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Talanta Nov 2018A new strategy for sampling, using a low-volume sampler, and determination of airborne pesticides by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry...
A new strategy for sampling, using a low-volume sampler, and determination of airborne pesticides by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) has been developed. The trapping efficiency of three adsorbents (sandwich PUF-XAD2-PUF; XAD-2 and XAD-4) was tested for 33 currently used pesticides and the first adsorbent (PUF-XAD2-PUF) was selected because it presented the highest retention capacity without breakthrough. Selected PUF-XAD2-PUF had the following design: 5 g of Amberlite XAD-2 sandwiched between two cylinders of PUF (6.87 cm, height: 1.4 cm, diameter: 2.5 cm). A validation of the analytical methodology that includes microwave extraction with ethyl acetate, and determination by UHPLC-HRMS was employed. The method showed recoveries ranging from 75% to 120% with quantification limits in the range of 32.2-129.0 pg m when 155 m were sampled. This analytical strategy was applied to 15 air samples collected in a rural area of Valencia Region (Spain). Ten polar pesticides, namely acetamiprid, carbendazim, carbofuran, imidacloprid, iprovalicarb, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, pirimicarb, pyrimethanil and terbuthylazine were detected in air samples with concentrations ranging from 411.16 pg m (imidacloprid) to 11011.45 pg m (pyrimethanil).
PubMed: 30086908
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.078 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Aug 2018Earthworms are important and useful soil organisms, but in agricultural soils, they are potentially exposed to a wide variety of pesticides. Insecticides represent the...
Earthworms are important and useful soil organisms, but in agricultural soils, they are potentially exposed to a wide variety of pesticides. Insecticides represent the highest threat to earthworms and many are neurotoxic. There is a need for a reliable, relevant, simple biomarker to assess the sub-lethal effects of neurotoxic insecticides on earthworms under laboratory or field conditions. The Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms were exposed to 0 (control), 0.5×, 1× (normal field application rate), and 5× concentrations of a carbamate (Pirimor®) and an organophosphate (Lorsban®) insecticides. The nerve conduction velocity (NCV) of the medial giant fibers of A. caliginosa earthworm was recorded on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 to quantify sub-lethal neurotoxic effects. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity of A. caliginosa homogenates was measured at the conclusion of the experiment. Pirimor® but not Lorsban® induced a significant decrease in NCV on days 3, 4, and 7 at 1× and 5× doses. A significant dose-dependent decrease was observed on AChE activity to Pirimor® at the doses used but not Lorsban®. A clear relationship is observed between AChE activity and NCV in the case of Pirimor®. This study showed that NCV is a sensitive biomarker that correlates well with classical biomarker measurements such as AChE enzyme activity. This technique could be used to study the impact of insecticides on earthworms and also their recovery.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Agriculture; Animals; Carbamates; Chlorpyrifos; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ecotoxicology; Environmental Biomarkers; Insecticides; Neural Conduction; Oligochaeta; Pyrimidines; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 29948719
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2469-1 -
Journal of Economic Entomology May 2018Little information is available regarding the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on Trichogramma achaeae (Nagaraja and Nagarkatti; Hymenoptera: Tricogrammatidae)...
