immediate consumption of a high glycemic breakfast decreased facial attractiveness for men and women while controlling for several control variables, including energy intake. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption had different effects on attractiveness depending on the meal and/or the sex. Chronic refined carbohydrate consumption, estimated by the glycemic load, during the three studied meals reduced attractiveness, while a high energy intake increased it. Nevertheless, the effect was reversed for men concerning the afternoon snack, for which a high energy intake reduced attractiveness and a high glycemic load increased it. These effects were maintained when potential confounders for facial attractiveness were controlled such as age, age departure from actual age, masculinity/femininity (perceived and measured), BMI, physical activity, parental home ownership, smoking, couple status, hormonal contraceptive use (for women), and facial hairiness (for men). Results were possibly mediated by an increase in age appearance for women and a decrease in perceived masculinity for men. The physiological differences between the three meals studied and the interpretation of the results from an adaptive/maladaptive point of view in relation to our new dietary environment are discussed.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Meals; Breakfast; Snacks; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptive Devices; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Hyperglycemia
PubMed: 38446775
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298984 -
PloS One 2024Effective nutrition management is fundamental in the comprehensive treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Various strategies have been explored in this regard,...
BACKGROUND
Effective nutrition management is fundamental in the comprehensive treatment of individuals with type 2 diabetes. Various strategies have been explored in this regard, demonstrating their potential usefulness in improving clinical outcomes. This systematic review aims to assess the impact of meals frequency on the well-being of these patients.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
In accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were searched until July 10th, 2023. We included studies from the last 10 years in people with type 2 diabetes that had an intervention regarding their meal frequency. The risk of bias was evaluated based on the Cochrane tool according to the type of study. Of 77 retrieval articles, 13 studies matched our inclusion criteria. The primary focus of each study was to evaluate glycemic control as the major outcome. Studies suggest that meal frequency, time-restricted feeding, breakfast skipping, bedtime snacking, and chrononutrition practices all play roles in type 2 diabetes management and risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Restricting feeding to 2 to 3 meals per day and practicing time restricted feeding with less than 10 hours of daily food intake promotes weight loss and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Aligning food consumption with the body's natural rhythm is beneficial, whereas skipping breakfast disrupts this rhythm. Snacking after evening or waiting 3-4 hours after meal helps control glucose levels, but consuming pre-bedtime snacks do not provide the same benefits.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42023431785.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Meals; Snacks; Breakfast; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 38421977
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298531 -
Nutrients Feb 2024The aim of the study was to explore the impact of both the macronutrient composition and snacking timing on the postprandial glycemic insulinemic responses and food...
The aim of the study was to explore the impact of both the macronutrient composition and snacking timing on the postprandial glycemic insulinemic responses and food intake. Seventeen healthy female volunteers completed the randomized crossover trials. The volunteers were provided a standard breakfast and lunch at 8:00 and 13:00, respectively, and an ad libitum dinner at 18:00. Provided at either 10:30 (midmorning) or 12:30 (preload), the glycemic effects of the three types of 70 kcal snacks, including chicken breast (mid-C and pre-C), apple (mid-A and pre-A), and macadamia nut (mid-M and pre-M), were compared with the non-snack control (CON), evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). The mid-M showed increased insulin resistance after lunch compared with CON, while the pre-M did not. The pre-A stabilized the glycemic response in terms of all variability parameters after lunch, while the mid-A had no significant effect on postprandial glucose control. Both the mid-C and pre-C improved the total area under the glucose curve, all glycemic variability parameters, and the insulin resistance within 2 h after lunch compared with CON. The pre-C attained the lowest energy intake at dinner, while the mid-A and the mid-M resulted in the highest. In conclusion, the chicken breast snack effectively stabilized postprandial glycemic excursion and reduced insulin resistance while the macadamia snack did not, regardless of ingestion time. Only as a preload could the apple snack mitigate the glucose response after the subsequent meal.
Topics: Humans; Female; Snacks; Blood Glucose; Insulin Resistance; Healthy Volunteers; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Meals; Glucose; Nutrients; Postprandial Period; Cross-Over Studies; Insulin
PubMed: 38398859
DOI: 10.3390/nu16040535 -
Public Health Nutrition Feb 2024To examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI over 8 years differ by weight status in a sample of adolescents.
Associations of regular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner with Body Mass Index during adolescence: longitudinal findings by weight status among the Eating and Activity over Time 2010-2018 cohort.
OBJECTIVE
To examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI over 8 years differ by weight status in a sample of adolescents.
DESIGN
Longitudinal, population-based study. Breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption and BMI were self-reported. Linear regressions were used to examine how the associations between meal consumption and BMI differed by weight status.
SETTING
Adolescents in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan area.
PARTICIPANTS
Adolescents ( 1,471) were surveyed as part of the EAT 2010-2018 in 2009-2010 (M = 14·3 years) and 2017-2018 (M = 22·0 years).
RESULTS
The prevalence of regular breakfast, lunch and dinner consumption (≥ 5 times/week) ranged from 45 to 65 %, 75 to 89 % and 76 to 94 %, respectively, depending on weight status category. Among adolescents with a sex- and age-specific BMI < 15th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner during adolescence were positively associated with BMI in emerging adulthood compared with irregular consumption of breakfast, lunch and dinner (<5 times/week) after adjustment for socio-demographic characteristics ( = 5·43, = 5·39 and = 6·46, respectively; all -values <0·01). Among adolescents in the BMI 15-85th and 85-95th percentiles, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI but to a lesser extent (-values <0·01). For participants with a BMI ≥ 95th percentile, regular consumptions of breakfast, lunch and dinner were positively associated with BMI, but the associations were not statistically significant (-values > 0·05).
CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between meal consumption during adolescence and BMI in emerging adulthood differs by adolescent weight status. Future studies should investigate underlying factors related to meal consumption routines and BMI.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Adult; Young Adult; Infant; Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Lunch; Feeding Behavior; Meals
PubMed: 38384116
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980024000454 -
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism May 2024To investigate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of once-weekly insulin icodec in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIMS
To investigate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of once-weekly insulin icodec in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomized, open-label, two-period crossover trial, 66 individuals with T1D (age 18-64 years; glycated haemoglobin ≤75 mmol/mol [≤ 9%]) were to receive once-weekly icodec (8 weeks) and once-daily insulin glargine U100 (2 weeks) at individualized fixed equimolar total weekly doses established during up to 10 weeks' run-in with glargine U100 titrated to pre-breakfast plasma glucose (PG) of 4.4-7.2 mmol/L (80-130 mg/dL). Insulin aspart was used as bolus insulin. Blood sampling for icodec pharmacokinetics was performed from the first icodec dose until 35 days after the last dose. The glucose infusion rate at steady state was assessed in glucose clamps (target 6.7 mmol/L [120 mg/dL]) at 16-52 h and 138-168 h after the last icodec dose and 0-24 h after the last glargine U100 dose. Icodec pharmacodynamics during 1 week were predicted by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling. Hypoglycaemia was recorded during the treatment periods based on self-measured PG.
RESULTS
Icodec reached pharmacokinetic steady state on average within 2-3 weeks. At steady state, model-predicted daily proportions of glucose infusion rate during the 1-week dosing interval were 14.3%, 19.6%, 18.3%, 15.7%, 13.1%, 10.6% and 8.4%, respectively. Rates and duration of Level 2 hypoglycaemic episodes (PG <3.0 mmol/L [54 mg/dL]) were 32.8 versus 23.9 episodes per participant-year of exposure and 33 ± 25 versus 30 ± 18 min (mean ± SD) for icodec versus glargine U100.
CONCLUSIONS
The pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of icodec suggest its potential to provide basal coverage in a basal-bolus insulin regimen in people with T1D.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Middle Aged; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Insulin Glargine; Hypoglycemic Agents; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Hypoglycemia; Blood Glucose; Glucose; Insulin, Long-Acting
PubMed: 38379002
DOI: 10.1111/dom.15510 -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Feb 2024Dietary intake assessment is an integral part of addressing suboptimal dietary intakes. Existing food-based methods are time-consuming and burdensome for users to report... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Dietary intake assessment is an integral part of addressing suboptimal dietary intakes. Existing food-based methods are time-consuming and burdensome for users to report the individual foods consumed at each meal. However, ease of use is the most important feature for individuals choosing a nutrition or diet app. Intakes of whole meals can be reported in a manner that is less burdensome than reporting individual foods. No study has developed a method of dietary intake assessment where individuals report their dietary intakes as whole meals rather than individual foods.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to develop a novel, meal-based method of dietary intake assessment and test its ability to estimate nutrient intakes compared with that of a web-based, 24-hour recall (24HR).
METHODS
Participants completed a web-based, generic meal-based recall. This involved, for each meal type (breakfast, light meal, main meal, snack, and beverage), choosing from a selection of meal images those that most represented their intakes during the previous day. Meal images were based on generic meals from a previous study that were representative of the actual meal intakes in Ireland. Participants also completed a web-based 24HR. Both methods were completed on the same day, 3 hours apart. In a crossover design, participants were randomized in terms of which method they completed first. Then, 2 weeks after the first dietary assessments, participants repeated the process in the reverse order. Estimates of mean daily nutrient intakes and the categorization of individuals according to nutrient-based guidelines (eg, low, adequate, and high) were compared between the 2 methods. P values of less than .05 were considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
In total, 161 participants completed the study. For the 23 nutrient variables compared, the median percentage difference between the 2 methods was 7.6% (IQR 2.6%-13.2%), with P values ranging from <.001 to .97, and out of 23 variables, effect sizes for the differences were small for 19 (83%) variables, moderate for 2 (9%) variables, and large for 2 (9%) variables. Correlation coefficients were statistically significant (P<.05) for 18 (78%) of the 23 variables. Statistically significant correlations ranged from 0.16 to 0.45, with median correlation of 0.32 (IQR 0.25-0.40). When participants were classified according to nutrient-based guidelines, the proportion of individuals who were classified into the same category ranged from 52.8% (85/161) to 84.5% (136/161).
CONCLUSIONS
A generic meal-based method of dietary intake assessment provides estimates of nutrient intake comparable with those provided by a web-based 24HR but with varying levels of agreement among nutrients. Further studies are required to refine and improve the generic recall across a range of nutrients. Future studies will consider user experience including the potential feasibility of incorporating image recognition of whole meals into the generic recall.
Topics: Humans; Eating; Meals; Mental Recall; Nutrition Assessment; Nutritional Status; Cross-Over Studies
PubMed: 38354039
DOI: 10.2196/48817