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International Journal of Food... Aug 2021To identify the microbial community and origin of the spoilage flora of bacon, the changes in microbial population numbers and community structure were followed along...
To identify the microbial community and origin of the spoilage flora of bacon, the changes in microbial population numbers and community structure were followed along the processing line, using culture-independent and culture-dependent methods. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (16S-seq) analysis showed that community complexity and structure significantly differed at different processing stages. Some 428 bacterial groups were ascertained at genus level, and Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, and Brochothrix were the predominant bacteria on raw meats. After curing specimens dominated by Psychrobacter, Weissella, Vibrio, Leuconostoc, Myroides, Acinetobacter, and Lactobacillus, a total of 33 species were identified by traditional microbiological analyses and direct sequence determination methods. Our results indicated that curing should be considered one of the primary factors during various processing steps, presumably contaminating the products directly or indirectly.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Microbiota; Pork Meat; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 34090034
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109076 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Oct 2021Massive discharge of wastes produced by the processing of leather so far confers the most important environmental challenge facing the tanneries worldwide. Waste...
Massive discharge of wastes produced by the processing of leather so far confers the most important environmental challenge facing the tanneries worldwide. Waste material from tanneries mostly consists of skin remnants and proteinaceous substances as by-products of leather processing. In these conditions, protease-producing bacteria play a vital role in degrading wastes in this sludge. Therefore, an investigation was made to study the effect of long-term tannery sludge contamination on the diversity of both protease-producing microbes and of bacterial extracellular proteases near tanneries of Sambrial and Sialkot. The high amount of carbon and nitrogen in the soil samples reflected their effect on the diversity of the microbial communities in these areas. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggest that the isolated proteolytic bacteria belonged to 9 different genera including Pseudomonas (26.19%), Proteus (19.04%), Serratia (16.66%), Klebsiella (14.28%), Providencia (9.52%), Achromobacter (7.14%), Enterobacter (2.38%), Myroides (2.38%), and Acinetobacter (2.38%). Enzyme activity showed that among all Pseudomonas and Proteus showed relatively high protease production, and inhibition studies revealed that proteases produced by all isolates were strongly inhibited by serine and/or metalloprotease inhibitors, and a smaller proportion was inhibited by inhibitors of cysteine and/or aspartic proteases. Furthermore, isolated bacteria revealed promising degradation activities against casein and/or gelatin with only a few that could hydrolyze elastin, suggesting proteases produced by these isolated bacteria belong to different classes of proteases, i.e., serine and metalloproteases. This study provided new insights on the community structure of cultivable protease-producing bacteria near tannery sludge of Sambrial and Sialkot. This study would be beneficial not only for establishing the way for effective degradation of tannery slugs but also for questing the novel properties of proteases for a future technological application.
Topics: Bacteria; Biodegradation, Environmental; Environment; Pakistan; Peptide Hydrolases; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Textile Industry
PubMed: 34021452
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14477-2 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... May 2021Traditionally preserved fish products viz. suka ko maccha, a smoked fish product, sidra and sukuti, sun-dried fish products are commonly consumed in Sikkim state in...
Traditionally preserved fish products viz. suka ko maccha, a smoked fish product, sidra and sukuti, sun-dried fish products are commonly consumed in Sikkim state in India. Bacterial communities in these fish products were analysed by high-throughput sequence (HTS) method supported by bioinformatics tool. Metataxonomic of the overall bacterial communities in samples revealed the abundance of phylum Firmicutes followed by Proteobacteria. Psychrobacter was abundant genus in all traditionally preserved fish products of Sikkim, followed by Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Serratia, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Rummeliibacillus, Enterococcus, Photobacterium, Myroides, Peptostreptococcus, Plesiomonas and Achromobacter. Product-wise distribution showed that Bacillus was abundant in suka ko maacha and sidra samples, whereas Psychrobacter was abundant in sukuti samples. Unique genus to each product was observed on the basis of analysis of shared operational-taxonomic-unit (OTU) contents, Alpha diversity indices showed significantly differences among the samples, and also showed maximum coverage as per Good's coverage (0.99). Beta diversity showed clustering of bacterial compositions between suka ko maacha and sidra, whereas sukuti showed scattering pattern among the other samples, indicating a diverse population in suka ko maacha and sidra samples. Non-parametric analysis of abundant genera and predictive functionalities showed the complex bacterial inter-dependencies with predictive functionalities mostly in metabolism (79.88%).
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Fish Products; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; India; Sikkim
PubMed: 33992337
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109885 -
Foodborne Pathogens and Disease Jul 2021Antibiotic-resistant infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases are increasing worldwide. Bacteria resistant to extended-spectrum...
