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Journal of Prosthodontic Research Jun 2024Titanium implants have revolutionized restorative and reconstructive therapy, yet achieving optimal osseointegration and ensuring long-term implant success remain...
Optimizing implant osseointegration, soft tissue responses, and bacterial inhibition: A comprehensive narrative review on the multifaceted approach of the UV photofunctionalization of titanium.
Titanium implants have revolutionized restorative and reconstructive therapy, yet achieving optimal osseointegration and ensuring long-term implant success remain persistent challenges. In this review, we explore a cutting-edge approach to enhancing implant properties: ultraviolet (UV) photofunctionalization. By harnessing UV energy, photofunctionalization rejuvenates aging implants, leveraging and often surpassing the intrinsic potential of titanium materials. The primary aim of this narrative review is to offer an updated perspective on the advancements made in the field, providing a comprehensive overview of recent findings and exploring the relationship between UV-induced physicochemical alterations and cellular responses. There is now compelling evidence of significant transformations in titanium surface chemistry induced by photofunctionalization, transitioning from hydrocarbon-rich to carbon pellicle-free surfaces, generating superhydrophilic surfaces, and modulating the electrostatic properties. These changes are closely associated with improved cellular attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and, ultimately, osseointegration. Additionally, we discuss clinical studies demonstrating the efficacy of UV photofunctionalization in accelerating and enhancing the osseointegration of dental implants. Furthermore, we delve into recent advancements, including the development of one-minute vacuum UV (VUV) photofunctionalization, which addresses the limitations of conventional UV methods as well as the newly discovered functions of photofunctionalization in modulating soft tissue and bacterial interfaces. By elucidating the intricate relationship between surface science and biology, this body of research lays the groundwork for innovative strategies aimed at enhancing the clinical performance of titanium implants, marking a new era in implantology.
PubMed: 38853001
DOI: 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_24_00086 -
Journal of Dentistry May 2024Previous studies on short- and long-term pellicles showed that the enamel pellicle provides partial protection against erosion. The aim of the present study was to...
OBJECTIVES
Previous studies on short- and long-term pellicles showed that the enamel pellicle provides partial protection against erosion. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective properties of clinically relevant pellicles formed within 2 to 24 h. The hypothesis was that factors such as pellicle formation time, intraoral location, and acidic challenge severity would not influence the erosion-protective properties of the pellicle.
METHODS
Six subjects participated in the study. Bovine enamel specimens were prepared and intraorally exposed at buccal or palatal sites for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h to allow pellicle formation, followed by erosion using 0.1 % or 1 % citric acid. Calcium release and surface microhardness were measured, and specimens were analysed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Quantitative data were statistically analysed with three-way ANOVA and Tuckey's multiple comparison test (p = 0.05).
RESULTS
Pellicle formation time and intraoral location did not significantly influence the erosion-protective properties of the pellicle, while citric acid concentration significantly affected enamel erosion. The pellicle thickness increased with longer formation times and on buccal sites, but decreased or was entirely removed following treatment with 0.1 % or 1 % citric acid, respectively. The enamel surface exhibited a characteristic erosion pattern.
CONCLUSIONS
This study underscores the importance of investigating pellicle properties within the critical 2- to 24-h timeframe and highlights the significance of pellicle thickness in acid resistance.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
These findings provide valuable insights into the factors influencing the protective properties of enamel pellicles and could guide preventive measures in dental practice.
PubMed: 38815730
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105103 -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Jun 2024Using the surface characterization techniques of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the structure...
Using the surface characterization techniques of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, the structure of the salivary pellicle was investigated before and after it was exposed to dairy proteins, including micellar casein, skim milk, whey protein isolate (WPI), and a mixture of skim milk and WPI. We have shown that the hydration, viscoelasticity, and adsorbed proteinaceous mass of a preadsorbed salivary pellicle on a PDMS surface are greatly affected by the type of dairy protein. After interaction with whey protein, the preadsorbed saliva pellicle becomes softer. However, exposure of the saliva pellicle to micellar casein causes the pellicle to partially collapse, which results in a thinner and more rigid surface layer. This structure change correlates with the measured lubrication behavior when the saliva pellicle is exposed to dairy proteins. While previous studies suggest that whey protein is the main component in milk to interact with salivary proteins, our study indicates interactions with casein are more important. The knowledge gained here provides insights into the mechanisms by which different components of dairy foods and beverages contribute to mouthfeel and texture perception, as well as influence oral hygiene.
