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Journal of Ethnopharmacology Jan 2023Global interest in phytogenic feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics in feed has been spurred by the banning of antibiotic growth promoters by several countries....
Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity of plant species used in traditional poultry ethnomedicine in Zimbabwe: A first step to developing alternatives to antibiotic poultry feed additives.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Global interest in phytogenic feed additives as alternatives to antibiotics in feed has been spurred by the banning of antibiotic growth promoters by several countries. Suitable plant extracts for development of phytogenic feed additives should have therapeutic value and should also be safe.
AIM OF STUDY
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-lipoxygenase activities as well as cytotoxicity of selected plant species used in poultry ethnomedicine in Zimbabwe.
METHODS
Antibacterial activity was determined against three ATCC strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis) and two clinical strains isolated from chickens (Escherichia coli and Salmonella Gallinarum) using a two-fold serial microdilution assay. Qualitative antibacterial bioautography was also carried out using the ATCC strains. Antioxidant activities of crude acetone and methanol extracts were determined using free radical scavenging assays whilst anti-lipoxygenase activity was evaluated using a ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using a tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (MTT assay) on Vero monkey kidney cells.
RESULTS
Erythrina abyssinica had the best antibacterial activity against both ATCC strains and clinical strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.02 to 0.156 mg/ml. Aloe greatheadii, Adenia gummifera (leaves), Senna singueana and Aloe chabaudii had moderate activity against the poultry pathogens. Bioautography showed that all ten plant species have antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms with E. abyssinica and S. singueana having prominent bands of inhibition against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The acetone extract of S. singueana and the methanol extract of Euphorbia matabelensis had the most powerful antioxidant activities with mean IC values of 1.43 μg/ml and 1.31 μg/ml respectively in the ABTS assay which were comparable with those of the positive controls (ascorbic acid and trolox). Bobgunnia madagascariensis, A. chabaudii, E. abyssinica and Tridactyle bicaudata extracts had reasonable antioxidant activity. The S. singueana extract had the most potent anti-lipoxygenase activity with a mean IC value of 1.72 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity results showed that only the acetone extracts of A. greatheadii and S. singueana were relatively safe at concentrations that were active against the tested microorganisms (selective index >1). Regarding anti-lipoxygenase activity, extracts of B. madagascariensis, S. singueana, T. bicaudata and E. matabelensis were more active than toxic (selective index >5) indicating anti-inflammatory potential.
CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that S. singueana had a cocktail of therapeutic activity and supports further investigation of this plant species for development of phytogenic poultry feed additives. Other plant species with noteworthy biological activities include B. madagascariensis, E. abyssinica, A. greatheadii, T. bicaudata and E. matabelensis.
Topics: Acetone; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Ascorbic Acid; Chickens; Escherichia coli; Free Radicals; Medicine, Traditional; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Poultry; Zimbabwe
PubMed: 36084819
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115687 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum, is an avian-specific pathogen which has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Two-component...
serovar Gallinarum, biovar Pullorum, is an avian-specific pathogen which has caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. Two-component systems (TCSs) play an essential role in obtaining nutrients, detecting the presence of neighboring bacteria and regulating the expression of virulence factors. The genome analysis of . Pullorum strain S06004 suggesting the carriage of 22 pairs of TCSs, which belong to five families named CitB, OmpR, NarL, Chemotaxis and LuxR. In the CitB family, three pairs of TCSs, namely CitA-CitB, DcuS-DcuR and DpiB-DpiA, remain unaddressed in . Pullorum. To systematically investigate the function of the CitB family in . Pullorum, four mutants, Δ (abbreviated as Δ), Δ (Δ), Δ (Δ) and ΔΔΔ (Δ3), were made using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The results demonstrated that the CitB family did not affect the growth of bacteria, the results of biochemical tests, invasion and proliferation in chicken macrophage HD-11 cells and the expression of fimbrial protein. But the mutants showed thicker biofilm formation, higher resistance to antimicrobial agents, enhanced tolerance to inhibition by egg albumen and increased virulence in chicken embryos. Moreover, the deletion of Dpi TCS was detrimental to survival after exposure to hyperosmotic and oxidative environments, as well as the long-term colonization of the small intestine of chickens. Collectively, we provided new knowledge regarding the possible role of the CitB family involved in the pathogenic processes of . Pullorum.
