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The Journal of Infectious Diseases Jun 2024Some individuals may not retain adequate immunity against measles and rubella years after two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination due to vaccine...
BACKGROUND
Some individuals may not retain adequate immunity against measles and rubella years after two doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination due to vaccine failure. This study aimed to investigate the rates of vaccine failure and seroconversion by administering an MMR booster to young adults.
METHODS
We first assessed measles and rubella antibody levels using the Luminex multiplex assay, VIDAS IgG assay, and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) among individuals aged 18-30 years old who had received two doses of MMR vaccine. Participants with low measles and/or rubella antibody levels as confirmed by VIDAS received an MMR booster. Antibody levels were measured at 1-month post-booster.
RESULTS
Among 791 participants, the measles and rubella seroprevalence rates were 94.7% (95% CI: 92.9%-96.0%) and 97.3% (95% CI: 96.0%-98.3%), respectively. Lower seroprevalence rates were observed among older participants. 113 participants who received an MMR booster acquired higher measles and rubella antibody levels at 1-month post-booster compared to baseline.
CONCLUSIONS
Although measles and rubella vaccine failures were observed among 5.3% and 2.7% of young adults, respectively, an MMR booster triggered a significant antibody response.
PubMed: 38839048
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae297 -
APMIS : Acta Pathologica,... Jun 2024Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health concern in India as the aetiology remains unknown in the majority of cases with the current testing algorithm....
Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health concern in India as the aetiology remains unknown in the majority of cases with the current testing algorithm. We aimed to study the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and determine the aetiology of non-JE AES cases to develop an evidence-based testing algorithm. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested for Japanese encephalitis virus by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiplex real-time PCR was done for Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Zika, Enterovirus, Epstein Barr Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus 6, Parechovirus, Parvovirus B19, Varicella Zoster Virus, Scrub typhus, Rickettsia species, Leptospira, Salmonella species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Plasmodium species and by ELISA for Mumps and Measles virus. Of the 3173 CSF samples, 461 (14.5%) were positive for JE. Of the 334 non-JE AES cases, 66.2% viz. Scrub typhus (25.7%), Mumps (19.5%), Measles (4.2%), Parvovirus B19 (3.9%) Plasmodium (2.7%), HSV 1 and 2 (2.4%), EBV and Streptococcus pneumoniae (2.1% each), Salmonella and HHV 6 (1.2% each) were predominant. Hence, an improved surveillance system and our suggested expanded testing algorithm can improve the diagnosis of potentially treatable infectious agents of AES in India.
PubMed: 38837462
DOI: 10.1111/apm.13443 -
Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.... Jun 2024The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) experience periodic outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Our objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of routine...
OBJECTIVE
The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) experience periodic outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. Our objective was to assess the cost-effectiveness of routine outreach and catch-up campaign strategies for increasing vaccination coverage for the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine among children aged 12 months through 6 years in Chuuk, FSM.
METHODS
We used a cost-effectiveness model to assess 4 MMR vaccination strategies from a public health perspective: routine outreach conducted 4 times per year (quarterly routine outreach), routine outreach conducted 2 times per year (biannual routine outreach), catch-up campaigns conducted once per year (annual catch-up campaign), and catch-up campaigns conducted every 2 years with quarterly routine outreach in non-catch-up campaign years (status quo). We calculated costs and outcomes during a 5-year model horizon and summarized results as incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. We analyzed the following public health outcomes: additional protected person-month (PPM), doses administered and protected people (ie, a child who completed a 2-dose MMR series). We conducted 1-way sensitivity analyses to evaluate the stability of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and to identify influential model inputs.
RESULTS
Among the 4 MMR vaccination strategies, quarterly routine outreach was the most effective and most expensive strategy, and biannual routine outreach was the least expensive and least effective strategy. Quarterly routine outreach (vs status quo) yielded approximately an additional 7001 PPMs and 132 vaccine doses administered, with incremental costs of about $4 per PPM, $193 per dose administered, and $123 per protected person.
CONCLUSION
Routine outreach and catch-up campaign vaccination strategies can be important interventions to improve health in Chuuk, FSM. More frequent routine outreach events could improve MMR coverage and reduce the likelihood of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and mumps.
PubMed: 38832672
DOI: 10.1177/00333549241249672 -
International Health Jun 2024Participant-centred active adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance can offer real-time vaccine safety data and help in signal detection. This study...
