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Zhongguo Ying Yong Sheng Li Xue Za Zhi... Jul 2022To investigate the effects of vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) on hippocampal neuro-inflammatory and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in rats with...
To investigate the effects of vagus nerve stimulation(VNS) on hippocampal neuro-inflammatory and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) expression in rats with intractable epilepsy (IE). Eighty adult male SD rats (SPF) were randomly divided into control group, model group, VNS group and MLA+VNS group. There were respectively 20 rats in the control group and MLA+VNS group, and because of model failure and animal death, 15 rats and 14 rats in the model group and VNS group were left respectively . Except the control group, the IE model was established in other groups. Only the vagus nerve was isolated in the control group without electrical stimulation; the model group did not take any intervention measures; the VNS group was treated for 4 weeks with VNS after the model was successful; the MLA(3.4 μg/μl, 5 μl) was given to the lateral ventricle in the MLA+VNS group, and then VNS for 4 weeks. Seizure frequency and duration in each group were observed and recorded. And then the rats were decapitated, the hippocampus were quickly separated and 10% tissue homogenate was prepared. The homogenate was centrifuged and the supernatant was extracted. The activities of AChE and ChAT in the supernatant were measured by spectrophotometry, and the levels of TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and IL-1β were detected by ELISA. The expression of α7nAChR in rat hippocampals was detected by Western blot. The expression of α7nAChR on microglias in rat hippocampals was assesed by double-labeled immunofluorescence. ①After VNS for 4 weeks, the frequency and duration of seizures in rats were decreased significantly, which were lower than those of the model group (P<0.01); After treated with MLA +VNS, the frequency and duration of seizures in rats were also reduced significantly, which were lower than those of the model group, but higher than those of the VNS group (P<0.01).②Compared with the control group, the expression of ChAT in the hippocampus of rats in the model group was decreased significantly and the expression of AChE was increased significantly (P<0.01); Compared with the model group, the expressions of ChAT in the hippocampus of rats in the VNS group and MLA+VNS group were increased significantly and the expressions of AChE were decreased significantly (P<0.01); Compared with the VNS group, in the hippocampus of rats in the MLA+VNS group, the expressions of ChAT and AChE had no significant changes (P>0.05). ③Compared with the control group, the expressions of TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of rats in the model group were increased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the expressions of TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of rats in the VNS group were decreased significantly (P<0.01). Compared with the VNS group, the expressions of TNF-ɑ, IL-6 and IL-1β in the hippocampus of rats in the MLA+VNS group were increased significantly(P<0.01). ④Compared with the control group, the expression of α7nAChR in hippocampus and microglia of rats in the model group was decreased significantly(P<0.01); Compared with the model group, the expression of α7nAChR in hippocampus and microglia of rats in the VNS group was up-regulated significantly (P<0.01); Compared with the VNS group, coexpression of α7nAChR on microglia wasreduced significantly in the MLA+VNS group (P<0.01). VNS has obvious therapeutic effect on IE rats, and its mechanism may be related to activating hippocampal microglia cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway directly and inhibiting hippocampal neuro-inflammatory response.
Topics: Rats; Male; Animals; Vagus Nerve Stimulation; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor; Drug Resistant Epilepsy; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Interleukin-6; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Hippocampus; Seizures
PubMed: 36414564
DOI: 10.12047/j.cjap.6274.2022.070 -
Genes Nov 2022Petunia is one of the world's most important flowers, and its branch development has long been a source of discussion. MYB transcription factors have been identified as...
Petunia is one of the world's most important flowers, and its branch development has long been a source of discussion. MYB transcription factors have been identified as important plant branching regulators. In this study, 113 R2R3-MYB genes were identified from the petunia genome. genes, closely related to , were expressed at greater levels in axillary buds and roots. Decapitation and 6-BA did not regulate the expression of . PhMYB37 was localized in the nucleus. Heterologous overexpression of promoted shoot branching in transgenic Arabidopsis while silencing of inhibited shoot branching. These results suggest that plays a critical and positive role in petunia shoot branching.
Topics: Petunia; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Arabidopsis; Flowers
PubMed: 36360301
DOI: 10.3390/genes13112064 -
Journal of Food Science and Technology Jan 2023Acute lung injury (ALI), is a severe inflammatory lung disease. We tested the prophylactic effect of a functional food mix comprising three anti-inflammatory plant...
Acute lung injury (ALI), is a severe inflammatory lung disease. We tested the prophylactic effect of a functional food mix comprising three anti-inflammatory plant products: turmeric, amla, and black pepper (TAB) against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in rats. Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (C), LPS (5 mg/kg), and LPS with TAB (TAB). After 6 h of LPS injection, the rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation to collect the lung tissue. Results showed that TAB partially ameliorated LPS-induced increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines (TNFα and IL6) and significantly prevented lung histopathological changes. TAB also suppressed LPS-activated ER stress markers (GRP78, pIRE1, and CHOP) and apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and - 12) in the lung. The anti-inflammatory effects of the TAB support its potential use as an adjuvant to mitigate ALI. Importantly, TAB's ingredients have been used for centuries as part of the diet with limited or no toxic effects.
PubMed: 36349282
DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05610-1 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Oct 2022The PEPC family proteins are ubiquitous in various plants and play an important role in the process of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and have many...
