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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2020This study investigated the effect of blanching pomegranate seeds (PS) on oil yield, refractive index (RI), yellowness index (YI), conjugated dienes (K232), conjugated...
This study investigated the effect of blanching pomegranate seeds (PS) on oil yield, refractive index (RI), yellowness index (YI), conjugated dienes (K232), conjugated trienes (K270), total carotenoid content (TCC), total phenolic compounds (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging of the extracted oil. Furthermore, phytosterol and fatty acid compositions of the oil extracted under optimum blanching conditions were compared with those from the oil extracted from unblanched PS. Three different blanching temperature levels (80, 90, and 100 °C) were studied at a constant blanching time of 3 min. The blanching time was then increased to 5 min at the established optimum blanching temperature (90 °C). Blanching PS increased oil yield, K232, K270, stigmasterol, punicic acid, TPC and DPPH radical scavenging, whereas YI, β-sitosterol, palmitic acid and linoleic acid were decreased. The RI, TCC, brassicasterol, stearic acid, oleic acid and arachidic acid of the extracted oil were not significantly ( > 0.05) affected by blanching. Blanching PS at 90 °C for 3 to 5 min was associated with oil yield, TPC and DPPH. Blanching PS at 90 °C for 3 to 5 min will not only increase oil yield but could also improve functional properties such as antioxidant activity, which are desirable in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food industries.
Topics: Antioxidants; Biphenyl Compounds; Carotenoids; Cholestadienols; Dietary Supplements; Eicosanoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Food Technology; Free Radical Scavengers; Linoleic Acid; Linolenic Acids; Oleic Acid; Phenol; Phenols; Phytosterols; Picrates; Plant Oils; Pomegranate; Refractometry; Seeds; Stearic Acids; Temperature
PubMed: 32486338
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112554 -
BioMed Research International 2020Inflammatory diseases are a real public health problem worldwide. Many synthetic drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as steroidal anti-inflammatory...
Inflammatory diseases are a real public health problem worldwide. Many synthetic drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and immunosuppressive drugs have harmful side effects. However, there are natural products like propolis, which is traditionally used in the treatment of pain. The objective of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethyl ester of arachic acid, a compound isolated from Cameroonian propolis. The ethyl ester of arachic acid was isolated by chromatography of the ethanolic extract of propolis harvested at Tala-Mokolo (Far North Region of Cameroon) and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and the H-H correlated spectroscopy. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of oral administration of arachic acid ethyl ester (12.5, 25.0, and 50.0 mg/kg bw) were evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema, xylene-induced ear edema, cotton pellets-induced granuloma formation, and hot plate test in rat. Arachic acid ethyl ester produced maximum inhibition at 50.0 mg/kg for carrageenan-induced paw edema (62.5%), xylene-induced ear edema (54.5%), cotton pellet-induced granuloma (47.4%), and increased mean latency for hot plate test in rats. These results show clearly that the arachic acid ethyl ester has acute and chronic anti-inflammatory properties as well as central analgesic properties. This justifies the use of propolis in the treatment of pain in traditional medicine.
Topics: Analgesics; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Apitherapy; Behavior, Animal; Biological Products; Disease Models, Animal; Edema; Eicosanoic Acids; Esters; Pain; Propolis; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 32462026
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8797284 -
Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces... Jun 2020Recently it was reported that the interface mobility of bubbles and emulsion droplets can have a dramatic effect not only on the characteristic coalescence times but...
