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Journal of Environmental Science and... 2021The main objective of this study is to develop polymeric encapsulated formulation for the water soluble broad-spectrum pesticides. Pesticides contaminate the environment...
The main objective of this study is to develop polymeric encapsulated formulation for the water soluble broad-spectrum pesticides. Pesticides contaminate the environment in different ways but foremost hazards are linked with the contamination of water bodies. Water soluble pesticides are the major deleterious agents and go off into ground water and different water bodies through leaching or surface runoff from the applied places. Besides this some of the water soluble pesticides are broad-spectrum, but proper methods and techniques are not available for their effective and safe usage, all broad-spectrum pesticide are disappearing from the pesticide lists every year. Hence, the present study is based on development of encapsulated formulation for water soluble broad-spectrum pesticide i.e. Monocrotophos. In this study, water soluble pesticide was encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer along with surfactants and cross linker. The developed microspheres were analyzed in HPLC for calculating loading capacity and encapsulation efficacy, these were calculated 0.75 and 90% respectively. The FT-IR data results confirmed that the monocrotophos successfully encapsulated in the PVA polymer with respective bands. The degradation studies show that in encapsulated formulation monocrotophos degradation was found only 10% after 94 hrs. Optical micrographs in aqeous solution indicate spherical shapes with size in the rage of 7-8 µm of encapsulated formulation. XRD data further crystalline nature of polymeric encapsulated formulation. The study may provide a new corridor to save the broad-spectrum water soluble pesticides which are on the verge to be banned.
Topics: Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Compounding; Drug Delivery Systems; Microspheres; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Polyvinyl Alcohol; Surface-Active Agents; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 33999755
DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2021.1908798 -
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment May 2021Monocrotophos (MCP) is a highly toxic and broad-spectrum pesticide extensively used for agricultural and household purposes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the...
DNA damage and biochemical responses in estuarine bivalve Donax incarnatus (Gmelin, 1791) exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of an organophosphate pesticide monocrotophos.
Monocrotophos (MCP) is a highly toxic and broad-spectrum pesticide extensively used for agricultural and household purposes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity and alterations in the biochemical and physiological conditions induced by monocrotophos in a non-target organism, an estuarine bivalve, Donax incarnatus. The bivalves were exposed to three sub-lethal concentrations (6.8, 13.7, and 27.45 ppm) of MCP for a period of 72 h. DNA damage was assessed using the comet assay. Oxidative stress was analyzed using catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Neurotoxicity was evaluated using the acetylcholinesterase assay (AChE) and the physiological condition was assessed using the condition index (CI). A significant concentration-dependent increase of DNA damage was observed as well as a decline in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes. However, a decrease in DNA damage was observed with advancing time. A significant decrease of AChE activity and CI was observed in the bivalves exposed to MCP. Positive correlations were also observed between DNA damage and the antioxidant enzymes whereas negative correlations were observed between AChE and the antioxidant enzymes indicating MCP toxicity mediated by oxidative stress.
Topics: Animals; Bivalvia; DNA Damage; Environmental Monitoring; Monocrotophos; Pesticides
PubMed: 33942176
DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09103-0 -
Analytical Biochemistry May 2021Intentional or unintentional intake of anticholinesterase pesticides became common due to their extensive use in agricultural and domestic purposes, resulting in...
Intentional or unintentional intake of anticholinesterase pesticides became common due to their extensive use in agricultural and domestic purposes, resulting in numerous poisoning cases. A simple, accurate, and sensitive gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry-based method for the quantification of 12 anticholinesterase pesticides (monocrotophos, dimethoate, dichlorvos, azinphos-methyl, carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, dialifos, diazinon, malathion, parathion, methidathion, and terbufos) in serum was developed, and its utility in patients with alleged pesticides poisoning was assessed. The quantification was performed using liquid-liquid extraction by toluene/chloroform (4:1,v/v) with 500 μL of serum. On column limit of detection and limit of quantification were less than 50.00 μg/L. The recovery ranged from 97.54 to 103.23%. The calibration curves were linear (R > 0.9937). Accuracy was found to be between - 7.1 and 7.2%. Intra-day and inter-day reproducibility was less than 17% for the spiked quality control serum samples. The level of pesticide in serum quantified by the validated method correlated with clinical signs and symptoms, pseudo-cholinesterase activity, total atropine dose, length of hospital stay, and clinical outcome in 15 patients with alleged pesticide poisoning. The validated method may be used for monitoring and prognosis in patients with pesticide poisoning and diagnosis of poisoning in forensic toxicology.