Little information is available regarding the lethal and sublethal effects of pesticides on Trichogramma achaeae (Nagaraja and Nagarkatti; Hymenoptera: Tricogrammatidae) during integrated management of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick; Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), an important pest for tomato production. Twenty-two pesticides sprayed on Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller; Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs were evaluated on the mortality of adult parasitoids upon contact with the hosts 24 h after the treatments and their sublethal effects on the parasitoids were assessed in laboratory conditions. Tests were carried out with fresh solutions at the recommended concentration. According to the International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) standards, chlorpyrifos is harmful to the parasitoid; merthiocarb, methomyl, spinosad lambda-cyhalothrin, and acrinatrin are moderately harmful; and chlorantraniliprole, lufenuron, hexythiazox, cyromazine and Bacillus thuringiensis have no effect on the parasitoid. Sulfur is slightly harmful, and azoxystrobin is harmless. Chlorpyrifos was the most lethal among these pesticides and killed all females in less than 24 h. All other pesticides affected the biological parameters of T. achaeae to varying degrees. Regarding the lethal and sublethal effects, merthiocarb and spinosad killed all female offspring in less than 24 h; lambda-cyhalothrin and sulfur reduced the number of parasitized eggs; and acrinatrin, deltamethrin and azoxystrobin affected the emergence rate. After that, we can recommend the use of chlorantraniliprole and B. thuringiensis to control Lepidoptera, cyromazine to control Diptera, pirimicarb to control Homoptera, hexythiazox to control mites and azoxystrobin can be used as fungicide in an integrated pest management program with mass released of T. achaeae.
Topics: Acaricides; Animals; Azores; Fungicides, Industrial; Host-Parasite Interactions; Insecticides; Life History Traits; Solanum lycopersicum; Moths; Ovum; Wasps
PubMed: 29579240
DOI: 10.1093/jee/toy064 -
Pest Management Science Aug 2018The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor is a main cause of the gradual decline in honey bees Apis mellifera. Beekeepers currently utilize a wide range of...
BACKGROUND
The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor is a main cause of the gradual decline in honey bees Apis mellifera. Beekeepers currently utilize a wide range of different synthetic acaricides, organic acids and essential oils to keep mite populations under control. Previous work has indicated that pirimicarb may be a new varroacide candidate. The aim of this study was to observe chronic effects on feeding activity in worker honey bees after oral exposure to 1.05 mm pirimicarb. The long-term effects of 24 h exposure to pirimicarb were also tested.
RESULTS
After three successive trials, no mortality could be detected at the tested concentration, although oral exposure to pirimicarb had a significant effect on honey bees feeding behavior. Pirimicarb added to a sucrose solution led to a rapid decrease in food intake. These tendencies may be reversed when the pesticide is removed. However, recovery seemed to be trial dependent.
CONCLUSION
This study highlights seasonal variation in honey bee susceptibility, which should be considered in toxicology studies. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Acaricides; Administration, Oral; Animals; Bees; Carbamates; Feeding Behavior; Pyrimidines
PubMed: 29384247
DOI: 10.1002/ps.4876 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2018Pesticide exposure during fetal life can lead to low birth weight and is commonly observed in reproductive toxicology studies. Associations have also been found in low...
Pesticide exposure during fetal life can lead to low birth weight and is commonly observed in reproductive toxicology studies. Associations have also been found in low birth weight babies born from pesticide-exposed gardeners. Since low birth weight is also linked to metabolic disorders, it can be speculated that early life exposure to pesticides could increase the risk of becoming obese or developing diabetes later in life. We have analyzed potential long-term effects of gestational and lactational exposure to a low dose mixture of six pesticides that individually can cause low birth weight: Cyromazine, MCPB, Pirimicarb, Quinoclamine, Thiram, and Ziram. Exposed male offspring, who were smaller than controls, displayed some degree of catch-up growth. Insulin and glucagon regulation was not significantly affected, and analyses of liver and pancreas did not reveal obvious histopathological effects. Efforts towards identifying potential biomarkers of metabolic disease-risk did not result in any strong candidates, albeit leptin levels were altered in exposed animals. In fat tissues, the key genes Lep, Nmb and Nmbr were altered in high dosed offspring, and were differentially expressed between sexes. Our results suggest that early-life exposure to pesticides may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders later in life.
Topics: 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid; Adipose Tissue; Animals; Butyrates; Carbamates; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Fetal Growth Retardation; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Naphthoquinones; Pesticides; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Pyrimidines; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Thiram; Triazines; Ziram
PubMed: 29321614
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18626-x -
Journal of Separation Science Apr 2018The metal-organic framework [(La Sm ) (DPA) (H O) ] was synthetized and characterized by X-ray diffractometry, differential thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared...