Antibiotic-resistant infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases are increasing worldwide. Bacteria resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins and last resort carbapenems have been reported from food animals and their environments. Other concentrated nonfood-producing animals such as mink farming can be a reservoir of bacteria resistant to these critically important antibiotics. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria and carbapenem-resistant (CR) bacteria from mink fecal ( = 42) and feed ( = 8) samples obtained from a commercial mink farm in the United States. The most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria identified from the fecal samples were (93%), (76%), and species (88%). (100%) and (75%) were also the most prevalent ESBL-producing bacteria identified from feed samples. All ESBL isolates were resistant to penicillin and most cephem beta-lactam antibiotics. Among the ESBL isolates, co-resistance was observed to ciprofloxacin (33%) and gentamicin (28%) indicating multidrug resistance. ESBL isolates predominantly carried and genes. Although all feed isolates carried , all fecal isolates carried . CR species (7%), (24%), and (9.5%) were detected from fecal samples. (37.5%) was the only CR bacteria detected from the feed samples. All CR isolates were polymerase chain reaction negative for the tested carbapenemases that are commonly reported, which may indicate intrinsic rather than acquired resistance. This study indicates that mink production can be a reservoir for bacteria resistant to the highest priority critically important antibiotics for human health.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Carbapenems; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Infections; Feces; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mink; United States; beta-Lactam Resistance; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 33978469
DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2898 -
IDCases 2021Formerly classified under the genus species are common gram-negative, environmental bacterium ubiquitous in soil and water. While infrequent, infections of human hosts...
Formerly classified under the genus species are common gram-negative, environmental bacterium ubiquitous in soil and water. While infrequent, infections of human hosts can result in devastating consequences due the bacteria's intrinsic multidrug resistance, particularly in those who are immunocompromised. The pathogenicity and mechanisms for resistance remain poorly understood at this time. The case presented in this report details bacteremia secondary to a soft tissue infection of the lower extremities and adds to the 60 documented infections to date, of which 15 were also characterized by a similar infection.
PubMed: 33850715
DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01061 -
Science Advances Mar 2021High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a characteristic environmental factor of the deep ocean. However, it remains unclear how piezotolerant bacteria adapt to HHP. Here, we...
High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) is a characteristic environmental factor of the deep ocean. However, it remains unclear how piezotolerant bacteria adapt to HHP. Here, we identify a two-step metabolic pathway to cope with HHP stress in a piezotolerant bacterium. D25, obtained from a deep-sea sediment, can take up trimethylamine (TMA) through a previously unidentified TMA transporter, TmaT, and oxidize intracellular TMA into trimethylamine -oxide (TMAO) by a TMA monooxygenase, Tmm. The produced TMAO is accumulated in the cell, functioning as a piezolyte, improving both growth and survival at HHP. The function of the TmaT-Tmm pathway was further confirmed by introducing it into and Encoded TmaT-like and Tmm-like sequences extensively exist in marine metagenomes, and other marine Bacteroidetes bacteria containing genes encoding TmaT-like and Tmm-like proteins also have improved HHP tolerance in the presence of TMA, implying the universality of this HHP tolerance strategy in marine Bacteroidetes.
Topics: Bacteria; Hydrostatic Pressure; Methylamines
PubMed: 33771875
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf9941 -
Archives of Microbiology Jul 2021Phosphate-solubilizing (PS) and phosphate-mineralizing (PM) bacteria are considered vital for augmenting the plant growth through phosphorus mobilization and plant...
Phosphate-solubilizing (PS) and phosphate-mineralizing (PM) bacteria are considered vital for augmenting the plant growth through phosphorus mobilization and plant growth-promoting attributes. In the present study, a rhizospheric bacterium was isolated from the virgin land of Punjab, India and identified as 'Myroides gitamensis' BSH-3 through 16S rRNA sequencing. 'M. gitamensis' showed potential halo zone on Pikovskaya agar. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that plant growth-promoting potential of 'M. gitamensis' has not been studied earlier. It was able to solubilize 17.53-106.66 µg/mL of tricalcium phosphate and demonstrated a promising potential of mineralizing sodium phytate corresponding to 44.6-94.70 µg/mL at 28 °C. Variable PS and PM activity was observed at temperature range of 15-42 °C with the maximum activity observed at 28 °C after 96 h of incubation. The nitrogen fixation ability, hydrogen sulfide production, cellulose hydrolysis test and chitin degradation was found to be negative. High indole acetic acid (42.82 µg/mL), gibberellic acid (72.93 µg/mL), ammonia (22.58 µg/mL) production, phytase activity (0.49 pi/mL/min) and comparable amount of siderophore (28.55%) and acid phosphate activity (0.606 µM p-nitrophenol/ml/min) was shown by 'M. gitamensis'. Inoculation of wheat with 'M. gitamensis' in pot experiment showed increased shoot and root length by 30.58% and 38.32%. Fresh weight and dry weight was increased by 45.74% and 67.81%, respectively, compared to uninoculated control. These results demonstrate that 'M. gitamensis' has promising PS, PM and plant growth-promoting attributes to be used as a bio-inoculant to enhance plant growth and soil fertility.