Topics: Calibration; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Humans; Liquid-Liquid Extraction; Pesticides; Reproducibility of Results; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
PubMed: 33705722
DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114158 -
Chemosphere Jul 2021Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide with broad application in agricultural crops like rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnut and... (Review)
Review
Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphate insecticide with broad application in agricultural crops like rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, soybeans, groundnut and vegetables. MCP solubilize in water readily and thus reduced sorption occurs in soil. This leads to MCP leaching into the groundwater and pose a significant threat of contamination. The MCP's half-life depends on the temperature and pH value and estimated as 17-96 d. But the half-life of technical grade MCP can exceed up to 2500 days if properly stored at 38 °C in a glass or polyethylene container in a stable condition. It causes abnormality, ranging from mild to severe confusion, agitation, hypersalivation, convulsion, pulmonary failure, senescence in mammals and insects. MCP affects humans by inhibiting the activity of the acetylcholine esterase enzyme. MCP is accountable for the catalytic degradation of acetylcholine and affects the neurotransmission between neurons. This review discusses MCP's various aspects and fate on aquatic and terrestrial life forms, quantification methods for monitoring, various degradation processes, and their mechanisms. Different case studies related to its impact on the human population in different parts of the world have been discussed. Efforts have also been made to summarize and present different microbial population's role in its degradation and mineralization.
Topics: Animals; Crops, Agricultural; Ecosystem; Humans; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Soil
PubMed: 33676273
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130051 -
Effects of in vitro exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and monocrotophos on astroglia SVG p12 cells.Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Sep 2021Glia cells provide supportive functions to the central nervous system and can be compromised by environmental contaminants. The primary objective of this study was to...
Glia cells provide supportive functions to the central nervous system and can be compromised by environmental contaminants. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the effects of in vitro exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid, a persistent environmental contaminant and/or monocrotophos (MCP), a neurotoxic organophosphate that is rapidly metabolized, to astroglia SVG p12 cells. The endpoints evaluated include cell viability, intracellular glutamate levels as a marker of astrocyte homeostasis function, differential gene expression for selected proteins, which include inflammatory markers (tachykinin), astrocytosis (nestin), S100B, and metabolism enzymes (CYP1A1). The results from cell viability revealed significant differences from the controls at some of the concentrations tested. Also, intracellular glutamate levels were elevated at the 10-μM concentration for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as well as the 10-μM PFOA/5-μM MCP concentration. Gene expression results at 80-μM PFOA concentration revealed a significant increase in the expression of S100B, tachykinin and CYP1A1. A combination of 10-μM PFOA/20-μM MCP caused a significant decrease in the expression of tachykinin. Gene expression for MCP exposures produced a decrease at the 20-μM MCP concentration. Immunofluorescence results indicated an increase in nestin protein expression for the 20-μM concentration of MCP, which contradicted the gene expression at the same concentration tested. The results indicate that toxicity to glia cells can compromise critical glia functions and could be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Animals; Astrocytes; Caprylates; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Fluorocarbons; Gene Expression; Glutamic Acid; Homeostasis; Humans; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Nestin; PC12 Cells; Pregnancy; Rats; S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; Tachykinins
PubMed: 33569802
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4129 -
Medicinal Chemistry (Shariqah (United... 2022To synthesize and evaluate the fused heterocyclic imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine based oxime as a reactivator against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase.
AIM
To synthesize and evaluate the fused heterocyclic imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine based oxime as a reactivator against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase.
