-
Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : PPB Jul 2024Ginseng frequently encounters environmental stress during its growth and development. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins play a crucial role in combating...
Ginseng frequently encounters environmental stress during its growth and development. Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) proteins play a crucial role in combating adversity stress, particularly against abiotic challenges In this study, 107 LEA genes from ginseng, spanning eight subfamilies, were identified, demonstrating significant evolutionary conservation, with the LEA2 subfamily being most prominent. Gene duplication events, primarily segmental duplications, have played a major role in the expansion of the LEA gene family, which has undergone strong purifying selection. PgLEAs were unevenly distributed across 22 chromosomes, with each subfamily featuring unique structural domains and conserved motifs. PgLEAs were expressed in various tissues, exhibiting distinct variations in abundance and tissue specificity. Numerous regulatory cis-elements, related to abiotic stress and hormones, were identified in the promoter region. Additionally, PgLEAs were regulated by a diverse array of abiotic stress-related transcription factors. A total of 35 PgLEAs were differentially expressed following treatments with ABA, GA, and IAA. Twenty-three PgLEAs showed significant but varied responses to drought, extreme temperatures, and salinity stress. The transformation of tobacco with the key gene PgLEA2-50 enhanced osmoregulation and antioxidant levels in transgenic lines, improving their resistance to abiotic stress. This study offers insights into functional gene analysis, focusing on LEA proteins, and establishes a foundational framework for research on ginseng's resilience to abiotic stress.
Topics: Panax; Plant Proteins; Stress, Physiological; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Multigene Family; Genome, Plant; Phylogeny; Plants, Genetically Modified; Nicotiana
PubMed: 38772166
DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108742 -
Current Microbiology May 2024Fusarium proliferatum is the main pathogen that causes Panax notoginseng root rot. The shortcomings of strong volatility and poor water solubility of Illicium verum...
Fusarium proliferatum is the main pathogen that causes Panax notoginseng root rot. The shortcomings of strong volatility and poor water solubility of Illicium verum essential oil (EO) limit its utilization. In this study, we prepared traditional emulsion (BDT) and nanoemulsion (Bneo) of I. verum EO by ultrasonic method with Tween-80 and absolute ethanol as solvents. The chemical components of EO, BDT, and Bneo were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the antifungal activity and mechanism were compared. The results show that Bneo has good stability and its particle size is 34.86 nm. The contents of (-) -anethole and estragole in Bneo were significantly higher than those in BDT. The antifungal activity against F. proliferatum was 5.8-fold higher than BDT. In the presence of I. verum EO, the occurrence of P. notoginseng root rot was significantly reduced. By combining transcriptome and metabolomics analysis, I. verum EO was found to be involved in the mutual transformation of pentose and glucuronic acid, galactose metabolism, streptomycin biosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and other metabolic pathways of F. proliferatum, and it interfered with the normal growth of F. proliferatum to exert antifungal effects. This study provide a theoretical basis for expanding the practical application of Bneo.
Topics: Oils, Volatile; Fusarium; Metabolomics; Illicium; Antifungal Agents; Emulsions; Transcriptome; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Plant Diseases; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 38769214
DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03724-7 -
Phytochemical Analysis : PCA May 2024Lipid molecules are present in tumours and play an important role in the anti-inflammatory response as well as in antiviral protection. Changes in the type and location...
INTRODUCTION
Lipid molecules are present in tumours and play an important role in the anti-inflammatory response as well as in antiviral protection. Changes in the type and location of lipids in the intestine following exposure to environmental stressors play an important role in several disorders, including ulcerative colitis (UC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this work is to provide a new theoretical basis for tumour initiation and development by accurately measuring the spatial distribution of lipids and metabolites in intestinal tissue. Spatial metabolomics allows the detection of samples with minimal sample volume by label-free imaging of complex samples in their original state. The distribution of lipid molecules in tumours has not been reported, although the distribution of lipid molecules in intestinal tissue has been reported in the literature.
