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Plant Disease Dec 2023Lettuce ( L.) production is greatly threatened by Verticillium wilt, which is caused by three pathogenic races (races 1, 2, and 3) of the soilborne fungus . Race 1 is...
Lettuce ( L.) production is greatly threatened by Verticillium wilt, which is caused by three pathogenic races (races 1, 2, and 3) of the soilborne fungus . Race 1 is predominant, and resistant varieties that provide full protection against it are commercially available. However, heavily relying on race 1-resistant cultivars could shift the population towards resistance-breaking isolates and impact the durability of plant resistance. This study determined the inheritance of partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of within spp. using 258 F progeny generated from a cross between two partially resistant accessions, 11G99 () and PI 171674 (). Eight experiments were performed under greenhouse and growth room conditions across 3 years using a randomized complete block design, and segregation analysis was conducted to determine the inheritance pattern. The results indicate that partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of is conditioned by a two-major-gene genetic model with additive-dominance-epistatic effects. Transgressive segregants were infrequent but observed in both directions, indicating that favorable and adverse alleles are dispersed in both parents. Combining favorable alleles of these two partially resistant parents appears to be challenging because of epistatic effects and a significant role of environment in disease severity. The probability of capturing favorable additive genes could be maximized by generating and evaluating a large population and making selections at late generations. This study provides valuable insights into the inheritance pattern of partial resistance to isolate VdLs17 of that will be helpful in designing efficient breeding strategies in lettuce.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Topics: Ascomycota; Inheritance Patterns; Lactuca; Plant Breeding; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37311229
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-09-22-2194-RE -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Verticillium wilt caused by is a notorious soil-borne fungal disease and seriously threatens the yield of economic crops worldwide. During host infection, secretes...
Verticillium wilt caused by is a notorious soil-borne fungal disease and seriously threatens the yield of economic crops worldwide. During host infection, secretes many effectors that manipulate host immunity, among which small cysteine-rich proteins (SCPs) play an important role. However, the exact roles of many SCPs from are unknown and varied. In this study, we show that the small cysteine-rich protein VdSCP23 inhibits cell necrosis in leaves, as well as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, electrolyte leakage and the expression of defense-related genes. VdSCP23 is mainly localized in the plant cell plasma membrane and nucleus, but its inhibition of immune responses was independent of its nuclear localization. Site-directed mutagenesis and peptide truncation showed that the inhibition function of VdSCP23 was independent of cysteine residues but was dependent on the -glycosylation sites and the integrity of VdSCP23 protein structure. Deletion of did not affect the growth and development of mycelia or conidial production in . Unexpectedly, deletion strains still maintained their virulence for , and seedlings. This study demonstrates an important role for VdSCP23 in the inhibition of plant immune responses; however, it is not required for normal growth or virulence in .
Topics: Cysteine; Verticillium; Ascomycota; Plant Diseases; Gossypium; Disease Resistance; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
PubMed: 37298354
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119403 -
Biotechnology Letters Aug 2023Dielectric spectroscopy is commonly used for online monitoring of biomass growth. It is however not utilized for biomass concentration measurements due to poor...
OBJECTIVES
Dielectric spectroscopy is commonly used for online monitoring of biomass growth. It is however not utilized for biomass concentration measurements due to poor correlation with Cell Dry Weight (CDW). A calibration methodology is developed that can directly measure viable biomass concentration in a commercial filamentous process using dielectric values, without recourse to independent and challenging viability determinations.
RESULTS
The methodology is applied to samples from the industrial scale fermentation of a filamentous fungus, Acremonium fusidioides. By mixing fresh and heat-killed samples, linear responses were verified and sample viability could be fitted with the dielectric [Formula: see text] values and total solids concentration. The study included a total of 26 samples across 21 different cultivations, with a legacy at-line viable cell analyzer requiring 2 ml samples, and a modern on-line probe operated at-line with 2 different sample presentation volumes, one compatible with the legacy analyzer, a larger sample volume of 100 ml being compatible with calibration for on-line operation. The linear model provided an [Formula: see text] value of 0.99 between [Formula: see text] and viable biomass across the sample set using either instrument. The difference in ∆C when analyzing 100 mL and 2 mL samples with an in-line probe can be adjusted by a scalar factor of 1.33 within the microbial system used in this study, preserving the linear relation with [Formula: see text] of 0.97.
CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to directly estimate viable biomass concentrations utilizing dielectric spectroscopy without recourse to extensive and difficult to execute independent viability studies. The same method can be applied to calibrate different instruments to measure viable biomass concentration. Small sample volumes are appropriate as long as the sample volumes are kept consistent.
