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Fungal Systematics and Evolution Jun 2023Three new genera, six new species, three combinations, six epitypes, and 25 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera:...
Three new genera, six new species, three combinations, six epitypes, and 25 interesting new host and / or geographical records are introduced in this study. New genera: (based on ), and (based on ). New species: (from cooling pad water, USA, (on dead wood of sp., Netherlands), (on lichen on brick wall, Netherlands), (on moss growing on a wall, Netherlands), (from rockwool, USA), and (from hydroponic water, USA). New combinations: (based on ), (based on ), and (based on ). Epitypes: (from water, USA), (on leaves of , Netherlands), (on , parasitic on , Germany), (on needles of , Canada), (on twigs of , Ukraine), and (on decayed branch, Netherlands). Furthermore, the higher order phylogeny of three genera regarded as is resolved, namely (), (, ), and (, ), with being an older name for Crous PW, Akulov A, Balashov S, Boers J, Braun U, Castillo J, Delgado MA, Denman S, Erhard A, Gusella G, Jurjević Ž, Kruse J, Malloch DW, Osieck ER, Polizzi G, Schumacher RK, Slootweg E, Starink-Willemse M, van Iperen AL, Verkley GJM, Groenewald JZ (2023). New and Interesting Fungi. 6. : 109-156. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2023.11.09.
PubMed: 38545457
DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2023.11.09 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Mar 2024The fungal diglycosidase α-rhamnosyl-β-glucosidase I (αRβG I) from Acremonium sp. DSM 24697 catalyzes the glycosylation of various OH-acceptors using the citrus...
The fungal diglycosidase α-rhamnosyl-β-glucosidase I (αRβG I) from Acremonium sp. DSM 24697 catalyzes the glycosylation of various OH-acceptors using the citrus flavanone hesperidin. We successfully applied a one-pot biocatalysis process to synthesize 4-methylumbellipheryl rutinoside (4-MUR) and glyceryl rutinoside using a citrus peel residue as sugar donor. This residue, which contained 3.5 % [w/w] hesperidin, is the remaining of citrus processing after producing orange juice, essential oil, and peel-juice. The low-cost compound glycerol was utilized in the synthesis of glyceryl rutinoside. We implemented a simple method for the obtention of glyceryl rutinoside with 99 % yield, and its purification involving activated charcoal, which also facilitated the recovery of the by-product hesperetin through liquid-liquid extraction. This process presents a promising alternative for biorefinery operations, highlighting the valuable role of αRβG I in valorizing glycerol and agricultural by-products. KEYPOINTS: • αRβG I catalyzed the synthesis of rutinosides using a suspension of OPW as sugar donor. • The glycosylation of aliphatic polyalcohols by the αRβG I resulted in products bearing a single rutinose moiety. • αRβG I catalyzed the synthesis of glyceryl rutinoside with high glycosylation/hydrolysis selectivity (99 % yield).
Topics: Hesperidin; Acremonium; Glycerol
PubMed: 38430417
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12957-8 -
PeerJ 2024Endophytic fungi can enhance the growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Bunge is frequently employed for treating cardiovascular and...
BACKGROUND
Endophytic fungi can enhance the growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Bunge is frequently employed for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ailments, with the primary bioactive components being salvianolic acid and tanshinone. However, their levels in cultivated are inferior to that of the wild herbs, so the production of high-quality medicinal herbs is sharply declining. Consequently, the utilization of beneficial endophytic fungi to improve the yield and quality of holds great significance for the cultivation of medicinal plants.
METHODS
In this study, nine non-pathogenic, endophytic fungal strains were introduced into sterile seedlings and cultivated both and (the greenhouse). The effects of these strains on the growth indices, C and N metabolism, antioxidant activity, photosynthesis, and content of bioactive ingredients in were then evaluated.