METHODS
The range of lipid profiles in colon cancer mouse tumour tissue was compiled using a spatial metabolomics: lipid extraction method. The changes in lipid distribution in two regions after oral administration of American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) vesicles were also compared. Tumour tissue samples were extracted with 80% methanol-20% formic acid in water.
RESULTS
The resulting spatial metabolic profile allowed the identification of seven lipid classes in mouse tumours. The distribution of fibre tissue cells was 23.2% higher than tumour tissue cells, with the exception of the fatty acid (FA) species.
PubMed: 38768606
DOI: 10.1002/pca.3367 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2024A Gram-stain-positive actinomycete, designated REN17, was isolated from fermented grains of Baijiu collected from Sichuan, PR China. It exhibited branched substrate...
A Gram-stain-positive actinomycete, designated REN17, was isolated from fermented grains of Baijiu collected from Sichuan, PR China. It exhibited branched substrate mycelia and a sparse aerial mycelium. The optimal growth conditions for REN17 were determined to be 28 °C and pH 7, with a NaCl concentration of 0 % (w/v). ll-Diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic amino acid of the cell-wall peptidoglycan and the polar lipids were composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified lipids and four unidentified glycolipids. The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H), MK-9 (H), MK-9 (H) and MK-9 (H). The major fatty acids were iso-C. The 16S rRNA sequence of REN17 was most closely related to those of SUN 51 (99.8 %), BH-SS-21 (99.6 %) and JCM 4521 (98.9 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identify values between REN17 and its closest replated strain, of SUN 51, were 35.9, 88.9 and 87.3 %, respectively. Therefore, REN17 represents a novel species within the genus , for which the name sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is REN17 (=GDMCC 4.193=JCM 34712). While exploring the function of the strain, REN17 was found to possess the ability to transform major ginsenosides of (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Araliaceae) into minor ginsenoside through HPLC separation, which was due to the presence of β-glucosidase. The recombinant β-glucosidase was constructed and purified, which could produce minor ginsenosides of Rg3 and C-K. Finally, the enzymatic properties were characterized.
Topics: RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Phylogeny; Fatty Acids; Streptomyces; Vitamin K 2; DNA, Bacterial; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; China; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Fermentation; Panax notoginseng; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Ginsenosides; Peptidoglycan; Edible Grain; Diaminopimelic Acid; Phospholipids; Base Composition
PubMed: 38767616
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.006392 -
Plant Direct May 2024Ginseng rusty root symptoms (GRS) is a primary disease of ginseng, which seriously decreases the yield and quality of ginseng and causes enormous losses to ginseng...
Ginseng rusty root symptoms (GRS) is a primary disease of ginseng, which seriously decreases the yield and quality of ginseng and causes enormous losses to ginseng production. GRS prevention and control is still challenging due to its unclear etiology. In this study, the phloem tissue of healthy (AG), the nonred tissue of the phloem epidermis around the lesion (BG), and the red lesion site tissue of GRS (CG) were extracted for mRNA transcriptomic analysis; 35,958 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and were associated with multiple stress resistance pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and iron ion binding. Further study showed that the contents of O , HO, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly increased in BG and CG tissues. Under anaerobic conditions caused by excessive soil moisture, the overproduction of ROS destroys cell membranes, simultaneously converting Fe to Fe and depositing it in the cell wall, which results in GRS, as evidenced by the success of the GRS induction test.
PubMed: 38766510
DOI: 10.1002/pld3.586 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Jul 2024Amadori compounds (ACs) are key Maillard intermediates in various foods after thermal processing, and are also important non-saponin components in red ginseng....
Aqueous preparation of arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (a maltose-arginine AC) and determination of Amadori compounds (ACs) in red ginseng by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).