BACKGROUND
Participant-centred active adverse event following immunization (AEFI) surveillance can offer real-time vaccine safety data and help in signal detection. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of participant-centred active adverse events (AEs) surveillance following measles immunization in Gedeo Zone health facilities in Ethiopia.
METHODS
An open-label, multicentred, three-arm randomized uncontrolled trial was conducted from 1 June to 21 October 2023. After assessing enrolment eligibility, the study participants were randomized into three groups (short message service [SMS], telephone interview, and diary card). They were expected to report AEs in children 1 week after receiving immunization. Binary and multivariable logistic regression and χ2 tests were used to analyse the data.
RESULTS
Among the 396 participants randomized into the three groups, 80.8% (320 participants) reported back about their children's AE status. Participants in the telephone interview group exhibited a substantially superior response rate (93.2% of 132 participants; p<0.00001) compared with the SMS (71.2%) and diary card (78%) groups. The likelihood of reporting the status of AEs experienced by children was lower by 77% (adjusted odds ratio 0.23 [95% confidence interval 0.1 to 0.52], p-value <0.00001) in the diary card group compared with the telephone interview group.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, a telephone interview was found to be the best method for AEFI reporting. Participant-centred active AE surveillance could potentially permit more rapid identification of emerging safety signals. Trial registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05803538.
PubMed: 38828522
DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihae040 -
Vaccine May 2024Immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases prior to pregnancy is an important measure of primary prevention both for the mother and the unborn child. We analyzed...
BACKGROUND
Immunization against vaccine-preventable diseases prior to pregnancy is an important measure of primary prevention both for the mother and the unborn child. We analyzed immunity rates against measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and pertussis in pregnant employees in Germany prior to significant changes in legal conditions in 2020, to provide a basis of comparison for future research.
METHODS
We analyzed occupational-medical routine data in three collectives of pregnant women with an occupational risk of infection in the years 2018 and 2019: 1: hospital staff with regular access to an in-house company physician (n = 148); 2: employees in childcare with regular access to external occupational-health services (n = 139); 3: teachers with no regular access to occupational healthcare (n = 285). Immune status was assessed by a physician based on vaccination certificates, laboratory results, and medical documentation on prior infections. We compared immunity rates against measles, rubella, varicella, and pertussis as well as full immunity against all targeted vaccine-preventable diseases.
RESULTS
Altogether, n = 572 pregnant women were included in our study. Of these women, 96.5 % were immune to rubella, 95.8 % to varicella, 88.3 % to measles, 82.7 % to mumps, and 67.8 % to pertussis. Only 56.2 % of the women had full immunity against all targeted vaccine-preventable diseases. Collective 1 showed the highest immunity rates against measles and pertussis as well as the highest rate of full immunity against all targeted vaccine-preventable diseases. The immunity rates against rubella and varicella did not differ significantly between the collectives. With the exception of rubella, the lowest immunity rates during pregnancy were found in Collective 3.
CONCLUSION
We found pregnancy-relevant immunity gaps in all our study groups with significant differences between the collectives. Considering the potentially devastating consequences of infections during pregnancy, all medical professionals and health-policy makers should be involved in an increased effort to improve vaccination rates prior to pregnancy.
PubMed: 38824086
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.044 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Aug 2024Measles, mumps, and rubella(MMR) vaccination is critical to measles outbreak responses. However, vaccine reactions and detection of measles vaccine RNA in recently...
BACKGROUND
Measles, mumps, and rubella(MMR) vaccination is critical to measles outbreak responses. However, vaccine reactions and detection of measles vaccine RNA in recently immunized persons may complicate case classification especially in those presenting with another respiratory viral illness. We aim to characterize cases of measles vaccine shedding in recently vaccinated children presenting with respiratory viral symptoms.
METHODS
Children who were tested with a multiplex respiratory panel <30 days after receiving MMR were identified. Remnant nasopharyngeal(NP) samples were tested for measles vaccine by PCR. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, presenting symptoms, and test results.
RESULTS
From January 2022 to March 2023, 127 NP from children who received MMR were tested. Ninety-six NP were collected after the first dose, of which 33(34.4 %) were positive for vaccine RNA. The median interval between MMR and detection was 11.0 days. Thirty-one NP were collected after the second MMR and 1(3.2 %) was positive; time between the vaccination and detection was 18.9 days. Median cycle threshold(Ct) value of the measles PCR for vaccine shedding was significantly higher than median Ct in children with wild-type infection.