BACKGROUND
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) include parathion, malathion, chlorpyrifos, monocrotophos, and diazinon, which are commonly used in agriculture for enhancing agricultural productivity via killing crop-damaging pests. However, people may get exposed to OPs pesticides unintentionally/intentionally via ingestion, inhalation, or dermal. The current treatment regimen includes reactivator such as mono or bis-pyridinium oximes along with anticholinergic and anticonvulsant drugs that are recommended for the treatment of OP poisoning. Unfortunately, the drawback of the existing reactivator is the permanent charge present on the pyridinium, making them inefficient to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reactivate OP-inhibited central nervous system (CNS) acetylcholinesterase. Therefore, there is a need of a reactivator that could cross the BBB and reactivate the OP inhibited acetylcholinesterase.
OBJECTIVE
The objectives of the study were synthesis, molecular docking, BSA binding, and in-vitro estimation of oximes of various substituted imidazo [1,2-a]pyridine against paraoxon inhibited acetylcholinesterase.
METHODS
The reactivators were synthesized in three steps and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. The molecular docking study was performed on 2WHP and 3ZLV PDB using the Glide-XP software. The acid dissociation constant (pKa) of oximes was calculated experimentally, and the drug-likeness properties of the oximes were calculated in silico using Molinspiration and Swiss ADME software. The binding of oximes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was also investigated using a Fluorescence spectrophotometer. The reactivation potential of the oximes was determined by in vitro enzymatic assay.
RESULTS
The In-silico study inferred that the synthesized molecules fulfilled the parameters required for a successful CNS drug candidate. Furthermore, in-vitro enzymatic assay indicated reasonable reactivation potential of the oximes against paraoxon-inhibited AChE. The binding of oximes with bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed that there was a static quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by the oxime. The binding constant value and number of binding sites were found to be 0.24 x 10 mol and 1, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The results of the study concluded that this scaffold could be used for further designing of more efficient uncharged reactivators.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Humans; Imidazoles; Molecular Docking Simulation; Oximes; Paraoxon; Pyridines; Serum Albumin, Bovine
PubMed: 33563155
DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666210208223240 -
Chemosphere Apr 2021Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) interfere with the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a vital enzyme that regulates the functioning of the nervous system,...
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) interfere with the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a vital enzyme that regulates the functioning of the nervous system, resulting in acetylcholine (Ach) accumulation at the synapses and myoneural junctions. It remains unknown whether the commonly used OPs in South India also interfere with the AChE activity and their toxicokinetics in humans remains poorly understood. We collected peripheral blood samples from OP-associated suicide cases (hospitalised) and analysed the pesticide concentration and AChE activity, and the toxicokinetics of six commonly used pesticides. LC-MS/MS was used for the estimation of pesticide concentration. Based on a comparison of six pesticide kinetic profiles and toxicokinetic parameters, we concluded that chlorpyrifos ingestion resulted in the highest concentration of chlopyrifos among the identified pesticides, followed by acephate, triazophos, propanil, while dimethoate exhibited the lowest concentration. Based on a time-course analysis, we observed a faster elimination phase for monocrotophos and dimethoate. We observed that there was a significant decrease in the mean concentration of monocrotophos (64 ng/mL) (P = 0.015), while the mean value of AChE (1.08 unit/mL) increased over time. While monocrotophos and dimethoate elimination phases were remarkable in human subjects, the other pesticides did notdemonstrate similar elimination phases owing to their low rate of metabolism and high stability.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Chromatography, Liquid; Humans; India; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Toxicokinetics
PubMed: 33485672
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129488 -
Archives of Environmental &... 2022Nutritional status plays a major role in determining the possible adverse health outcomes due to pesticide toxicity. The objective of the present study was to assess the...
Nutritional status plays a major role in determining the possible adverse health outcomes due to pesticide toxicity. The objective of the present study was to assess the organophosphorus pesticide residue levels among farm women (FW) (24-45years) and farm children (FC) (9-12 and 13-15years) belonging to the Rangareddy district (Telangana, India) along with their micronutrient status, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, and oxidative stress levels. Residues of Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon, Malathion, Monocrotophos and Phosalone were found in the serum samples of FW and FC along with significantly low levels of vitamins and minerals. Inhibition of AChE activity was observed in FW and FC and altered oxidative stress parameters among FW. Correlation studies have found significant associations between the pesticide residues, micronutrients and antioxidant enzymes. The study suggests an association between pesticide exposure coupled with micronutrient deficiency, induced AChE inhibition, and oxidative stress.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Farmers; Female; Humans; India; Male; Micronutrients; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphates; Oxidative Stress; Pesticide Residues
PubMed: 33320798
DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1854646 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Mar 2021In this study, we have rationally designed and grafted a bio-assisted 2D/2D TiO/MIL-88(Fe) (TCS@MOF) heterojunction by growing granular TiO on the surface of MIL-88(Fe)...