Amadori compounds (ACs) are key Maillard intermediates in various foods after thermal processing, and are also important non-saponin components in red ginseng. Currently, due to the difficulty in obtaining AC standards, the determination of multiple ACs is limited and far from optimal. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated. A green synthetic method was developed for arginyl-fructosyl-glucose (AFG), the major AC in red ginseng with potential health benefits. The UPLC-MS/MS method was then applied in identification and quantification of ACs in red ginseng samples, which showed for the first time that 12 other ACs also exist in red ginseng in addition to AFG and arginyl-fructose (total 98.88 % of all ACs). Contents of AFG and arginyl-fructose in whole red ginseng were 36.23 and 10.80 mg/g dry weight, respectively. Raw ginseng can be steamed and then dried whole to obtain whole red ginseng, or sliced before drying to obtain sliced red ginseng. Slicing before drying was found to reduce ACs content. Results of the present study will help to reveal the biological functions of red ginseng and related products associated with ACs and promote the standardization of red ginseng manufacture.
Topics: Panax; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Arginine; Maillard Reaction; Plant Extracts; Fructose; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 38763683
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114436 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Alterations in the microbial community significantly impact the yield and quality of ginseng. Yet, the dynamics of microbial community shifts within the root endophytes...
Alterations in the microbial community significantly impact the yield and quality of ginseng. Yet, the dynamics of microbial community shifts within the root endophytes of ginseng across varying cultivation periods remain inadequately understood. This study zeroes in on the microbial community variations within the xylem (M), phloem (R), and fibrous roots (X) of ginseng during the fourth (F4) and fifth (F5) years of cultivation, aiming to bridge this research gap. We assessed soil physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and nine individual saponins, complemented by high-throughput sequencing techniques (16S rDNA and ITS) to determine their profiles. The results showed that cultivation years mainly affected the microbial diversity of endophytic bacteria in ginseng fibrous roots compartment: the ASVs number and α-diversity Chao1 index of bacteria and fungi in F5X compartment with higher cultivation years were significantly higher than those in F4X compartment with lower cultivation years. It is speculated that the changes of fibrous roots bacterial groups may be related to the regulation of amino acid metabolic pathway. Such as D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism D-glutamine, cysteine and methionine metabolism regulation. The dominant bacteria in ginseng root are Proteobacteria (relative abundance 52.07-80.35%), Cyanobacteria (1.97-42.52%) and Bacteroidota (1.11-5.08%). Firmicutes (1.28-3.76%). There were two dominant phyla: Ascomycota (60.10-93.71%) and Basidiomycota (2.25-30.57%). Endophytic fungi were more closely related to soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities. AN, TK, OP, SWC and EC were the main driving factors of endophytic flora of ginseng root. decreased with the increase of cultivation years, and the decrease was more significant in phloem (F4R: 33.36%, F5R: 16.48%). The relative abundance of and in each ecological niche increased with the increase of cultivation years. The relative abundance of and in F5X increased by 8.35 and 9.29 times, respectively, and in F5M increased by 5.57 times. We found a variety of potential beneficial bacteria and pathogen antagonists related to ginseng biomass and saponins, such as , , and , which have good potential for practical application and development.
PubMed: 38756733
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1402921 -
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 2024Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Chinese medicine therapies have demonstrated effectiveness for PD in controlled settings. However,...
BACKGROUND
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition. Chinese medicine therapies have demonstrated effectiveness for PD in controlled settings. However, the utilization of Chinese medicine therapies for PD in real-world clinical practice and the characteristics of patients seeking these therapies have not been thoroughly summarized.
METHOD
The study retrospectively analyzed initial patient encounters (PEs) with a first-listed diagnosis of PD, based on electronic medical records from Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine between July 2018 and July 2023.