CONCLUSION
Shedding of measles vaccine RNA is not uncommon and vaccine RNA can be detected up to 29 days post MMR; the amount of vaccine RNA shedding is low indicated by high Ct values. Clinicians and public health officials should consider performing measles vaccine testing on those testing positive for measles within one month of MMR vaccination, especially if the Ct value is high and definitive epidemiological links are absent.
Topics: Humans; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Female; Male; Virus Shedding; RNA, Viral; Child, Preschool; Infant; Vaccination; Child; Measles; Nasopharynx; Mumps; Rubella; Adolescent
PubMed: 38823291
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105696 -
Vaccine May 2024In Italy, the measles elimination target has not yet been reached despite a significant reduction in cases. A multicenter study was conducted to estimate the prevalence...
In Italy, the measles elimination target has not yet been reached despite a significant reduction in cases. A multicenter study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of anti-measles (MV) IgG antibodies in the Italian population by age, sex and geographical area. To determine the level of MV-specific antibodies in sera, the immunoenzymatic assay ELISA was used (Enzygnost Anti-VZV/IgG, Siemens Healthcare Diagnostic Products GmbH, Germany). Overall, 3746 serum samples collected in the years 2019-20 from healthy subjects aged 6-64 years residing in 13 Italian regions. The overall seroprevalence of anti-MV IgG was 91.2 % (90.6 % male, 91.7 % female). Significantly higher seroprevalence values (p < 0.05) were recorded for the extreme age groups of the study population (6-9 years: 94.2 %; 40-64 years: 97.6 %). Subjects 20-39 and 40-64 years old had significantly higher antibody titers suggesting a protection against measles mainly derived from natural infection. Seroprevalence was significantly higher in the South (93.2 %) than in the Northern-Central Italy (88.9 %). The results indicate an increase in the overall seroprevalence data compared to previous investigations. However, further efforts must be made to implement and maintain high measles vaccination coverage to avoid the risk of future epidemic outbreaks.
PubMed: 38821819
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.05.060 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... May 2024A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37...
A measles outbreak with 51 cases occurred in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, between January and March 2024. The outbreak was triggered by an imported case, and 37 (72.5%) subsequent cases were previously vaccinated individuals. Epidemiological investigations showed that vaccinated measles cases were symptomatic and infectious. In a highly vaccinated population, it is important to raise awareness among healthcare professionals to suspect and test for measles virus when an outbreak is declared, irrespective of the vaccination status of the patients.
Topics: Humans; Measles; Switzerland; Disease Outbreaks; Measles Vaccine; Vaccination; Male; Female; Adult; Adolescent; Child; Measles virus; Child, Preschool; Young Adult; Infant
PubMed: 38818746
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.22.2400275 -
New Microbes and New Infections 2024The measles virus is an RNA virus belonging to the family. It leads to an acute communicable illness that primarily involves the respiratory tract. Vaccination has... (Review)
Review
The measles virus is an RNA virus belonging to the family. It leads to an acute communicable illness that primarily involves the respiratory tract. Vaccination has significantly reduced the overall incidence and mortality worldwide; however, outbreaks still occur globally each year due to several factors. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has been a major hurdle since 2020. Despite the World Health Organization's goal to eradicate measles by 2023, there has been an increase in measles incidence in India, with 61,562 cases in 2022. Vaccination is a crucial preventive measure, and coverage needs to be increased through education, advocacy, and outreach to isolated communities.
PubMed: 38818247
DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2024.101433 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Vectored RNA vaccines offer a variety of possibilities to engineer targeted vaccines. They are cost-effective and safe, but replication competent, activating the humoral... (Review)
Review
Vectored RNA vaccines offer a variety of possibilities to engineer targeted vaccines. They are cost-effective and safe, but replication competent, activating the humoral as well as the cellular immune system.This chapter focuses on RNA vaccines derived from negative-strand RNA viruses from the order Mononegavirales with special attention to Newcastle disease virus-based vaccines and their generation. It shall provide an overview on the advantages and disadvantages of certain vector platforms as well as their scopes of application, including an additional section on experimental COVID-19 vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Humans; COVID-19; Genetic Vectors; Newcastle disease virus; RNA Viruses; SARS-CoV-2; Viral Vaccines; mRNA Vaccines
PubMed: 38814390
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3770-8_3