Topics: Dental Pellicle; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Adsorption; Caseins; Surface Properties; Whey Proteins; Humans; Animals; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Saliva; Quartz Crystal Microbalance Techniques
PubMed: 38778622
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00626 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Scanning force microscopy (SFM) is one of the most widely used techniques in biomaterials research. In addition to imaging the materials of interest, SFM enables the... (Review)
Review
Scanning force microscopy (SFM) is one of the most widely used techniques in biomaterials research. In addition to imaging the materials of interest, SFM enables the mapping of mechanical properties and biological responses with sub-nanometer resolution and piconewton sensitivity. This review aims to give an overview of using the scanning force microscope (SFM) for investigations on dental materials. In particular, SFM-derived methods such as force-distance curves (scanning force spectroscopy), lateral force spectroscopy, and applications of the FluidFM will be presented. In addition to the properties of dental materials, this paper reports the development of the pellicle by the interaction of biopolymers such as proteins and polysaccharides, as well as the interaction of bacteria with dental materials.
PubMed: 38730904
DOI: 10.3390/ma17092100 -
Archives of Oral Biology Aug 2024To evaluate the adhesion of mono and duospecies biofilm on a commercially available dental implant surface coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nanoHA).
AIM
To evaluate the adhesion of mono and duospecies biofilm on a commercially available dental implant surface coated with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nanoHA).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Titanium discs were divided into two groups: double acid-etched (AE) and AE coated with nanoHA (NanoHA). Surface characteristics evaluated were morphology, topography, and wettability. Mono and duospecies biofilms of Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) were formed. Discs were exposed to fetal bovine serum (FBS) to form the pellicle. Biofilm was growth in RPMI1640 medium with 10% FBS and 10% BHI medium for 6 h. Microbial viability was evaluated using colony-forming unit and metabolic activity by a colorimetric assay of the tetrazolium salt XTT. Biofilm architecture and organization were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
RESULTS
AE surface had more pores, while NanoHA had even nanoHA crystals distribution. Roughness was similar (AE: 0.59 ± 0.07 µm, NanoHA: 0.69 ± 0.18 µm), but wettability was different (AE: Θw= 81.79 ± 8.55°, NanoHA: Θw= 53.26 ± 11.86°; P = 0.01). NanoHA had lower S. sanguinis viability in monospecies biofilm (P = 0.007). Metabolic activity was similar among all biofilms. In SEM both surfaces on C. albicans biofilm show a similar distribution of hyphae in mono and duospecies biofilms. AE surface has more S. sanguinis than the NanoHA surface in the duospecies biofilm. CLSM showed a large proportion of live cells in all groups.
CONCLUSIONS
The nanoHA surface reduced the adhesion of S. sanguinis biofilm but did not alter the adhesion of C. albicans or the biofilm formed by both species.
Topics: Titanium; Candida albicans; Biofilms; Durapatite; Streptococcus sanguis; Nanoparticles; Surface Properties; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Dental Implants; Microscopy, Confocal; In Vitro Techniques; Bacterial Adhesion; Wettability; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Acid Etching, Dental; Microbial Viability
PubMed: 38723421
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.105986 -
Journal of Dentistry Jul 2024This laboratory study assessed the performance of a novel fluoride dentifrice containing micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and entrapped silica. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVES
This laboratory study assessed the performance of a novel fluoride dentifrice containing micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and entrapped silica.
METHODS
Removal of extrinsic stains was assessed using the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) method, and radioactive dentin abrasivity (RDA) was measured, to calculate a cleaning efficiency index (CEI). Fluoride efficacy was evaluated using widely used remineralization and fluoride uptake methods. The test product (Protegera™) was compared to common dentifrices (Crest - Cavity Protection™ and ProHealth™, Sensodyne Pronamel™, Arm & Hammer™ Advanced Whitening, Crest ProHealth™, and Colgate Optic White™).