Recently it was reported that the interface mobility of bubbles and emulsion droplets can have a dramatic effect not only on the characteristic coalescence times but also on the way that bubbles and droplets bounce back after collision (Vakarelski, I. U.; Yang, F.; Tian, Y. S.; Li, E. Q.; Chan D. Y. C.; Thoroddsen, S. T. , , eaaw4292). Experiments with free-rising bubbles in a pure perfluorocarbon liquid showed that collisions involving mobile interfaces result in a stronger series of rebounds before the eventual rapid coalescence. Here we examine this effect for the case of pure water. We compare the bounce of millimeter-sized free-rising bubbles from a pure water-air interface with the bounce from a water-air interface on which a Langmuir monolayer of arachidic acid molecules has been deposited. The Langmuir monolayer surface concentration is kept low enough not to affect the water surface tension but high enough to fully immobilize the interface due to Marangoni stress effects. Bubbles were found to bounce much stronger (up to a factor of 1.8 increase in the rebounding distance) from the clean water interface compared to the water interface with the Langmuir monolayer. These experiments confirm that mobile surfaces enhance bouncing and at the same time demonstrate that the pure water-air interfaces behave as mobile fluid interfaces in our system. A complementary finding in our study is that the ethanol-air interface behaves as a robust mobile liquid interface. The experimental findings are supported by numerical simulations of the bubble bouncing from both mobile and immobile fluid interfaces.
PubMed: 32380834
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00668 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2020Very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) have recently gained considerable attention as having beneficial effects on health and aging.
BACKGROUND
Very-long-chain SFAs (VLSFAs) have recently gained considerable attention as having beneficial effects on health and aging.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to assess the associations of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs [arachidic acid (20:0), behenic acid (22:0), tricosanoic acid (23:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0)] with 20-y cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) participants. Furthermore, this study compared the associations of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs with 5 common groups of fatty acids [i.e., total SFAs, total MUFAs, total ω-3 (n-3) PUFAs, total marine-derived ω-3 PUFAs, total ω-6 PUFAs].
METHODS
This study used a cohort study design of 3229 ARIC participants enrolled at the Minnesota field center. Fatty acids were measured at visit 1 (1987-1989); and cognition was assessed at visits 2 (1990-1992), 4 (1996-1998), and 5 (2011-2013) using 3 tests: the Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT), the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Word Fluency Test (WFT).
RESULTS
Higher proportions of plasma phospholipid total VLSFAs and each individual VLSFA were associated with less decline in WFT, a test of verbal fluency. For example, 1 SD higher in total VLSFAs at baseline was associated with 0.057 SD (95% CI: 0.018, 0.096, P = 0.004) less cognitive decline over 20 y as measured by WFT score. None of the 5 common fatty acid groups were associated with change in WFT, but a higher proportion of plasma phospholipid total MUFAs was associated with greater decline in DWRT; higher total ω-6 PUFAs with less decline in DWRT; and higher total ω-3 and total marine-derived ω-3 PUFAs with less decline in DSST.
CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that higher proportions of plasma phospholipid VLSFAs in midlife may be associated with less 20-y cognitive decline.
Topics: Aged; Atherosclerosis; Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Cohort Studies; Eicosanoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Female; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 32320012
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa048 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2020Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Although SCH and abnormal fatty acid composition are often...
Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. Although SCH and abnormal fatty acid composition are often associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and metabolic syndrome later in maternal and fetal life, the longitudinal relationship between SCH and serum fatty acids during pregnancy has rarely been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between SCH and maternal serum fatty acids throughout gestation. A total of 240 women enrolled in the Complex Lipids in Mothers and Babies (CLIMB) study in Chongqing, China were included in our study. Clinical information and maternal serum samples were collected at three time points during pregnancy: 11-14, 22-28, and 32-34 weeks of gestation. Twenty serum fatty acids were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. A majority of the 20 serum fatty acids increased as gestation progressed in women with a normal pregnancy and women experiencing SCH. Levels of arachidic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosenoic acid were significantly higher in the serum of women with SCH when compared to women with a normal pregnancy, in the second trimester. On the other hand, the levels of eicosadienoic acid and octadecanoic acid were significantly higher in SCH in the third trimester. Our findings demonstrate that serum fatty acid composition during the second and third trimesters was significantly associated with SCH in pregnant Chinese women.