Topics: Fermentation; Bioreactors; Dielectric Spectroscopy; Biomass; Fungi
PubMed: 37227599
DOI: 10.1007/s10529-023-03384-w -
Planta Medica Oct 2023Fungi-derived polyketide-terpenoid hybrids are important meroterpenoid natural products that possess diverse structure scaffolds with a broad spectrum of bioactivities.... (Review)
Review
Fungi-derived polyketide-terpenoid hybrids are important meroterpenoid natural products that possess diverse structure scaffolds with a broad spectrum of bioactivities. Herein, we focus on an ever-increasing group of meroterpenoids, orsellinic acid-sesquiterpene hybrids comprised of biosynthetic start unit orsellinic acid coupling to a farnesyl group or/and its modified cyclic products. The review entails the search of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases up to June 2022. The key terms include "orsellinic acid", "sesquiterpene", "ascochlorin", "ascofuranone", and "", which are combined with the structures of "ascochlorin" and "ascofuranone" drawn by the Reaxys and Scifinder databases. In our search, these orsellinic acid-sesquiterpene hybrids are mainly produced by filamentous fungi. Ascochlorin was the first compound reported in 1968 and isolated from filamentous fungus (synonym: ); to date, 71 molecules are discovered from various filamentous fungi inhabiting in a variety of ecological niches. As typical representatives of the hybrid molecules, the biosynthetic pathway of ascofuranone and ascochlorin are discussed. The group of meroterpenoid hybrids exhibits a broad arrange of bioactivities, as highlighted by targeting hDHODH (human dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) inhibition, antitrypanosomal, and antimicrobial activities. This review summarizes the findings related to the structures, fungal sources, bioactivities, and their biosynthesis from 1968 to June 2022.
Topics: Humans; Sesquiterpenes; Ascomycota; Terpenes
PubMed: 37225133
DOI: 10.1055/a-2099-4932 -
Food Chemistry: X Jun 2023Mouding sufu, a traditional fermented soybean product in China, has been recognized by the public in the southwestern regions of China. To reveal the microbial community...
Mouding sufu, a traditional fermented soybean product in China, has been recognized by the public in the southwestern regions of China. To reveal the microbial community succession and their relationship with the flavor formation during the natural fermentation of Mouding sufu, microbial community, non-volatile flavor compounds and volatile flavor compounds were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography ion migration spectroscopy, respectively. The results showed that and were the most abundant bacterial genus, whereas the main fungal genera were and . In addition, Glutamic acid, Aspartic acid, Alanine, Valine, Lysine, Histidine, lactic acid, succinic acid, and acetic acid were the main non-volatile flavor substances. Furthermore, the taste activity values of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and lactic acid reached 132, 68.9, 18.18 at H60, respectively, meaning that umami and sour were the key taste compounds. Simultaneously, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate-M, ethyl propanoate, methyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 2-methylbutanoate, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate-D, ethyl isobutyrate, linalool-M, linalool-D, cis-4-heptenal, 2-methylpropanal were the characteristic volatile flavor of Mouding sufu. Finally, correlation analysis showed that and correlated with most of the key aroma compounds. 20 bacteria and 21 fungi were identified as core functional microbe for Mouding sufu production.
PubMed: 37168719
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100686 -
Volatiles of fungal cultivars act as cues for host-selection in the fungus-farming ambrosia beetle .Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Many wood-boring insects use aggregation pheromones during mass colonization of host trees. Bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are a model system, but much less is...
Many wood-boring insects use aggregation pheromones during mass colonization of host trees. Bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) are a model system, but much less is known about the role of semiochemicals during host selection by ambrosia beetles. As an ecological clade within the bark beetles, ambrosia beetles are obligately dependent on fungal mutualists for their sole source of nutrition. Mass colonization of trees growing in horticultural settings by exotic ambrosia beetles can occur, but aggregation cues have remained enigmatic. To elucidate this mechanism, we first characterized the fungal associates of the exotic, mass-aggregating ambrosia beetle in Southern Germany. Still-air olfactometer bioassays documented the attraction of to its primary nutritional mutualist and to a lesser extent another common fungal isolate ( sp.). During two-choice bioassays, was preferentially attracted to branch sections (i.e., bolts) that were either pre-colonized by conspecifics or pre-inoculated with . Subsequent analyses identified microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) that could potentially function as aggregation pheromones for . To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for fungal volatiles as attractive cues during host selection by . Adaptive benefits of responding to fungal cues associated with an infestation of conspecifics could be a function of locating a suitable substrate for cultivating fungal symbionts and/or increasing the likelihood of mating opportunities with the flightless males. However, this requires solutions for evolutionary conflict arising due to potential mixing of vertically transmitted and horizontally acquired symbiont strains, which are discussed.
PubMed: 37125205
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1151078 -
Gastroenterology Report 2023The study purpose was to characterize the mycobiome and its associations with the expression of pathogenic genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
BACKGROUND
The study purpose was to characterize the mycobiome and its associations with the expression of pathogenic genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
METHODS
Patients with primary ESCC were recruited from two central hospitals. We performed internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) ribosomal DNA sequencing analysis. We compared differential fungi and explored the ecology of fungi and the interaction of bacteria and fungi.