RESULTS
The PCR for the MFC dentifrice (141) was comparable to three known marketed stain-removing dentifrices (Arm & Hammer™ Advanced Whitening, Crest ProHealth™, and Colgate Optic White™) but it had a significantly lower RDA (88 ± 6) than 5 other products. This gave it the highest CEI of the tested products (2.0). In a 10-day pH cycling study, the fluoride efficacy of the MFC product was comparable to Sensodyne Pronamel and Crest Cavity Protection. The MFC dentifrice was superior for promoting fluoride uptake into incipient enamel lesions compared to the USP reference dentifrice.
CONCLUSION
The MFC dentifrice has low abrasion, but despite this, it is highly effective in removing stained pellicle. It also is an efficacious fluoride source when compared to relevant commercially available fluoride dentifrices with high dentin abrasivity.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The addition of micro-fibrillated cellulose to a fluoride dentifrice gives a low abrasive product that can effectively remove external stains, and serve as an effective fluoride source. This combination of benefits seems well suited to enamel protection and caries prevention.
Topics: Dentifrices; Tooth Discoloration; Cellulose; Humans; Tooth Abrasion; Dentin; Tooth Remineralization; Cariostatic Agents; Dental Pellicle; Fluorides; Silicon Dioxide; Materials Testing; Dental Enamel; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Phosphates; Toothpastes
PubMed: 38714242
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105038 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are cellulose-derived nanomaterials that can be easily obtained, e.g., from vegetable waste produced by circular economies. They show...
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are cellulose-derived nanomaterials that can be easily obtained, e.g., from vegetable waste produced by circular economies. They show promising antimicrobial activity and an absence of side effects and toxicity. This study investigated the ability of CNCs to reduce microbial adherence and biofilm formation using in vitro microbiological models reproducing the oral environment. Microbial adherence by microbial strains of oral interest, and was evaluated on the surfaces of salivary pellicle-coated enamel disks in the presence of different aqueous solutions of CNCs. The anti-biofilm activity of the same CNC solutions was tested against and an oral microcosm model based on mixed plaque inoculum using a continuous-flow bioreactor. Results showed the excellent anti-adherent activity of the CNCs against the tested strains from the lowest concentration tested (0.032 wt. %, < 0.001). Such activity was significantly higher against than against ( < 0.01), suggesting a selective anti-adherent activity against pathogenic strains. At the same time, there was a minimal, albeit significant, anti-biofilm activity (0.5 and 4 wt. % CNC solution for and oral microcosm, respectively, = 0.01). This makes CNCs particularly interesting as anticaries agents, encouraging their use in the oral field.
PubMed: 38671777
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11040355 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Apr 2024This study was designed in two-legs. In the in vivo, we explored the potential of a rinse solution containing a combination (Comb) of 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5...
Acquired enamel pellicle and biofilm engineering with a combination of acid-resistant proteins (CaneCPI-5, StN15, and Hemoglobin) for enhanced protection against dental caries - in vivo and in vitro investigations.
OBJECTIVE
This study was designed in two-legs. In the in vivo, we explored the potential of a rinse solution containing a combination (Comb) of 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5 (sugarcane-derive cystatin), 1.88 × 10M StN15 (statherin-derived peptide) and 1.0 mg/mL hemoglobin (Hb) to change the protein profile of the acquired enamel pellicle(AEP) and the microbiome of the enamel biofilm. The in vitro, was designed to reveal the effects of Comb on the viability and bacterial composition of the microcosm biofilm, as well as on enamel demineralization.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In vivo study, 10 participants rinsed (10mL,1 min) with either deionized water (HO-control) or Comb. AEP and biofilm were collected after 2 and 3 h, respectively, after rinsing. AEP samples underwent proteomics analysis, while biofilm microbiome was assessed via 16 S-rRNA Next Generation Sequencing(NGS). In vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Ninety-six enamel specimens were treated with: 1)Phosphate-Buffered Solution-PBS(negative-control), 2)0.12%Chlorhexidine, 3)500ppmNaF and 4)Comb. Resazurin, colony-forming-units(CFU) and Transversal Microradiography(TMR) were performed.
RESULTS
The proteomic results revealed higher quantity of proteins in the Comb compared to control associated with immune system response and oral microbial adhesion. Microbiome showed a significant increase in bacteria linked to a healthy microbiota, in the Comb group. In the in vitro study, Comb group was only efficient in reducing mineral-loss and lesion-depth compared to the PBS.