Immobilization of MIL-88(Fe) anchored TiO-chitosan(2D/2D) hybrid nanocomposite for the degradation of organophosphate pesticide: Characterization, mechanism and degradation intermediates.
In this study, we have rationally designed and grafted a bio-assisted 2D/2D TiO/MIL-88(Fe) (TCS@MOF) heterojunction by growing granular TiO on the surface of MIL-88(Fe) nanosheet, as hybrid photocatalyst. The hierarchical TCS@MOF composite was prepared via the one-pot solvothermal process and employed for monocrotophos (MCP) degradation under visible light region, since its persistent nature on soil and water causes major threat to the environment. The TCS@MOF promotes a number of packed high-speed nano-tunnels in the (p-n) heterojunctions, which significantly enhance the migration of photo-induced electrons (e) and holes (h), respectively and thus limits the charge recombination of es. The optimized photocatalyst achieves significant catalytic activity of ~98.79% for the degradation of MCP within 30 min of irradiation. The prominent oxidative radicals namely •OH, •O etc., were involved in the oxidation of organic pesticide. Besides, TCS@MOF exhibits outstanding stability even after five repetitive cycles for the oxidation of MCP with a negligible decrease in photo-activity. The proposed mechanism and oxidative pathways of MCP were rationally deduced in detail subject to experimental results. The mechanism renders insight into the oxidation and consequent bond rupture of pollutant as well as into the formation of products such as HO, CO, etc. This report unveils a novel architecture of proficiently optimized TCS@MOF material structure for the perceptive oxidation of organic contaminants.
PubMed: 33310324
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124728 -
Environmental Toxicology and... Feb 2021The challenges faced on pesticide extraction from biological samples are finding a method that allows a multi-residue extraction, pre-concentration, clean-up, and...
The challenges faced on pesticide extraction from biological samples are finding a method that allows a multi-residue extraction, pre-concentration, clean-up, and isolation of analytes in just one step. In this sense, the hollow fiber - liquid phase microextraction method (HF- LPME) in the "solvent bar" mode was used to optimize and validate a method for pesticide multi-residue analysis in blood plasma at trace levels, through gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Hollow fiber solvent bar microextraction HF-SBME was carried out with octanol immobilized into the pores of hydrophobic polypropylene fiber and disposed within a matrix of blood plasma, spiked with a mixture of pesticides (monocrotophos, lindane, aldrin, methyl parathion, endosulfan, dieldrin, DDD, DDT, and endrin). The optimization parameters evaluated were: extraction temperature and time, stirring speed, and salt concentration. A principal component analysis was performed to visualize the analytes' behaviour based on their explained variance, and then, a Box-Behnken analysis was generated to identify the optimum parameters. According to the PCA, all pesticides showed similar responses to the extraction method and the response of dieldrin exhibit the lowest variance. Moreover, the stationary points selected from the Box-Behnken analysis were 25.5 °C for the extraction temperature, 870 rpm for stirring speed, 16 min for extraction time, and 8.3 % w/v of salt concentration. Moreover, the validation results proved that HF-SBME is an alternative technique for pesticide multi-residue extraction in blood plasma. The analytes were able to concentrate, reaching 46 fold enrichment. The solvent type, sample and solvent volume were narrowed down without changing the method's precision or accuracy. The relative standard deviation was under 10 %, and the recovery was between 55 % and 105 % for the different analytes excepting lindane, which had lower recovery (27 %). The detection limits were 0.02 until 0.13 μg mL for most of the pesticides used. Finally, HF-SBME is a good alternative for pesticide multi-residue extraction in complex matrices like plasma.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Biological Monitoring; Chemical Fractionation; Chromatography, Gas; Environmental Pollutants; Flame Ionization; Humans; Male; Pesticides; Solvents; Young Adult
PubMed: 33259956
DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103556