Characterization and application of a lanthanide-based metal-organic framework in the development and validation of a matrix solid-phase dispersion procedure for pesticide extraction on peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
The metal-organic framework [(La Sm ) (DPA) (H O) ] was synthetized and characterized by X-ray diffractometry, differential thermogravimetric analysis, and infrared spectroscopy. The material was tested for the development and validation of a matrix solid-phase dispersion procedure for extraction of atrazine, bifenthrin, bromuconazole, clofentezine, fenbuconazole, flumetralin, procymidone, and pirimicarb, from peppers, with analysis using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode. The method developed was linear over the range tested (50.0-1000.0 μg/kg for procymidone and 200.0-1000.0 μg/kg for all other pesticides), with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9930 to 0.9992. Experiments were carried out at 250.0, 500.0, and 1000.0 μg/kg fortification levels, and resulted in recoveries in the range of 52.7-135.0%, with coefficient of variation values between 5.2 and 5.4%, respectively, for [(La Sm ) (DPA) (H O) ] sorbent. Detection and quantification limits ranged from 16.0 to 67.0 μg/kg and from 50.0 to 200.0 μg/kg, respectively, for the different pesticides studied. The results were compared with literature data. The developed and validated method was applied to real samples. The analysis detected the presence of residues of pesticides procymidone, fenbuconazole, flumetralin, clofentezine, atrazine, and bifenthrin.
Topics: Aniline Compounds; Atrazine; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Capsicum; Carbamates; Chlorobenzenes; Furans; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lanthanoid Series Elements; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Nitriles; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Pyrimidines; Solid Phase Extraction; Triazoles
PubMed: 29280559
DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700812 -
Toxicology and Industrial Health Dec 2017This study aims to evaluate the genotoxic potential of four commercial pesticides with diverse health categorizations by different world associations currently in use....
This study aims to evaluate the genotoxic potential of four commercial pesticides with diverse health categorizations by different world associations currently in use. We tested the fungicide mancozeb and the insecticides pirimicarb, monocrotophos and permethrin. The research was done with in vitro human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the DNA single gel electrophoresis assay and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (MN) test, where we analysed common parameters such as the tail moment and the frequency of MN formation. We also measured other parameters like frequency of nucleoplasmic bridges, nuclear buds, apoptosis and necrosis with the MN test. Each pesticide induced significant differences in all of these parameters when compared with the negative control and showed different behaviours in the concentration-dependent response. This could be attributed to their genotoxic potential where mancozeb and monocrotophos induced the highest genetic damage, permethrin caused mainly cell death and pirimicarb had the least impact upon cells. This research provides valuable data about the harmful effects of these pesticides on human cells and may be an important contribution in the construction of a unique international classification of health and to reinforce the use of genotoxic analyses to regulate the use of pesticides.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Comet Assay; DNA; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Micronucleus Tests; Mutagens; Pesticides
PubMed: 29137571
DOI: 10.1177/0748233717736121 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Apr 2018Binary functional monomers, allyl-β-cyclodextrin (allyl-β-CD) and methacrylic acid (MAA) or allyl-β-CD and acrylonitrile (AN), were exploited in a fabrication of...
BACKGROUND
Binary functional monomers, allyl-β-cyclodextrin (allyl-β-CD) and methacrylic acid (MAA) or allyl-β-CD and acrylonitrile (AN), were exploited in a fabrication of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective recognition and large enrichment of pirimicarb from aqueous media.
RESULTS
Special attention was paid to the computational simulation of the imprinting molecular and functional monomers. The morphological characteristics of MIPs made of allyl-β-CD and MAA (M-MAA) were characterised by scanning electron microscopy. The effect of binding capacity of MAA-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-MAA) demonstrated higher efficiency than that of AN-linked allyl-β-CD MIPs (M-AN) when tested in binding specificity. Finally, M-MAA was chosen to run through molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) to analyse the spiked fresh leafy vegetables of pirimicarb.