RESULTS
The results showed that the different genera, species, or strains of endophytic fungi regulated the growth and metabolism of in unique ways. These endophytic fungi primarily exerted their growth-promoting effects by increasing the net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO concentration, and the activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase. They also enhanced the adaptability and resistance to environmental stresses by improving the synthesis of osmoregulatory compounds and the activity of antioxidant enzymes. However, their regulatory effects on the growth and development of were affected by environmental changes. Moreover, the strains that significantly promoted the synthesis and accumulation of phenolic acids inhibited the accumulation of tanshinones components, and vice versa. The endophytic fungal strains DS8, DS10, and DS12 enhanced the bioaccumulation of tanshinones. DS16 elevated the rosmarinic acid content and yields in . The strain DS5 improved the contents of dihydrotanshinone, salvianolic acid B, and rosmarinic acid. The strains DS8 and DS10 improved resistance.
CONCLUSION
Various endophytic fungi affected the quality and yield of by regulating different physiological and metabolic pathways. This study also provides a novel and effective method to maximize the effects of beneficial endophytic fungi by selecting specific strains to design microbial communities based on the different ecological functions of endophytic fungi under varying environments and for specific production goals.
Topics: Salvia miltiorrhiza; Antioxidants; Rosmarinic Acid
PubMed: 38406278
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16959 -
Food Chemistry: X Mar 2024To improve the delightful flavor of mulberry wine through semi-artificial inoculation fermentation with , we studied the dynamics change of microbiota, along with the...
To improve the delightful flavor of mulberry wine through semi-artificial inoculation fermentation with , we studied the dynamics change of microbiota, along with the physicochemical properties and metabolite profiles and their interaction relationship during the fermentation process. The abundance of lactic acid bacteria (, , , and ) increased significantly during fermentation, while yeasts gradually established dominance. The inter-kingdom network of the dominant genera analysis further identified the following as core microbiota: , , , , , , , and . Additionally, pH, alcohol, and total acid were significantly affected by microbiota variation. Fourteen of all identified volatile compounds with key different aromas were screened using PCA, OPLS-DA, and rOAV. The network of interconnected core microbiota with key different aromas revealed that and had stronger correlations with 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, propanoic acid, and 2-methyl-ethyl ester.
PubMed: 38384682
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101223 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Feb 2024Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to...
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
Topics: Gossypium; Ascomycota; Acremonium; Alcohol Oxidoreductases; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases; Verticillium
PubMed: 38353627
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13431 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024There has been a substantial increase in the number of cases of invasive fungal infections worldwide, which is associated with a growing number of immunosuppressed... (Review)
Review
There has been a substantial increase in the number of cases of invasive fungal infections worldwide, which is associated with a growing number of immunosuppressed patients and a rise in antifungal resistance. Some fungi that were previously considered harmless to humans have become emerging pathogens. One of them is , a ubiquitous filamentous fungus commonly found in the environment, especially in the air and soil. belongs to a bigger group of hyaline fungi that cause hyalohyphomycosis, a fungal infection caused by fungi with colorless hyphae. Although this is a heterogeneous group of fungi, there are similarities regarding their ubiquity, ways of transmission, affected patients, and difficulties in diagnostics and treatment. In hyalohyphomycosis, the skin is one of the most affected organs, which is why the involvement of dermatologists is crucial for the initial assessment, since the timely recognition and early diagnosis of this condition can prevent life-threatening infections and death. In this review, we covered cutaneous hyalohyphomycosis caused by and other fungi in the same group, including , , , , , and genera.
PubMed: 38276283
DOI: 10.3390/life14010154 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023The Badami Caves are a significant example of ancient Indian rock-cut architecture, dating back to the 6th century. These caves are situated in the Malaprabha River...