RESULTS
The mycobiota diversity was significantly different between tumors and tumor-adjacent samples. We further analysed the differences between the two groups, at the species level, confirming that , , , and were excessively colonized in the tumor samples, whereas , , , , , and were significantly more abundant in tumor-adjacent samples. The fungal co-occurrence network in tumor-adjacent samples was larger and denser than that in tumors. Similarly, the more complex bacterial-fungal interactions in tumor-adjacent samples were also detected. The expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase was positively correlated with the abundance of and in tumor-adjacent samples. In tumors, the expression of MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET) had a negative correlation and a positive correlation with the abundance of and , respectively.
CONCLUSION
This study revealed the landscape of the esophageal mycobiome characterized by an altered fungal composition and bacterial and fungal ecology in ESCC.
PubMed: 37124071
DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goad022 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is a species of ascomycete fungus that has been recognized as a biocontrol agent for managing animal and plant pathogens, and exhibits significant potential as a feed...
is a species of ascomycete fungus that has been recognized as a biocontrol agent for managing animal and plant pathogens, and exhibits significant potential as a feed additive. In this study, we utilized a combination of short-read Illumina sequencing and long-read PacBio sequencing to sequence, assemble, and analyze the genome of . The resulting genome consisted of 11 scaffolds encompassing 30.27 Mb, with a GC content of 54.07%, and 10,326 predicted protein coding gene models. We utilized 268 single-copy ortholog genes to reconstruct the phylogenomic relationships among 26 ascomycetes, and found that was closely related to two species. We also determined that the ergosterol content of was synthesized to nearly double levels when cultured in potato dextrose media compared to bean media (4509 mg/kg vs. 2382 mg/kg). Furthermore, transcriptome analyses of differentially expressed genes suggested that the ergosterol synthesis genes ERG3, ERG5, and ERG25 were significantly up-regulated in potato dextrose media. These results will help us to recognize metabolic pathway of ergosterol biosynthesis of comprehensivelly.
Topics: Transcriptome; Hypocreales; Ascomycota; Ergosterol; Glucose
PubMed: 37124038
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1181287 -
Microorganisms Mar 2023Endophytic fungi have been found to produce a wide range of extracellular enzymes, which are increasingly in demand for their industrial applications. Different...
Endophytic fungi have been found to produce a wide range of extracellular enzymes, which are increasingly in demand for their industrial applications. Different by-products from the agrifood industry could be used as fungal growth substrates for the massive production of these enzymes, specifically as a way to revalorize them. However, such by-products often present unfavorable conditions for the microorganism's growth, such as high salt concentrations. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of eleven endophytic fungi-which were isolated from plants growing in a harsh environment, specifically, from the Spanish dehesas-for the purposes of the in vitro production of six enzymes (i.e., amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, pectinase and laccase) under both standard and salt-amended conditions. Under standard conditions, the studied endophytes produced between two and four of the six enzymes evaluated. In most of the producer fungal species, this enzymatic activity was relatively maintained when NaCl was added to the medium. Among the isolates evaluated, (E025), (E178), (E198), and an unidentified species (E586) were the most suitable candidates for the massive production of enzymes by using growth substrates with saline properties (such as those found in the many by-products from the agrifood industry). This study should be considered an initial approach by which to further study the identification of these compounds as well as to develop the optimization of their production by directly using those residues.
PubMed: 37110331
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040908 -
Fungi associated with ornamental plants in some Nurseries in Al-Qurayyat, Jouf region, Saudi Arabia.Iranian Journal of Microbiology Feb 2023Fungi communities are important soil components as decomposers and plant symbionts, and they play an important part in natural ecological and biogeochemical processes....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Fungi communities are important soil components as decomposers and plant symbionts, and they play an important part in natural ecological and biogeochemical processes. In this study, isolation and identification of terrestrial and zoosporic fungi were detected.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty-seven fungal species from thirty-four genera were isolated from 45 soil samples obtained randomly from nurseries in Al-Qurayyat, Jouf reagon, Saudi Arabia using the soil dilution technique on glucose-Czapek's agar medium, cellulose-Czapek's agar, and Potato dextrose agar medium.Authentic fungus manuals were then used to identify and characterise the mycoflora.
RESULTS
A total of 46 fungal species belonging to 22 terrestrial fungal genera were recovered on glucose-Czapek's agar, 38 species belonging to 20 terrestrial fungal genera were recovered on cellulos-Czapek's agar and 27 fungal species belonging to 15 terrestrial fungal genera were recovered on PDA medium while 12 species belonging to 7 genera zoosporic fungal genera were discovered.
CONCLUSION
The most common terrestrial fungal genera were and while in zoosporic fungus. was the most prevalent, followed by and .
PubMed: 37069907
DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v15i1.11934