Topics: Adult; Area Under Curve; Asian People; Asymptomatic Diseases; Biomarkers; Case-Control Studies; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosanoic Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Female; Fetus; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gestational Age; Humans; Hypothyroidism; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Trimesters; Stearic Acids
PubMed: 32317737
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63513-7 -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2020Emodin is a compound in Linne (Polygonaceae) that has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiallergic effects. Oxidative stress is a...
Emodin is a compound in Linne (Polygonaceae) that has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiallergic effects. Oxidative stress is a causative agent of liver inflammation that may lead to fibrosis and hepato-carcinoma. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effects of emodin and its mechanism. We used the hepatocyte stimulated by arachidonic acid (AA) + iron cotreatment and the C57B/6 mice orally injected with acetaminophen (APAP, 500 mg/kg, 6 h), as assessed by immunoblot and next generation sequencing (NGS). Emodin was pre-treated in hepatocyte (3 ∼ 30 μM) for 1 h before AA + iron, and in mice (10 and 30 m/kg, P.O.) for 3 days before APAP. , emodin treatment inhibited the cell death induced by AA + iron maximally at a dose of 10 μM (EC > 3 μM). In addition, emodin attenuated the decrease of anti-apoptotic proteins, and restored mitochondria membrane potential as mediated by the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. LKB1 mediated AMPK activation was verified using the LKB1 deficient cell line, HeLa. Emodin (10 μM; after 10 min) also induced the phosphorylation of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), the main downstream target of the Hippo signalling pathway that mediated oxidative stress or the ROS-initiated signalling pathway. the oral treatment of emodin (10 and 30 m/kg, 3 days) decreased APAP-induced hepatic damage, as indicated by decreases in antioxidant genes as well as tissue damage. Our results show that emodin inhibits oxidative liver injury via the AMPK/YAP mediated pathway.
Topics: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Acetaminophen; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Antioxidants; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor; Cells, Cultured; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Eicosanoic Acids; Emodin; Gene Expression Regulation; Hepatocytes; Hippo Signaling Pathway; Humans; Male; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Oxidative Stress; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; Reactive Oxygen Species; Rheum; Signal Transduction; YAP-Signaling Proteins
PubMed: 32306810
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1750658 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Jul 2020Incorporation of isolated metal centers into well-organized nanostructures is a promising route in the development of the next generation of chemical, magnetic and...
Incorporation of isolated metal centers into well-organized nanostructures is a promising route in the development of the next generation of chemical, magnetic and electronic devices. In this work, a layer-by-layer protocol to grow highly ordered thin films of metal-decorated organic-inorganic cage-like polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is introduced. The key strategy is to use metal ions (Cu or Fe) as linker for the amino-functionalized cage-like POSS, which are self-assembled between arachidic acid layers during Langmuir-Schaefer deposition. The Langmuir-Schaefer films are examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and extended X-ray absorption fine structure in order to understand how the coordination of metal ions influences the structure in the course of the layer-by-layer formation of the films.
PubMed: 32244081
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.03.033 -
RSC Advances Jan 2020The effect of fatty acids with different aliphatic chain lengths on the accelerated vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was investigated through the generation of...
The effect of fatty acids with different aliphatic chain lengths on the accelerated vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was investigated through the generation of new intermediates composed of dinuclear bridging bidentate zinc/carboxylate complexes. Using the combination of time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and time-resolved zinc K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, the essential complex structure of the intermediates formed during the vulcanization reaction of isoprene rubber was determined to be independent of the aliphatic chain length of fatty acids. However, the reactivity of arachidic acid with ZnO was found to be low, which prolonged the induction period and curing time, and slowed down the curing rate in the vulcanization of isoprene rubber. These results help to understand the complicated vulcanization reaction of rubber, especially natural rubber, which inherently contains various fatty acids. The results obtained in this study are important for developing well-designed high-performance natural rubber products in the future.
