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Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) Dec 2023Human energy expenditure and substrate oxidation are under circadian control and food intake is a time cue for the human biological clock, leading to 24h feeding-fasting... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Human energy expenditure and substrate oxidation are under circadian control and food intake is a time cue for the human biological clock, leading to 24h feeding-fasting cycles in energy and substrate metabolism. In recent years, (intermittent) fasting protocols have also become popular to improve metabolic health. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of food intake on the 24h patterns of energy metabolism as well as to provide data on the timeline of changes in energy metabolism that occur upon an extended period of fasting.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In a randomized, cross-over design, twelve healthy males underwent a 60h fast which was compared to a 60h fed condition. In the fed condition meals were provided at energy balance throughout the study. Conditions were separated by a two week period of habitual diet. Volunteers resided in a respiration chamber for the entire 60h to measure energy expenditure and substrate oxidation hour by hour. Volunteers performed a standardized activity protocol while in the chamber. Blood samples were drawn after 12, 36 and 60h.
RESULTS
Immediately following the breakfast meal (in the fed condition), fat oxidation became higher in the fasted condition compared to the fed condition and remained elevated throughout the study period. The initial rapid increase in fat oxidation corresponded with a decline in the hepatokine activin A (r = -0.86, p = 0.001). The contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure gradually increased with extended abstinence from food, peaking after 51h of fasting at 160 mg/min. Carbohydrate oxidation stabilized at a low level during the second day of fasting and averaged around 60 mg/min with only modest elevations in response to physical activity. Although 24h energy expenditure was significantly lower with prolonged fasting (11.0 ± 0.4 vs 9.8 ± 0.2 and 10.9 ± 0.3 vs 10.3 ± 0.3 MJ in fed vs fasting, day 2 and 3 respectively, p < 0.01), the 24h fluctuations in energy expenditure were comparable between the fasted and fed condition. The fluctuations in substrate oxidation were, however, significantly (p < 0.001 for both carbohydrate and fat oxidation) altered in the fasted state, favouring fat oxidation.
CONCLUSIONS
Energy expenditure displays a day-night rhythm, which is independent of food intake. In contrast, the day-night rhythm of both carbohydrate and fat oxidation is mainly driven by food intake. Upon extended fasting, the absolute rate of fat oxidation rapidly increases and keeps increasing during a 60h fast, whereas carbohydrate oxidation becomes progressively diminished.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
www.trialregister.nl NTR 2042.
Topics: Male; Humans; Cross-Over Studies; Fasting; Energy Metabolism; Oxidation-Reduction; Periodicity; Carbohydrates
PubMed: 37862821
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.10.010 -
Nutrients Oct 2023High sodium intake is the leading diet-related risk factor for mortality globally. Many countries have introduced policies to support the reformulation of foods and to...
High sodium intake is the leading diet-related risk factor for mortality globally. Many countries have introduced policies to support the reformulation of foods and to reduce sodium intake, mainly on a voluntary basis, but there are limited data available about the long-term efficiency of such measures. Slovenia implemented salt reduction policies for the period of 2010-2020; these policies also included the voluntary reformulation of foods with the lowering of sodium content. This study's aim was to explore the nationally representative branded food datasets collected in the years 2011, 2015, 2017, and 2020 to investigate the changes in the sodium content in prepacked branded foods. The study was conducted with datasets collected from food labels using standard food monitoring studies and included all the major retailers. Differences in market shares were adjusted by sales weighting, which was conducted using the yearly sales data provided by the major retailers. The food categories with a major contribution to the overall sales of sodium in prepacked branded foods were processed meat and derivatives (19.0%), canned vegetables (7.1%), water (6.7%), bread (7.2%), and cheese (6.3%). Considering the available food products, a notable decreasing sodium content trend was observed in biscuits, breakfast cereals, pizza, and spreads. Year-to-year differences were much less expressed after the correction for market share differences, and neutral trends were most frequently highlighted. This indicates that sodium was less frequently reduced in market-leading products. The study results revealed that very limited progress in sodium food reformulation was achieved in the 10-year period, indicating the need for more efficient policy approaches. The study demonstrated the importance of the systematic monitoring of the food supply for the evaluation of food policies.
Topics: Sodium; Fast Foods; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Sodium, Dietary; Food Labeling; Food Supply
PubMed: 37836588
DOI: 10.3390/nu15194304 -
PloS One 2023This study aimed to investigate the relationship between night shifts and snacking behaviors during pregnancy using Japanese maternal-infant longitudinal data from a...
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between night shifts and snacking behaviors during pregnancy using Japanese maternal-infant longitudinal data from a large-scale study.
