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International Journal For Parasitology.... Aug 2024We here describe the location of anisakid third stage larvae in Atlantic herring L. caught in the North Sea in August 2023. We further demonstrate how industrial...
We here describe the location of anisakid third stage larvae in Atlantic herring L. caught in the North Sea in August 2023. We further demonstrate how industrial processing (mechanical gutting, removal of entrails, head, tail, hypaxial anterior musculature and vertebral column) reduces the overall infection and worm load in the musculature. The isolated anisakid larvae were identified as sensu stricto by a combination of morphometrics and molecular methods (PCR of rDNA and mtDNA, sequencing, BLAST analysis). As a baseline we examined a total of 75 specimens of freshly caught and ungutted herring and showed a positive correlation between host size (fish length and weight) and infection level. The overall prevalence of infection was 84 %, the mean intensity 11.3 (range 1-38 parasites per fish) and the abundance 9.52. The main part of the overall worm population was associated with stomach and pyloric caeca in the body cavity (77 %) and only 5 % was found in the musculature. Larvae occurred in the hypaxial part of the musculature (21), the epaxial part (7 worms) and the caudal part (5 worms). The prevalence of muscle infection was 28 % and the mean intensity 1.6 (range 1-5) parasites per fish and abundance 0.44 parasites per fish. In order to assess the effect of industrial processing on worm occurrence in the fish we examined a total of 67 specimens of herring, from exactly the same batch, but following processing. This included removal of organs in the body cavity, cutting the lower part of the hypaxial segment but leaving the right and left musculature connected by dorsal connective tissue. Five out of these fish carried one larva (prevalence 7.5%, mean intensity 1, abundance 0.07 larvae per fish), and these worms were located in the ventral part of the anterior musculature (2), in the central part of the anterior musculature (2) and one larva in the central part of the caudal musculature. The industrial processing reduced the overall occurrence (abundance) of worms in the fish from 9.52 to 0.07 (136 times reduction) and the occurrence in the musculature from 0.44 to 0.07 (6.28 times reduction). The overall prevalence was reduced from 84 % to 7.5 % (11.2 times reduction). Muscle infection prevalence fell from 28 % to 7.5 % (3.7 times reduction). We then followed another batch of herring following a marinating process (11% NaCl for 24 h and subsequent incubation in acetic acid and vinegar) by artificially digesting the flaps during week 1-8. Although a total of 31 larvae were recovered from 144 fish examined no live nematode larvae were isolated. The importance of fish handling, processing and marination for consumer safety is discussed.
PubMed: 38655447
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100937 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Apr 2024Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine...
Re-evaluation of certain aspects of the EFSA Scientific Opinion of April 2010 on risk assessment of parasites in fishery products, based on new scientific data. Part 1: ToRs1-3.
Surveillance data published since 2010, although limited, showed that there is no evidence of zoonotic parasite infection in market quality Atlantic salmon, marine rainbow trout, gilthead seabream, turbot, meagre, Atlantic halibut, common carp and European catfish. No studies were found for greater amberjack, brown trout, African catfish, European eel and pikeperch. , (s. s.) and were found in European seabass, Atlantic bluefin tuna and/or cod, and and in tench, produced in open offshore cages or flow-through ponds or tanks. It is almost certain that fish produced in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) or flow-through facilities with filtered water intake and exclusively fed heat-treated feed are free of zoonotic parasites. Since the last EFSA opinion, the UV-press and artificial digestion methods have been developed into ISO standards to detect parasites in fish, while new UV-scanning, optical, molecular and OMICs technologies and methodologies have been developed for the detection, visualisation, isolation and/or identification of zoonotic parasites in fish. Freezing and heating continue to be the most efficient methods to kill parasites in fishery products. High-pressure processing may be suitable for some specific products. Pulsed electric field is a promising technology although further development is needed. Ultrasound treatments were not effective. Traditional dry salting of anchovies successfully inactivated . Studies on other traditional processes - air-drying and double salting (brine salting plus dry salting) - suggest that anisakids are successfully inactivated, but more data covering these and other parasites in more fish species and products is required to determine if these processes are always effective. Marinade combinations with anchovies have not effectively inactivated anisakids. Natural products, essential oils and plant extracts, may kill parasites but safety and organoleptic data are lacking. Advanced processing techniques for intelligent gutting and trimming are being developed to remove parasites from fish.
PubMed: 38650612
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8719 -
Dermatology Reports Mar 2024Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of...
Acute or chronic infections have been described among causes of chronic urticaria (CU). Anisakidosis is a human disease caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of the family Anisakidae. The infestation is acquired by eating raw seafood or undercooked fish and squid. There are considerable variations in the frequency of underlying causes in the different studies and in different countries, such as differences in diets and the prevalence of infections. has been recognized as a trigger of both acute and CU manifestations. However, there is still a lack of evidence about its management and treatment in dermatology. We, therefore, reviewed some biologic properties of in order to understand the relationship between its biology and the mechanism it uses to establish chronic dermatological conditions such as urticaria and cause late complications. In addition, we herein report some concerns about the effectiveness of systemic treatment in preventing complications and management in dermatological settings.