CONCLUSION
The present proposed technique is a promising tool for the preparation of the receptors which could recognise pirimicarb pesticide in aqueous media. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Adsorption; Carbamates; Methacrylates; Molecular Imprinting; Pesticides; Polymers; Pyrimidines; Solid Phase Extraction; Water Pollutants, Chemical; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 28941229
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8690 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2018Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity of the pirimicarb-based commercial formulation Aficida were evaluated on Boana pulchella tadpoles. Whereas mortality was used as end...
Acute lethal and sublethal toxicity of the pirimicarb-based commercial formulation Aficida were evaluated on Boana pulchella tadpoles. Whereas mortality was used as end point for lethality, frequency of micronuclei and other nuclear abnormalities as well as alterations in the frequency of erythroblasts in circulating blood as biomarkers for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, respectively. Swimming, growth, developmental and morphological abnormalities were also employed as sublethal end points. Results show that the species is within the 13th percentile of the distribution of acute sensitivity of species to pirimicarb for aquatic vertebrates. Results revealed values of 23.78 and 101.45mg/L pirimicarb as LC50 for GS25 and GS36 tadpoles, respectively. The most evident effects were related with the swimming activity with NOEC and LOEC values within the 0.005-0.39mg/L pirimicarb concentration range. Aficida induced DNA damage at the chromosomal level by increasing micronuclei frequency and other nuclear abnormalities, i.e., lobbed and notched nuclei and binucleated cells. Cellular cytotoxicity was found after Aficida treatment. The presence of abdominal oedemas in exposed organisms and thus flotation response of organisms could be proposed as a new sensitive exposure parameter. The multiple end point assessment approach used allowed a complete understanding the multi level of effects occurring by exposure to pirimicarb, at least in B. pulchella.
Topics: Animals; Anura; Carbamates; DNA Damage; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Insecticides; Larva; Lethal Dose 50; Pyrimidines; Swimming; Toxicity Tests, Acute; Toxicity Tests, Subacute; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 28903092
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.09.007 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Oct 2017To predict a risk to gardeners not wearing protective gloves, the dermal absorption of three active insecticides was assessed in vitro using porcine ear-skin simulating...
To predict a risk to gardeners not wearing protective gloves, the dermal absorption of three active insecticides was assessed in vitro using porcine ear-skin simulating 1-h handling of diluted plant protection products. Acetamiprid and Pirimicarb were found in the receptor fluid immediately after 1-h skin exposure, whereas Chlorpyrifos-methyl absorbed in the skin was not released into the receptor fluid even after 23 hours. The Estimated Gardener Exposure Level (EGEL) at 23 hours after 1-h exposure for two worst-case scenarios (i) non-gloved hands; (ii) non-gloved hands/uncovered forearms, was (i) 0.002, 0.042, and 0.057; (ii) 0.006, 0.101, and 0.135 mg/kg bw/day for Acetamiprid, Pirimicarb, and Chlorpyrifos-methyl, respectively, although the systemically available Chlorpyrifos-methyl amount, due to retention in the skin, is probably lower than determined. The Gardener Exposure Risk (GER), as a ratio of Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (databased values) to EGEL, for Acetamiprid was (i) 35 and 12-fold higher than the limit 1, so the risk via the skin is assumed to be low. Based on the GER values of (i) 0.83 and 0.18; (ii) 0.34 and 0.07 (i.e.<1) for Pirimicarb and Chlorpyrifos-methyl, respectively there is a level of concern regarding the health risk to gardeners handling pesticide products without skin protection.
Topics: Animals; Carbamates; Chlorpyrifos; Ear; Environmental Exposure; Gloves, Protective; Humans; Neonicotinoids; Pesticides; Pyrimidines; Recreation; Skin; Swine
PubMed: 28778749
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.060