Topics: Animals; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; Salmonella enterica
PubMed: 36077599
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710201 -
Microorganisms Aug 2022Validation studies conducted within a food processing facility using surrogate organisms could better represent the manufacturing process than controlled laboratory...
Validation studies conducted within a food processing facility using surrogate organisms could better represent the manufacturing process than controlled laboratory studies with pathogenic bacteria on precision equipment in a BSL-2 lab. The objectives of this project were to examine potential surrogate bacteria during biltong processing, conduct biltong surrogate validation lethality studies, and measure critical factors and intrinsic parameters during processing. Beef pieces (1.9 cm × 5.1 cm × 7.6 cm) were inoculated with four-strain mixtures of Carnobacterium divergens/C. gallinarum, Pediococcus acidilactici/P. pentosaceous, and Biotype 1 E. coli ATCC BAA (-1427, -1428, -1429, and -1430), as well as a two-strain mixture of Latilactobacillus sakei and other commercially available individual bacterial cultures (P. acidilactici Saga200/Kerry Foods; Enterococcus faecium 201224-016/Vivolac Cultures). Inoculated beef was vacuum-tumbled in marinade and dried in a humidity-controlled oven for 8−10 days (24.9 °C; 55% relative humidity). Microbial enumeration of surviving surrogate bacteria and evaluation of intrinsic factors (water activity, pH, and salt concentration) were performed post inoculation, post marination, and after 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days of drying. Trials were performed in duplicate replication with triplicate samples per sampling time and analyzed by one-way RM-ANOVA. Trials conducted with E. faecium, Pediococcus spp., and L. sakei never demonstrated more than 2 log reduction during the biltong process. However, Carnobacterium achieved a >5 log (5.85 log) reduction over a drying period of 8 days and aligned with the reductions observed in previous trials with pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus) in biltong validation studies. Studies comparing resuspended freeze-dried or frozen cells vs. freshly grown cells for beef inoculation showed no significant differences during biltong processing. Carnobacterium spp. would be an effective nonpathogenic in-plant surrogate to monitor microbial safety that mimics the response of pathogenic bacteria to validate biltong processing within a manufacturer’s own facility.
PubMed: 36014065
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081648 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2022infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
infects poultry, and it is also a human foodborne pathogen. This bacterial genus is classified into several serovars/lineages, some of them showing high antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The ease of transmission in farms, slaughterhouses, and eggs industries has made controlling it a real challenge in the poultry-production chains. This review describes the emergence, dissemination, and AMR of the main serovars and lineages detected in Brazilian poultry. It is reported that few serovars emerged and have been more widely disseminated in breeders, broilers, and layers in the last 70 years. Gallinarum was the first to spread on the farms, remaining as a concerning poultry pathogen. Typhimurium and Enteritidis were also largely detected in poultry and foods (eggs, chicken, turkey), being associated with several human foodborne outbreaks. Heidelberg and Minnesota have been more widely spread in recent years, resulting in frequent chicken/turkey meat contamination. A few more serovars (Infantis, Newport, Hadar, Senftenberg, Schwarzengrund, and Mbandaka, among others) were also detected, but less frequently and usually in specific poultry-production regions. AMR has been identified in most isolates, highlighting multi-drug resistance in specific poultry lineages from the serovars Typhimurium, Heidelberg, and Minnesota. Epidemiological studies are necessary to trace and control this pathogen in Brazilian commercial poultry production chains.
PubMed: 36006320
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080405 -
Veterinary World Jun 2022has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
has been identified as one of the most widely distributed zoonotic pathogens in broiler litter. Multidrug-resistant strains have been isolated from salmonellosis outbreaks, compromising the success of their treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify spp. serovars in healthy broiler litter in Tolima (Colombia), determine their resistance to different antimicrobials, and detect genes associated with b-lactam resistance that could be useful to control spp. in poultry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In total, 45 broiler litter samples were collected. spp. was isolated and identified using selective and differential culture media and biochemical tests. Molecular confirmation of the pathogen was performed with the invA gene and serotyping by Kauffman-White scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility to 15 antibiotics was determined by Kirby-Bauer method. In cefotaxime-resistant strains, -F, , , and genes were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
RESULTS
In total, 817 presumptive strains were obtained from xylose lysine deoxycholate and agars and subcultured on xylose-lysine-tergitol 4 and MacConkey agars, from which 150 strains were isolated; 29 of these strains were presumptive for spp. after performing biochemical tests and 16 were confirmed by PCR as Infantis (15) and Gallinarum (1). All strains were found to be multiresistant to antibiotics, showing three different profiles and isolates resistant to cefotaxime, and the gene was detected.