PubMed: 38623363
DOI: 10.4081/dr.2023.9819 -
Heliyon Apr 2024Anisakiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease mainly caused by the third stage of and Traditional methods for detecting of involve morphology identification such as...
Anisakiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease mainly caused by the third stage of and Traditional methods for detecting of involve morphology identification such as visual inspection, enzyme digestion, and molecular methods based on PCR, but they have certain limitations. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) regions of were targeted to develop a visual screening method for detecting and in fish meat based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD). Specific primers and probes were designed and optimized for temperature, reaction time, and detection threshold. LFD produced clear visual results that were easily identifiable after a consistent incubation of 10-20 min at 37 °C. The whole process of DNA amplification by RPA and readout by LFD did not exceed 30 min. In addition, the detection limit is up to 9.5 × 10 ng/μL, and the detection of the artificially contaminated samples showed that the developed assay can effectively and specifically detect and , which fully meet the market's requirements for fish food safety supervision.
PubMed: 38623257
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28943 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2024The present study is the first to analyse the parasite fauna of sole , dab , hake , whiting , and plaice in the Pomeranian Bay, as well as saithe from the Szczecin...
The present study is the first to analyse the parasite fauna of sole , dab , hake , whiting , and plaice in the Pomeranian Bay, as well as saithe from the Szczecin Lagoon (Poland). The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of parasites in migrating and rare fish in the Pomeranian Bay and the Szczecin Lagoon and to determine the composition of the diet of these fish. The fish for analysis were obtained in the years 2010-2019. The typical marine nematode ) , rarely recorded in Poland, was found, in addition to the following parasites: , , sp., () , , , , , , and . Because the fish species analysed in the study are not typically present in the Baltic (with the exception of plaice), and because we do not know how long they feed while they are in the Baltic, we cannot be certain which parasites they acquired in the water bodies analysed in the study and which were introduced during the migration of fish. Although these fish are outside of their normal geographic range (except for plaice), in the new environment, there were enough suitable intermediate hosts for the parasites of these fish to complete their life cycle and survive.
PubMed: 38612268
DOI: 10.3390/ani14071029 -
European Heart Journal. Case Reports Mar 2024Anisakis infects humans by consuming contaminated undercooked or raw fish, leading to gastric anisakiasis, gastro-allergic anisakiasis, or asymptomatic contamination....
BACKGROUND
Anisakis infects humans by consuming contaminated undercooked or raw fish, leading to gastric anisakiasis, gastro-allergic anisakiasis, or asymptomatic contamination. Although larvae usually die when penetrating the gastric tissue, cases of intra- and extra-abdominal spread were described. We report the first probable case of pericardial anisakiasis.
CASE SUMMARY
A 26-year-old man presented to the emergency department because of progressive lower limb oedema and exertional dyspnoea. Two months prior, he had consumed raw fish without any gastrointestinal symptoms. The echocardiogram reported a circumferential pericardial effusion ('swinging heart') and mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). He was diagnosed with myopericarditis after a cardiac magnetic resonance. A fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan revealed an intense pericardial metabolism. Blood tests exhibited persistent eosinophilia and mild elevation of IgE-as for past infestation. A pericardial drainage was performed, subsequently, serial echocardiograms revealed a spontaneous recovery of his LVEF. No autoimmune, allergic, or onco-haematologic diseases were identified. Based on a history of feeding with potentially contaminated raw fish and on long-lasting eosinophilia, we suspected a pericardial anisakiasis, despite a low but persistent titre of specific IgE. Albendazole was administered for 21 days, along with colchicine and ibuprofen for 2 months; pericardial effusion resolution and eosinophil normalization occurred two weeks after.
DISCUSSION
We hypothesized that larvae may have migrated outside the gastrointestinal tract, penetrating the diaphragm and settling in the pericardium, causing pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Clinicians should know that the pericardium may be another extra-abdominal localization of anisakiasis, beyond pleuro-pulmonary involvement.
PubMed: 38454962
DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytae093 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Mar 2024is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite. Although this parasite has been known since the 19 century, publications on anisakiasis have increased in recent years. Despite this,...
OBJECTIVE
is a fish-borne zoonotic parasite. Although this parasite has been known since the 19 century, publications on anisakiasis have increased in recent years. Despite this, this subject has yet to be well studied by bibliometric analysis. This study was conducted to show the research points and trends of .
METHODS
The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) was mined for articles on . The VOSviewer software visually evaluated countries, institutions, authors, references, and keywords in this field.
RESULTS
A total of 1362 publications were included in this bibliometric analysis. The included publications were published between 1970 and 2022 from 79 countries, mainly from Spain (n=456, 33.48%). The most prolific year was 2020 (n=74). The research area that attracted the most publications was parasitology (n=452), while the most productive author in this area was Cuellar C (n=53). , and were the most used three keywords.