METHODS
This study used the Japan Environment and Children's Study dataset jecs-ta-20190930, released in October 2019. After simple analysis using analysis of variance and multiple comparisons, crude odds ratios (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were calculated. To evaluate eating habits, we examined habitual fast food and snacks (e.g., potato chips, corn puffs and tortilla chips) consumption, midnight snacks, and regular missing breakfast.
RESULTS
There was no significant association between inappropriate weight gain during pregnancy and night shift work in early pregnancy. The aOR for consuming snacks more than once a week after noticing pregnancy for shift workers was 1.34 (95% confidence interval 1.27-1.41; p < 0.001) compared with worker without night shiftwork. The aOR for shift workers consuming fast food more than three times a week during pregnancy was 1.40 (95% confidence interval 0.79-2.33; p > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Pregnant night shift workers did not show excessive weight gain but had an increased frequency of consumption of snack foods compared with pregnant dayshift workers.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Child; Snacks; Shift Work Schedule; Japan; Feeding Behavior; Weight Gain
PubMed: 37824450
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291579 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Skipping breakfast is highly prevalent but it is not clear whether breakfast frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome in young adults. We aimed to assess the...
Skipping breakfast is highly prevalent but it is not clear whether breakfast frequency is associated with metabolic syndrome in young adults. We aimed to assess the association between breakfast frequency and metabolic syndrome in Korean young adults. This cross-sectional study was based on health check-up data of university students aged 18-39 years between 2016 and 2018. Participants were stratified into three groups by breakfast frequency (non-skipper, skipper 1-3 days/week, skipper 4-7 days/week). Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of metabolic syndrome. Out of 12,302 participants, 56.8% skipped breakfast at least 4 days/week. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was higher in those skipping breakfast for 4 or more days/week compared to non-skipper. (3.1% vs 1.7%) In the age- and sex-adjusted model, individuals skipping breakfast for 4-7 days per week had a higher OR of metabolic syndrome (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.21-2.49) compared to non-skipper. Although this association became insignificant (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.99-2.23) after a fully adjusted multivariable model, trends of positive association between frequency of breakfast skipping and metabolic syndrome was significant (P for trend = 0.038). Frequent breakfast skipping was associated with higher odds of metabolic syndrome in young adults. Further longitudinal studies in the long term are needed to understand the association of meal patterns with metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Humans; Young Adult; Breakfast; Metabolic Syndrome; Cross-Sectional Studies; Feeding Behavior; Longitudinal Studies
PubMed: 37803107
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43957-3 -
Advances in Neural Information... Dec 2022Automatic action identification from video and kinematic data is an important machine learning problem with applications ranging from robotics to smart health. Most...
Automatic action identification from video and kinematic data is an important machine learning problem with applications ranging from robotics to smart health. Most existing works focus on identifying coarse actions such as running, climbing, or cutting vegetables, which have relatively long durations and a complex series of motions. This is an important limitation for applications that require identification of more elemental motions at high temporal resolution. For example, in the rehabilitation of arm impairment after stroke, quantifying the training dose (number of repetitions) requires differentiating motions with sub-second durations. Our goal is to bridge this gap. To this end, we introduce a large-scale, multimodal dataset, StrokeRehab, as a new action-recognition benchmark that includes elemental short-duration actions labeled at a high temporal resolution. StrokeRehab consists of high-quality inertial measurement unit sensor and video data of 51 stroke-impaired patients and 20 healthy subjects performing activities of daily living like feeding, brushing teeth, etc. Because it contains data from both healthy and impaired individuals, StrokeRehab can be used to study the influence of distribution shift in action-recognition tasks. When evaluated on StrokeRehab, current state-of-the-art models for action segmentation produce noisy predictions, which reduces their accuracy in identifying the corresponding sequence of actions. To address this, we propose a novel approach for high-resolution action identification, inspired by speech-recognition techniques, which is based on a sequence-to-sequence model that directly predicts the sequence of actions. This approach outperforms current state-of-the-art methods on StrokeRehab, as well as on the standard benchmark datasets 50Salads, Breakfast, and Jigsaws.
PubMed: 37766938
DOI: No ID Found -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a subtype of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Managing blood glucose (BG) within the healthy physiological range can...