CONCLUSIONS
The AEP modification altered the subsequent layers, affecting the initial process of bacterial adhesion of pathogenic and commensal bacteria, as well as enamel demineralization.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Comb group shows promise in shaping oral health by potentially introducing innovative approaches to prevent enamel demineralization and deter tooth decay.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Dental Caries; Proteomics; Biofilms; Hemoglobins; Tooth Demineralization
PubMed: 38642171
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05651-0 -
Regenerative Biomaterials 2024Eradicating biofouling from implant surfaces is essential in treating peri-implant infections, as it directly addresses the microbial source for infection and...
Eradicating biofouling from implant surfaces is essential in treating peri-implant infections, as it directly addresses the microbial source for infection and inflammation around dental implants. This controlled laboratory study examines the effectiveness of the four commercially available debridement solutions '(EDTA (Prefgel), NaOCl (Perisolv), HO (Sigma-Aldrich) and Chlorhexidine (GUM Paroex))' in removing the acquired pellicle, preventing pellicle re-formation and removing of a multi-species oral biofilm growing on a titanium implant surface, and compare the results with the effect of a novel formulation of a peroxide-activated 'Poloxamer gel (Nubone Clean)'. Evaluation of pellicle removal and re-formation was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to assess the surface morphology, elemental composition and chemical surface composition. Hydrophilicity was assessed through contact angle measurements. The multi-species biofilm model included , and , reflecting the natural oral microbiome's complexity. Biofilm biomass was quantified using safranin staining, biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, and SEM was used for morphological analyses of the biofilm. Results indicated that while no single agent completely eradicated the biofilm, the 'Poloxamer gel' activated with 'HO' exhibited promising results. It minimized re-contamination of the pellicle by significantly lowering the contact angle, indicating enhanced hydrophilicity. This combination also showed a notable reduction in carbon contaminants, suggesting the effective removal of organic residues from the titanium surface, in addition to effectively reducing viable bacterial counts. In conclusion, the 'Poloxamer gel + HO' combination emerged as a promising chemical decontamination strategy for peri-implant diseases. It underlines the importance of tailoring treatment methods to the unique microbial challenges in peri-implant diseases and the necessity of combining chemical decontaminating strategies with established mechanical cleaning procedures for optimal management of peri-implant diseases.
PubMed: 38435376
DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbae014 -
Caries Research Mar 2024The identification of acid-resistant proteins, including hemoglobin (Hb), within the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) led to the proposition of the "acquired pellicle...
INTRODUCTION
The identification of acid-resistant proteins, including hemoglobin (Hb), within the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) led to the proposition of the "acquired pellicle engineering" concept, which involves the modification of the AEP by incorporating specific proteins, presenting a novel strategy to prevent dental demineralization.
OBJECTIVE
Combining in vivo and in vitro proof-of-concept protocols we sought to reveal the impact of AEP engineering with Hb protein on the biofilm microbiome and enamel demineralization.
METHODS
In the in vivo studies, 10-volunteers, in 2 independent experiments, rinsed (10mL,1min) with: deionized water-negative control or 1.0mg/mL Hb. The AEP and biofilm formed along 2 or 3h, respectively, were collected. AEP was analyzed by quantitative shotgun-label-free proteomics and biofilm by 16S-rRNA Next-Generation-Sequencing (NGS). In vitro study, a microcosm biofilm protocol was employed. Seventy-two bovine enamel specimens were treated with: 1)Phosphate-Buffered Solution-PBS, 2)0.12% Chlorhexidine, 3)500ppm NaF; 4)1.0mg/mL Hb; 5)2.0mg/mL Hb, and 6)4.0mg/mL Hb. The biofilm was cultivated for 5-days. Resazurin, colony-forming-units(CFU) and Transversal Microradiography(TMR) were performed.
RESULTS
Proteomics and NGS analysis revealed that Hb increased proteins with antioxidant, antimicrobial, acid-resistance, hydroxyapatite-affinity, calcium-binding properties and showed a reduction in oral pathogenic bacteria. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the lowest Hb concentration was the most effective in reducing bacterial activity, CFU and enamel demineralization compared to PBS.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that Hb could be incorporated into anticaries dental products to modify the oral microbiome and control caries, highlighting its potential for AEP and biofilm microbiome engineering.
PubMed: 38432208
DOI: 10.1159/000537976