Topics: Ammonia; Calcium Phosphates; Flavobacteriaceae; India; Indoleacetic Acids; Nitrogen Fixation; Phosphates; Phosphorus; Plant Development; Plant Roots; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Soil Microbiology; Triticum
PubMed: 33683396
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02231-8 -
Research in Veterinary Science May 2021Sow health is related to farm productivity and sustainability, but the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics in the pig industry has led to a decline in...
Sow health is related to farm productivity and sustainability, but the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics in the pig industry has led to a decline in resistance to disease and environmental pollution. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is considered a feed additive to replace antibiotics, but the effect of 5-ALA on gut microbiota has not been studied. In this study, we fed 12 healthy Landrace × Large White two-line hybrid sows with different concentrations of 5-ALA; blood and fecal samples were obtained after 110 days of pregnancy, and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed. The alpha diversity of the gut microbiota in sows was not significant among the sows fed different concentrations of 5-ALA. PCoA revealed a significant (P < 0.05) difference in the gut microbiota composition with different 5-ALA groups. LEfSe revealed that 5-ALA increased relative abundance of Streptococcus, while Myroides was enriched in CK group. Functional prediction of Tax4Fun showed that different concentrations of 5-ALA significantly (P < 0.05) increased the mean relative abundance of KEGG pathways involved in core microbiota cellular processes, environmental information processing, and genetic information processing. In summary, 5-ALA changed bacterial community composition of gut microbiota, reduced colonization of some pathogenes and increased the relative abundance of some probiotics. These results provide a theoretical basis for the healthy breeding of pigs.
Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Animals; Bacteria; Farms; Feces; Female; Food Additives; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Pregnancy; Probiotics; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Swine
PubMed: 33588095
DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.021 -
Cureus Dec 2020Myroides species, an uncommon clinical isolate, generally found in contaminated sources of environment, is an emerging source of infections, especially amongst...
Myroides species, an uncommon clinical isolate, generally found in contaminated sources of environment, is an emerging source of infections, especially amongst immunocompromised patients. Though only 54 cases have been reported to our knowledge, the emergence of pan-resistance to antibiotics remains a concern that may burden healthcare and require awareness. We present the case of an elderly female who despite being home-bound, without any environmental exposure, contracted Myroides septicemia that progressed to septic shock and showed resistance to usual empiric antibiotics. In our case, the patient was exposed to contaminated soil via her family and was successfully treated with carbapenem. The case provides awareness amongst clinicians to suspect this emerging yet threatening infection within immunocompromised patients.
PubMed: 33500858
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12235 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Feb 2021A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped, pale yellow-pigmented, non-motile and gentamycin-resistant bacterial strain designated CJ210 was isolated from the Han...
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped, pale yellow-pigmented, non-motile and gentamycin-resistant bacterial strain designated CJ210 was isolated from the Han River, Republic of Korea. Strain CJ210 grew optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in the absence of NaCl on tryptic soy agar. Flexirubin-type pigments were not produced. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that strain CJ210 belonged to the genus within the family and was most closely related to KACC 14347 (98.1 % similarity), followed by KCTC 23367 (95.3 % similarity). The average nucleotide identity values between strain CJ210 and two closely related type strains KACC 14347 and KCTC 23367 were 83.7 and 73.8 %, respectively. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization results between strain CJ210 and the related type strains were 27.5 and 20.2 %, respectively. Strain CJ210 contained menaquinone 6 (MK-6) as the predominant menaquinone. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified lipids. The major fatty acids of strain CJ210 were iso-C, iso-C 3-OH and summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C 9 and/or C 10-methyl). Whole genome sequencing revealed that strain CJ210 had a genome of 3.8 Mbp with 36.5 % DNA G+C content. The genome contained several antimicrobial resistance genes including an aminoglycoside-resistant gene. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CJ210 represents a novel species in the genus , for which name sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CJ210 (=KACC 19954=JCM 33306).
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Flavobacteriaceae; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phosphatidylethanolamines; Phylogeny; Pigmentation; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Republic of Korea; Rivers; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 33464202
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004623