The Badami Caves are a significant example of ancient Indian rock-cut architecture, dating back to the 6th century. These caves are situated in the Malaprabha River valley and are part of the candidate UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Evolution of Temple Architecture-Aihole-Badami-Pattadakal", which is considered to be the cradle of temple architecture in India. Our study aimed to investigate the diversity, distribution, and biodeterioration phenomena of the fungal communities present on the cave surfaces. The study also conducted a comprehensive analysis of fungal biodeterioration on the cave carvings. Utilizing specialized techniques, the dissolution of calcite, alterations in pH levels, and biomineralization capabilities of isolated fungal strains were monitored. Additionally, this study analyzed fungal acid production using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our findings revealed that the major genera of fungi found on the cave surfaces included , , , , and . These isolated fungi were observed to produce acids, leading to the dissolution of calcium carbonate and subsequent decrease in pH values. Notably, the dominant genus responsible for acid production and the promotion of biomineralization was . These discoveries provide valuable insight into the ecology and functions of fungi inhabiting stone surfaces, contributing to our understanding of how to preserve and protect sculptures from biodeterioration.
PubMed: 38255644
DOI: 10.3390/life14010028 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023A red mud suspension of ~700,000 m was accidentally released from the alumina plant in Ajka, Hungary, on the 4th of October 2010, flooding several buildings in the...
A red mud suspension of ~700,000 m was accidentally released from the alumina plant in Ajka, Hungary, on the 4th of October 2010, flooding several buildings in the nearby towns. As there is no information in the literature on the effects of red mud on indoor mold growth, we conducted studies to answer the following question: does the heavy metal content of red mud inhibit fungal colonization in flooded houses? In order to gain knowledge on fungal spectra colonizing surfaces soaked with red mud and on the ability of fungi to grow on them, swabs, tape lifts, and air samples were collected from three case study buildings. A total of 43 fungal taxa were detected. The dominant species were spp. on plaster/brick walls, but series , , , and spp. were also present. The level of airborne penicillia was high in all indoor samples. Selected fungal strains were subcultured on 2% MEA with 10 and 10 dilutions of red mud. The growth rate of most of the strains was not significantly reduced by red mud on the artificial media. The consequences of similar industrial flooding on indoor molds are also discussed in this paper.
PubMed: 38251330
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010022 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024fungi is one of the greatest and most complex genera in Hyphomycetes, comprising 130 species of marine and terrestrial sources. The past decades have witnessed... (Review)
Review
fungi is one of the greatest and most complex genera in Hyphomycetes, comprising 130 species of marine and terrestrial sources. The past decades have witnessed substantial chemical and biological investigations on the diverse secondary metabolites from the species. To date, over 600 compounds with abundant chemical types as well as a wide range of bioactivities have been obtained from this genus, attracting considerable attention from chemists and pharmacologists. This review mainly summarizes the sources, chemical structures, and biological activities of 115 recently reported new compounds from the genus from December 2016 to September 2023. They are structurally classified into terpenoids (42%), peptides (29%), polyketides (20%), and others (9%), among which marine sources are predominant (68%). Notably, these compounds were primarily screened with cytotoxic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities. This paper provides insights into the exploration and utilization of bioactive compounds in this genus, both within the scientific field and pharmaceutical industry.
PubMed: 38248947
DOI: 10.3390/jof10010037 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2023Four new compounds, including two ascochlorin-type meroterpenoids acremocholrins A () and B (), one pyridone alkaloid acremopyridone A (), and one cyclopentenone...
Four new compounds, including two ascochlorin-type meroterpenoids acremocholrins A () and B (), one pyridone alkaloid acremopyridone A (), and one cyclopentenone derivative acremoketene A (), together with eight known compounds (- and -), were isolated and identified from the hadal trench-derived fungus YP-213. Their structures were determined with a detailed spectroscopic analysis of NMR and MS data, NOE analysis, octant rule and quantum chemical calculations of ECD, and NMR (with DP4+ probability analysis). Among the compounds, represent a novel scaffold derived from a pyridone alkaloid by cleavage of the C-16-C-17 bond following oxidation to give a ketone. Compounds , , and showed potent in vivo anti-inflammatory activity in transgenic zebrafish, while compound exhibited significant proangiogenic activity in transgenic zebrafish.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Fungi; Pyridones; Alkaloids; Acremonium
PubMed: 38248650
DOI: 10.3390/md22010025