CONCLUSION
This is the first study to isolate . Infantis from broiler litter in Colombia. All isolates exhibited resistance to the evaluated antimicrobials, suggesting the misuse of antimicrobials in small- and medium-sized poultry farms. The presence of serovar Infantis is a public health problem. Thus, regular monitoring of poultry litter is recommended, as these bacteria can be transmitted to humans through animal products or contaminated environments.
PubMed: 35993060
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1557-1565 -
Scientific Data Aug 2022Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Pullorum disease and fowl typhoid are among the most significant poultry diseases worldwide. However, the global burden of these diseases remains unknown. Most importantly, the parameters contributing to the prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum variants are not well documented. Therefore, in this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence of Salmonella Gallinarum during 1945-2021. In total, 201 studies were identified for qualitative analysis (>900 million samples). The meta-analysis was subjected to over 183 screened studies. The global prevalence of S. Gallinarum (percentage of positive samples in total samples) was 8.54% (95% CI: 8.43-8.65) and showed a V-shaped recovery over time. Pullorum disease is most common in Asia, particularly in eastern China. Further investigations on chicken origin samples revealed significant differences in S. Gallinarum prevalence by gender, breed, raising mode, economic use, and growth stage, indicating a critical role of vertical transmission. Together, this study offered an updated, evidence-based dataset and knowledge regarding S. Gallinarum epidemics, which might significantly impact decision-making policy with targeted interventions.
Topics: Animals; Datasets as Topic; Prevalence; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal
PubMed: 35963862
DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01605-x -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Jun 2022Here, we developed and tested the efficacy of a vaccination protocol based on a commercially available live attenuated serovar Gallinarum () in layer chickens.
OBJECTIVE
Here, we developed and tested the efficacy of a vaccination protocol based on a commercially available live attenuated serovar Gallinarum () in layer chickens.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
50 layer chickens of 16 weeks age were obtained and divided into two groups ( = 25), control and vaccinated. The vaccinated group received vaccine at 0.2 ml/bird, s/c route at 16, 18, 30, and 42 weeks of age. At 21 weeks of age, birds from both groups were challenged with orally at 4 × 10 colony-forming unit per bird.
RESULTS
Both rapid serum plate agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated a rising rate of seroconversion in vaccinated birds across the study period, with a 4% positive rate at 18 weeks, 56% at 21 weeks, 60% at 30 weeks, and 64% at each time point of 42 and 54 weeks. The vaccine showed 100% clinical protection and reduced the shedding in the feces and eggs of the challenged birds. On the contrary, the unvaccinated challenged birds showed clinical signs and lesions typical of infections with morbidity and mortality rates of 36% and 20%, respectively, and had high rates of shedding in feces and eggs.
CONCLUSIONS
With the proposed vaccination schedule shedding was prevented, and a high seroconversion was confirmed. To prevent infections in laying flocks, a 3-month interval immunization program is advised starting at the pre-laying stage.
PubMed: 35891666
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2022.i597 -
Vaccines Jul 2022Worldwide, poultry infections by are the cause of significant economic losses, not only due to reduced production (due to fowl typhoid disease), but also considering...
The Efficacy of a Trivalent Inactivated Vaccine Combined with the Live Gallinarum 9R Vaccine in Young Layers after Experimental Infections with Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Infantis.