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a subtype of diabetes that develops during pregnancy. Managing blood glucose (BG) within the healthy physiological range can reduce clinical complications for women with gestational diabetes. The objectives of this study are to (1) develop benchmark glucose prediction models with long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network models using time-series data collected from the GDm-Health platform, (2) compare the prediction accuracy with published results, and (3) suggest an optimized clinical review schedule with the potential to reduce the overall number of blood tests for mothers with stable and within-range glucose measurements. A total of 190,396 BG readings from 1110 patients were used for model development, validation and testing under three different prediction schemes: 7 days of BG readings to predict the next 7 or 14 days and 14 days to predict 14 days. Our results show that the optimized BG schedule based on a 7-day observational window to predict the BG of the next 14 days achieved the accuracies of the root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.958 ± 0.007, 0.876 ± 0.003, 0.898 ± 0.003, 0.622 ± 0.003, 0.814 ± 0.009 and 0.845 ± 0.005 for the after-breakfast, after-lunch, after-dinner, before-breakfast, before-lunch and before-dinner predictions, respectively. This is the first machine learning study that suggested an optimized blood glucose monitoring frequency, which is 7 days to monitor the next 14 days based on the accuracy of blood glucose prediction. Moreover, the accuracy of our proposed model based on the fingerstick blood glucose test is on par with the prediction accuracies compared with the benchmark performance of one-hour prediction models using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) readings. In conclusion, the stacked LSTM model is a promising approach for capturing the patterns in time-series data, resulting in accurate predictions of BG levels. Using a deep learning model with routine fingerstick glucose collection is a promising, predictable and low-cost solution for BG monitoring for women with gestational diabetes.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Diabetes, Gestational; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Memory, Short-Term; Glucose
PubMed: 37766044
DOI: 10.3390/s23187990 -
Nutrients Sep 2023Overweight and obesity have increased rapidly in the past few decades in China, and less research has focused on the association between the consumption of...
Overweight and obesity have increased rapidly in the past few decades in China, and less research has focused on the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and overweight or obesity in Chinese adults. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of UPF consumption with the risk of overweight or obesity in Chinese adults. Residents aged 18 years and above who participated in the nationally representative survey Chinese Food Consumption Survey in 2017-2020 were included in this study. Dietary intake data were collected via non-consecutive three-day 24 h dietary recalls and weighing household foods and condiments. According to the NOVA food classification system, UPFs were classified depending on the purpose and extent of food processing. Multiple logistic regression and multivariate-adjusted restricted cubic spline (RCS) regressions were performed to estimate the association between UPF consumption (categorized into quartiles: quartile 1 (Q1), quartile 2 (Q2), quartile 3 (Q3), and quartile 4 (Q4)) and risk of overweight or obesity. A total of 38,658 adults aged 18 years and above participated in the present study. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults was 33.0% (95% CI: 32.91-33.10) and 9.6% (95% CI 9.55-9.67), respectively. After a multivariable adjustment, the risk of overweight or obesity was increased by 10% in Q3 (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.17) compared to Q1 as a reference. Women (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.20) and adults living in small and medium-sized cities (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01-1.26) with higher UPF consumption had higher odds of overweight or obesity. Nevertheless, the effect of higher UPF consumption on the risk of overweight or obesity was relatively weak for overall adults in China. The top three categories of subgroups consumption of UPFs were 1: sugar-sweetened beverages; 2: sauces, cheeses, spreads, and gravies; and 3: ultra-processed breads and breakfast cereals. These findings provide evidence that higher UPF consumption was positively associated with overweight or obesity, which was defined based on Chinese criteria among women and adults living in small and medium-sized cities in China. Further studies, such as intervention trials, are needed to identify the mechanism of correlation between the consumption of UPFs and health-related outcomes in Chinese adults. From a public health perspective, with the prevalence of overweight and obesity growing and the increase in UPF consumption in Chinese adults, it is necessary to promote healthy food intake and a balanced diet through active nutritional education actions for overweight and obesity prevention and control.
PubMed: 37764788
DOI: 10.3390/nu15184005 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is used clinically and for research purposes to capture glycaemic profiles. The accuracy of CGM among healthy populations has not...
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is used clinically and for research purposes to capture glycaemic profiles. The accuracy of CGM among healthy populations has not been widely assessed. This study assessed agreement between glucose concentrations obtained from venous plasma and from CGM (FreeStyle Libre2, Abbott Diabetes Care, Witney, UK) in healthy women. Glucose concentrations were assessed after fasting and every 15 min after a standardized breakfast over a 4-h lab period. Accuracy of CGM was determined by Bland-Altman plot, 15/15% sensor agreement analysis, Clarke error grid analysis (EGA) and mean absolute relative difference (MARD). In all, 429 valid CGM readings with paired venous plasma glucose (VPG) values were obtained from 29 healthy women. Mean CGM readings were 1.14 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.97 to 1.30 mmol/L, < 0.001) higher than VPG concentrations. Ratio 95% limits of agreement were from 0.68 to 2.20, and a proportional bias (slope: 0.22) was reported. Additionally, 45% of the CGM readings were within ±0.83 mmol/L (±15 mg/dL) or ±15% of VPG, while 85.3% were within EGA Zones A + B (clinically acceptable). MARD was 27.5% (95% CI: 20.8, 34.2%), with higher MARD values in the hypoglycaemia range and when VPG concentrations were falling. The FreeStyle Libre2 CGM system tends to overestimate glucose concentrations compared to venous plasma samples in healthy women, especially during hypoglycaemia and during glycaemic swings.