CONCLUSION
The number of publications on anisakiasis has been increasing over time, suggesting that is becoming an increasingly important disease worldwide. Research cooperation should be established between researchers from developed and developing countries to determine effective control strategies for anisakiasis.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Anisakiasis; Bibliometrics; Software
PubMed: 38449368
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2024.94830 -
International Immunopharmacology Mar 2024The phenotype of allergic diseases associated with Anisakis determines the pattern of cytokines related to antibody production. However, the role of serum IgA and the...
The phenotype of allergic diseases associated with Anisakis determines the pattern of cytokines related to antibody production. However, the role of serum IgA and the immunomodulatory mechanisms exerted by active infection of L3 or passive mucosal contact with A. simplex specific antigens has not been studied before. We measured serum cytokine by flow cytometry (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17A, TGF-β1) and antibody levels (IgE, IgG4, IgA) by ELISA against total and excretory-secretory (ES) antigens, Ani s 3,and the group of major allergens Ani s 1, Ani s 7, and Ani s 13 in sera from 10 patients with gastro-allergic anisakiasis (GAA), 11 Anisakis sensitization associated chronic urticaria (CU+) as well as 17 non-Anisakis-sensitized patients with chronic urticaria (CU-), compared with the urticaria control group (18 subjects). Specific IgE, IgG4 and IgA were high in the GAA, but IgA levels were significantly higher in the CU+ with respect the CONTROL group. We observed higher levels of the ratio IgA/IgG4 in CU+ than GAA group for Ani s 1, Ani s 7, Ani s 13 and ES. Furthermore, chronic urticaria (CU) patients showed significant lower levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17A than patients without CU. The anti-Ani s 13 IgA/IgG4 ratio correlated positively with pro-inflammatory cytokines and ratios (TNF-α, IL-17A, Th17/Th2, Type1/Type2 and TNF-α/IL-10) in CONTROL group. In general, Anti-Anisakis IgA/G4 ratio was high in CU patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the importance of serum IgA because it is associated with chronic urticaria independently of Anisakis sensitization.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anisakis; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-17; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Comprehension; Anisakiasis; Urticaria; Chronic Urticaria; Antigens, Helminth; Allergens; Cytokines; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin A; Helminth Proteins; Niclosamide
PubMed: 38330800
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111602 -
Veterinary Parasitology Nov 2023The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging...
The in vitro life cycle of zoonotic helminths is an essential tool for -omic translational studies focused on disease control and treatment. Anisakiosis is an emerging zoonosis contracted by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish infected with the third stage larvae (L3) of two sibling species Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) and Anisakis pegreffii, the latter being the predominant species in the Mediterranean basin. Recently, in vitro culture of A. pegreffii has been developed to enable fast and large-scale production of fertile adults. However, the conditions for larval development from hatching to infective L3 were not fulfilled to complete the cycle. Herein, we used a Drosophila medium supplemented with chicken serum and adjusted different osmolarities to maintain the culture of L3 hatched from eggs for up to 17 weeks. The highest survival rate was observed in the medium with the highest osmolarities, which also allowed the highest larval exsheathment rate. Key morphological features of embryogenesis and postembryogenesis studied by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the excretory gland cell is differentiated already up to 48 h post-hatching. Extracellular vesicles and cell-free mitochondria are discharged between the two cuticle sheets of the second stage larvae (L2). Contemporarly cultivated, two populations of adult A. simplex s.s. and A. pegreffii reached an average production of 29,914.05 (± 27,629.36) and 24,370.96 (± 12,564.86) eggs/day/female, respectively. The chromosome spreads of A. pegreffii obtained from mature gonads suggests a diploid karyotype formula of 2n = 18. The development of a reliable protocol for the in vitro culture of a polyxenous nematode such as Anisakis spp. will serve to screen for much needed novel drug targets, but also to study the intricated and unknown ecological and physiological traits of these trophically transmitted marine nematodes.
Topics: Animals; Anisakis; Larva; Fertility; Female; Anisakiasis
PubMed: 37837730
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110050 -
Annals of Parasitology Sep 2023Capelin Mallotus villosus, a representative of the Osmeridae, is a common species found in the North Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Ocean. Being one of the main components...
Capelin Mallotus villosus, a representative of the Osmeridae, is a common species found in the North Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic Ocean. Being one of the main components of the diet of various fish species, it plays an important role in the circulation of different parasite species, including the nematodes of the Anisakidae. Capelin is also extensively caught and used for human food, and has become increasingly available to consumers in Poland. Thirty six capelin specimens, smoked fish bought at a store in Gdynia, were examined for the presence of Anisakidae. Ten specimens of nematode (Anisakis simplex, Contracaecum sp.) were found in eight fish. The overall prevalence for the fish was 22.2%, with a mean intensity of 1.3 (range 1-3). Despite its widespread acquisition and use, capelin has been the subject of few parasitological analyses. Our findings indicate that it is a typical host of Anisakidae nematodes, a species of great zoonotic importance. While dead nematode specimens found in smoked fish do not pose a direct threat to humans as parasites per se, they can cause food allergies. It seems, therefore, that fish intended for consumption should be the subject of constant parasitological monitoring, linked to food quality control.
PubMed: 37768299
DOI: 10.17420/ap6901.506