RESULTS
A total of 3,206 PEs, each corresponding to an individual patient, were eligible for analyses. Approximately 60% of patients made initial visits to the Chinese medicine hospital after receiving a PD diagnosis, around 4.59 years after the onset of motor symptoms. Over 75% of the patients visited the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic at their initial visits, while a mere 13.85% visited PD Chronic Care Clinic. Rest tremor (61.98%) and bradykinesia (52.34%) are the most commonly reported motor symptoms, followed by rigidity (40.70%). The most commonly recorded non-motor symptoms included constipation (31.88%) and sleep disturbance (25.27%). Integration of Chinese medicine and conventional medicine therapies was the most common treatment method (39.15%), followed by single use of Chinese herbal medicine (27.14%). The most frequently prescribed herbs for PD included Fisch. (), Bunge (), Koidz. (), (Oliv.) Diels (), (Gaertn.) DC. (), Pall. (), DC. (), L. (/), C. A. Mey. (), and (Schw.) Wolf (). These herbs contribute to formulation of (BZYQT).
CONCLUSION
Patients typically initiated Chinese medical care after the establishment of PD diagnosis, ~4.59 years post-onset of motor symptoms. The prevalent utilization of CHM decoctions and patented Chinese herbal medicine products, underscores its potential in addressing both motor and non-motor symptoms. Despite available evidence, rigorous clinical trials are needed to validate and optimize the integration of CHM, particularly BZYQT, into therapeutic strategies for PD.
PubMed: 38756536
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1362948 -
Archives of Virology May 2024Chinese bayberry is a fruit that is appreciated for its taste. A novel totivirus associated with rolling, disfiguring, chlorotic and vein-clearing symptoms on the leaf...
Chinese bayberry is a fruit that is appreciated for its taste. A novel totivirus associated with rolling, disfiguring, chlorotic and vein-clearing symptoms on the leaf apices of Chinese bayberry was identified by transcriptome sequencing and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The complete genome of the virus was determined to be 4959 nucleotides long, and it contains two open reading frames (ORFs). Its genomic organization is similar to that of previously reported totiviruses. ORF1 encodes a putative coat protein (CP) of 765 aa, and ORF2 encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 815 aa. These two putative proteins share 55.1% and 62.6%, amino acid sequence identity, respectively, with the corresponding proteins of Panax notoginseng virus A, respectively. According to the demarcation criteria for totivirus species established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the new virus should be considered a member of a new species in the genus totivirus, family Orthototiviridae, which we have tentatively named ''Myrica rubra-associated totivirus'' (MRaTV).
Topics: Genome, Viral; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Plant Leaves; Myrica; Whole Genome Sequencing; Totivirus; Viral Proteins; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 38753216
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06048-w -
Chinese Medicine May 2024Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, commonly known as "southern ginseng", contains high amounts of ginsenoside derivatives and exhibits similar biological...
BACKGROUND
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, commonly known as "southern ginseng", contains high amounts of ginsenoside derivatives and exhibits similar biological activities with Panax ginseng (C. A. MEY) (ginseng), which is usually used as a low-cost alternative to ginseng. G. pentaphyllum has therapeutic effects on liver diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective action have not been fully elucidated.
METHODS
The protective effects of the ethanolic extract of G. pentaphyllum (GPE) were evaluated using an experimental carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-induced liver disease model. Potential targets of GPE were predicted using the "Drug-Disease" bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, comprehensive network pharmacology and transcriptomic approaches were employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of GPE in the treatment of liver disease.
RESULTS
The pathological examinations showed that GPE significantly alleviated hepatocyte necrosis and liver injury. GPE significantly downregulated Bax and cleaved-PARP expression and upregulated Bcl-2 expression during CCl-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. We compared the effects of four typical compounds in GPE -a ginsenoside (Rb3) shared by both GPE and ginseng and three unique gypenosides in GPE. Notably, Gypenoside A (GPA), a unique saponin in GPE, markedly reduced hepatocyte apoptosis. In contrast, ginsenoside Rb3 had a weaker effect. Network pharmacology and transcriptomic analyses suggested that this anti-apoptotic effect was achieved by upregulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway mediated by PDK1.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggested that G. pentaphyllum had a promising hepatoprotective effect, with its mechanism primarily involving the upregulation of the PDK1/Bcl-2 signaling pathway by GPA, thereby preventing cell apoptosis.
PubMed: 38750545
DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00942-w