PubMed: 35495229
DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10358a -
Plasma Ceramide Species Are Associated with Diabetes Risk in Participants of the Strong Heart Study.The Journal of Nutrition May 2020Few studies have assessed the associations of ceramides and sphingomyelins (SMs) with diabetes in humans.
BACKGROUND
Few studies have assessed the associations of ceramides and sphingomyelins (SMs) with diabetes in humans.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed associations of 15 circulating ceramides and SM species with incident diabetes in 2 studies.
METHODS
The analysis included 435 American-Indian participants from the Strong Heart Study (nested case-control design for analyses; mean age: 57 y; 34% male; median time until diabetes 4.3 y for cases) and 1902 participants from the Strong Heart Family Study (prospective design for analyses; mean age: 37 y; 39% male; median 12.5 y of follow-up). Sphingolipid species were measured using stored plasma samples by sequential LC and MS. Using logistic regression and parametric survival models within studies, and an inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis across studies, we examined associations of 15 ceramides and SM species with incident diabetes.
RESULTS
There were 446 cases of incident diabetes across the studies. Higher circulating concentrations of ceramides containing stearic acid (Cer-18), arachidic acid (Cer-20), and behenic acid (Cer-22) were each associated with a higher risk of diabetes. The RRs for incident diabetes per 1 SD of each log ceramide species (μM) were 1.22 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.37) for Cer-18, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.31) for Cer-20, and 1.20 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.32) for Cer-22. Although the magnitude of the risk estimates for the association of ceramides containing lignoceric acid (Cer-24) with diabetes was similar to those for Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22 (RR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.26), the association was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing (P = 0.007). Ceramides carrying palmitic acid (Cer-16), SMs, glucosyl-ceramides, or a lactosyl-ceramide were not associated with diabetes risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Higher concentrations of circulating Cer-18, Cer-20, and Cer-22 were associated with a higher risk of developing diabetes in 2 studies of American-Indian adults. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00005134.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Arizona; Case-Control Studies; Ceramides; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Indians, North American; Male; Middle Aged; North Dakota; Oklahoma; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; South Dakota; Sphingolipids; Sphingomyelins
PubMed: 31665380
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz259 -
Insects Oct 2019Lipids play an essential role in providing energy and other physiological functions for insects. Therefore, it is important to determine the composition of insect lipids...
Lipids play an essential role in providing energy and other physiological functions for insects. Therefore, it is important to determine the composition of insect lipids from cuticular and internal tissues for a better understanding of insect biology and physiology. A novel non-derivatization method for the analysis of lipids including fatty acids, hydrocarbon waxes, sterols in (Herbst) and (Fabricius) was explored using the direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nine extraction solvents, acetonitrile, methanol, hexane, ethanol, chloroform, acetonitrile and ethanol (1:1 /), acetonitrile and water (1:1 /), ethanol and water (1:1 /) and acetonitrile and ethanol and water (2:2:1 //) were selected and evaluated for the extraction of insect lipids with DI-SPME fiber. Acetonitrile extraction offered the best qualitative, quantitative, and number of lipids extracted from insects samples results. Acetonitrile extracted high-boiling point compounds from both species of tested insects. The range of hydrocarbons was C25 (pentacosane) to C32 (dotriacontane) for and C26 (11-methylpentacosane) to C34 (tetratriacontane) for . The major compounds extracted from the cuticular surface of were 11-methylheptacosane (20.71%) and 3-methylheptacosane (12.37%), and from were 10-methyldotriacontane (14.0%), and 15-methyltritriacontane (9.93%). The limit of detection (LOD) for the n-alkane compounds ranged between 0.08 (nonacosane) and 0.26 (dotriacontane) µg/g and for the fatty acids between 0.65 (arachidic acid) to 0.89 (oleic acid) µg/g. The study indicated that DI-SPME GC-MS is a highly efficient extraction and a sensitive analytical method for the determination of non-derivatized insect lipids in cuticular and homogenized body tissues.
PubMed: 31635132
DOI: 10.3390/insects10100363