Worldwide, poultry infections by are the cause of significant economic losses, not only due to reduced production (due to fowl typhoid disease), but also considering the efforts and control measures that must be constantly applied, especially due to zoonotic serovars. Poultry is a common reservoir of and its transmission into the food chain is a risk for humans. The vaccination of layers plays an important role in the overall efforts to prevent infections. An inactivated trivalent vaccine was prepared with Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Infantis strains. Infection trials were performed to evaluate the efficacy of three vaccination schedules using inactivated and live Gallinarum 9R vaccines. For this purpose, at week 5 of life, one subcutaneous dose of live Gallinarum 9R vaccine (1-5 × 10 CFU) was given to Groups 1 and 2. At weeks 8 and 11 of life, chickens were also vaccinated with one (Group 1) or two (Groups 2 and 3) intramuscular doses of the inactivated oil-adjuvant trivalent vaccine (1 × 10 CFU/dose of each antigen). Group 4 consisted of chickens that remained unvaccinated (control). At week 14 of life, the efficacy of the vaccination plans was evaluated in three separate inoculation trials with Enteritidis, Typhimurium, or Infantis. After vaccination with the inactivated vaccine, homologous antibody production was observed, and after challenge, a significant reduction in the faecal shedding, invasion, and colonization of Typhimurium and Infantis was achieved by all vaccination schedules, while the vaccination with at least one dose of the live Gallinarum 9R vaccine was necessary to obtain such a significant protection against Enteritidis infection.
PubMed: 35891276
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071113 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2022The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and...
The development of novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant pathogenic infections like is the need of the hour. infection causes typhoid fever, jaundice, and hepatitis resulting in severe liver injury. Natural compounds have been proved beneficial for the treatment of these bacterial infections. The beneficial roles of cinnamaldehyde due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative properties have been determined by many researchers. However, alleviation of liver damage caused by infection to young chicks by cinnamaldehyde remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study was performed to identify the effects of cinnamaldehyde on ameliorating liver damage in young chicks. Young chicks were intraperitoneally infected with and treated with cinnamaldehyde orally. Liver and serum parameters were investigated by qRT-PCR, ELISA kits, biochemistry kits, flow cytometry, JC-1 dye experiment, and transcriptome analysis. We found that ROS, cytochrome c, mitochondrial membrane potential (m), caspase-3 activity, ATP production, hepatic CFU, ALT, and AST, which were initially increased by infection, significantly ( < 0.05) decreased by cinnamaldehyde treatment at 1, 3, and 5 days postinfection (DPI). In addition, infection significantly increased proinflammatory gene expression (, , , , , and ) and decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes (, , and ); however, cinnamaldehyde reverted these effects at 1, 3, and 5 DPI. Transcriptome analysis showed that modulates certain genes of the AMPK-mTOR pathway for its survival and replication, and these pathway modulations were reversed by cinnamaldehyde treatment. We concluded that cinnamaldehyde ameliorates inflammation and apoptosis by suppressing NF-K/caspase-3 pathway and reverts the metabolic changes caused by infection via modulating the AMPK-mTOR pathway. Furthermore, cinnamaldehyde has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiapoptotic properties against challenged young chicks and can be a candidate novel drug to treat salmonellosis in poultry production.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Acrolein; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Apoptosis; Caspase 3; Chickens; Hepatocytes; Oxidative Stress; Poultry Diseases; Salmonella; Salmonella Infections, Animal; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 35847587
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2459212 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences May 2022Infections caused by remain a major public health problem worldwide. Animal food products, including poultry meat and eggs, are considered essential components in the...
Infections caused by remain a major public health problem worldwide. Animal food products, including poultry meat and eggs, are considered essential components in the individual's daily nutrition. However, chicken continues to be the main reservoir for spp. Poultry farmers use several types of antibiotics to treat pathogens. This can pose a health risk as pathogens can build antibiotic resistance in addition to the possibility of accumulation of these antibiotics in food products. The use of phages in treating poultry pathogens is increasing worldwide due to its potential use as an effective alternative to antibiotics. Phages have several advantages over antibiotics; phages are very specific to target bacteria, less chances of developing secondary infections, and they only replicate at the site of infection. Here we report the isolation of a bacteriophage from chicken feces. The isolated bacteriophage hosts on Gallinarum, a common zoonotic infection that causes fowl typhoid, known to cause major losses to poultry sector. The isolated bacteriophage was partially characterized as a DNA virus resistant to RNase digestion with approximately 20 Kb genome. SDS-PAGE analysis of total viral proteins showed at least five major bands (21, 28, 42, 55 and 68 kDa), indicating that this virus is relatively small compared to other known poultry phages. The isolated bacteriophage has the potential to be an alternative to antibiotics and possibly reducing antibiotic resistance in poultry farms.
PubMed: 35844409
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.007