Topics: Humans; Female; Glucose; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Hematologic Tests; Hypoglycemia
PubMed: 37687871
DOI: 10.3390/s23177417 -
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and... Jan 2024Given growing interest in warning labels as a form of front-of-pack nutrition label, it is important to better understand the mechanisms via which these labels may exert...
BACKGROUND
Given growing interest in warning labels as a form of front-of-pack nutrition label, it is important to better understand the mechanisms via which these labels may exert their effects, especially among those making suboptimal food choices.
OBJECTIVE
The study aim was to assess the extent to which consumers with the weakest outcomes for objective understanding and choice in no-label conditions were able to improve their understanding and choices after exposure to warning labels on food product options.
DESIGN
Post-hoc analyses of the cross-sectional FOP-ICE (Front-of-Pack International Comparative Experimental) study data generated from an online survey that included simulated food choice and nutritional quality ranking scenarios.
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING
Participants included 3,680 adults from the following 18 countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States.
INTERVENTION
Survey respondents selected their preferred product options and ranked foods according to their healthiness before and after exposure to mock breakfast cereal, cake, and pizza products displaying warning labels.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Objective understanding and food choice were measured.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED
Within each product category, analyses were conducted on respondents who initially incorrectly identified the healthiest option and/or selected the unhealthiest option as their preferred choice. Significant differences between proportions selecting each understanding and choice response option were assessed using 2-sample z tests for proportions.
RESULTS
Salience of the warning labels was low; 46% reported noticing the labels while completing the survey. Just over one-third of those aware of the presence of warning labels were able to identify the least healthy option in the post-exposure condition. Approximately one-half reselected the least healthy option post exposure and just over one-fourth switched to the healthiest option.
CONCLUSIONS
The results indicated that warning labels can assist some consumers to improve their food quality assessments and choices. However, design improvements could enhance the salience and interpretability of this label format.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Consumer Behavior; Choice Behavior; Nutritional Status; Food Preferences; Nutritive Value; Food Labeling
PubMed: 37673335
DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2023.08.135 -
Public Health Nutrition Nov 2023To examine how food insecurity in childhood up to adolescence relates to eating habits and weight status in young adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
To examine how food insecurity in childhood up to adolescence relates to eating habits and weight status in young adulthood.
DESIGN
A longitudinal study design was used to derive trajectories of household food insecurity from age 4·5 to 13 years. Multivariable linear and logistical regression analyses were performed to model associations between being at high risk of food insecurity from age 4·5 to 13 years and both dietary and weight outcomes at age 22 years.
SETTING
A birth cohort study conducted in the Province of Quebec, Canada.
PARTICIPANTS
In total, 698 young adults participating in the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development.
RESULTS
After adjusting for sex, maternal education and immigrant status, household income and type of family, being at high risk (compared with low risk) of food insecurity in childhood up to adolescence was associated with consuming higher quantities of sugar-sweetened beverages (: 0·64; 95 % CI (0·27, 1·00)), non-whole-grain cereal products (: 0·32; 95 % CI (0·07, 0·56)) and processed meat (: 0·14; 95 % CI (0·02, 0·25)), with skipping breakfast (OR: 1·97; 95 % CI (1·08, 3·53)), with eating meals prepared out of home (OR: 3·38; 95 % CI (1·52, 9·02)), with experiencing food insecurity (OR: 3·03; 95 % CI (1·91, 4·76)) and with being obese (OR: 2·01; 95 % CI (1·12, 3·64)), once reaching young adulthood.
CONCLUSION
Growing up in families experiencing food insecurity may negatively influence eating habits and weight status later in life. Our findings reinforce the importance of public health policies and programmes tackling poverty and food insecurity, particularly for families with young children.
Topics: Child; Young Adult; Adolescent; Humans; Adult; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Longitudinal Studies; Food Supply; Feeding Behavior; Obesity; Food Insecurity
PubMed: 37665116
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980023001854