The PEPC family proteins are ubiquitous in various plants and play an important role in the process of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and have many non-photosynthetic biological functions. However, genes have not been reported in apple. In this study, the members of apple family were identified based on the new apple genome data by bioinformatics analysis, and their expression patterns in different tissues and the apple axillary bud transcriptome treated by decapitation and TDZ (cytokinin) were analyzed in order to explore the role of genes in apple axillary bud outgrowth. The results showed that 6 family members were identified in apple, which distributed on 6 different chromosomes, and had similar physicochemical characteristics. Phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment analysis showed that the MdPEPC could be divided into two subgroups (Group Ⅰ and Group Ⅱ), in which four members in MdPEPC family were clustered into Group Ⅰ, belonging to plant-type PEPCs. However, MdPEPC4 and MdPEPC5 were clustered into Group Ⅱ with AtPPC4, belonging to bacterial-type PEPCs. There were 7 pairs of fragments repeats among members, but no tandem repeats existed. The promoter -acting element analysis showed that genes were not only affected by light and stress, but also regulated by multiple hormones. The expression profiles showed that all except and were expressed in different apple tissues. Transcriptome data analysis showed that the expression levels of and were up-regulated after decapitation and TDZ treatment, whereas was significantly down-regulated at 48 h after treatments. In conclusion, , and were selected as the candidate genes involved in axillary bud outgrowth regulation for further study.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Malus; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36305406
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220385 -
Genes Sep 2022Decapitation is an essential agricultural practice and is a typical method for analyzing shoot branching. However, it is unclear exactly how decapitation controls...
Decapitation is an essential agricultural practice and is a typical method for analyzing shoot branching. However, it is unclear exactly how decapitation controls branching. In this study, the decapitation of sunflower plants led to the development of lateral buds, accompanied by a decrease in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels and an increase in cytokinin (CK) levels. Additionally, 82 members of the HabZIP family were discovered and categorized into 9 groups, using phylogenetic and conservative domain analysis. The intron/exon structure and motif compositions of HabZIP members were also investigated. Based on tissue-specific expression and expression analysis following decapitation derived from the transcriptome, several HabZIP members may be involved in controlling decapitation-induced bud outgrowth. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the dynamic variations in hormone levels, in conjunction with particular HabZIP genes, led to the development of axillary buds in sunflowers following decapitation.
Topics: Abscisic Acid; Cytokinins; Decapitation; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Helianthus; Hormones; Phylogeny; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36292622
DOI: 10.3390/genes13101737 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022The cytokinin (CK) response regulator (RR) gene family plays a pivotal role in regulating the developmental and environmental responses of plants. Axillary bud outgrowth...
The cytokinin (CK) response regulator (RR) gene family plays a pivotal role in regulating the developmental and environmental responses of plants. Axillary bud outgrowth in the perennial woody plant is regulated by the crosstalk between CK and gibberellins (GA). In this study, we first analyzed the effects of gibberellin A3 (GA), lovastatin (a CK synthesis inhibitor), decapitation, and their interaction, on the outgrowth of axillary buds. The results indicate that lovastatin completely inhibited GA-promoted axillary bud outgrowth and partially weakened the decapitation-promoted axillary bud outgrowth. To further characterize and understand the role of CK signaling in promoting the development of female flowers and branches, we performed bioinformatics and expression analyses to characterize the CK RR gene () family in . A total of 14 members of the JcRR family were identified; these genes were distributed on 10 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the corresponding RR proteins are evolutionarily conserved across different plant species, and the Myb-like DNA-binding domain divides the 14 members of the JcRR family into type-A and type-B proteins. Further analysis of -acting elements in the promoter regions of suggests that are expressed in response to phytohormones, light, and abiotic stress factors; thus, may be involved in some plant development processes. Genomic sequence comparison revealed that segmental duplication may have played crucial roles in the expansion of the JcRR gene family, and five pairs of duplicated genes were all subjected to purifying selection. By analyzing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) data, we characterized that the temporospatial expression patterns of during the development of various tissues and the response of these genes to phytohormones and abiotic stress. The were mainly expressed in the roots, while they also exhibited differential expression patterns in other tissues. The expression levels of all six type-A and one type-B increased in response to 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), while the four type-B levels decreased. The expression levels of two type-B increased in response to exogenous GA treatment, while those of three type-A and three type-B decreased. We found that type-A may play a positive role in the continuous growth of axillary buds, while the role of type-B might be the opposite. In response to abiotic stress, the expression levels of two type-A and three type-B strongly increased. The overexpression of in slightly increased the numbers of rosette branches after decapitation, but not under normal conditions. In conclusion, our results provide detailed knowledge of for further analysis of CK signaling and functions in .
Topics: Arabidopsis; Cytokinins; DNA; Decapitation; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gibberellins; Jatropha; Lovastatin; Phylogeny; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36232689
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911388 -
Journal of Cell Science Oct 2022Cilia sense and transduce sensory stimuli, homeostatic cues and developmental signals by orchestrating signaling reactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that bud from...
Cilia sense and transduce sensory stimuli, homeostatic cues and developmental signals by orchestrating signaling reactions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) that bud from the ciliary membrane have well-studied roles in the disposal of excess ciliary material, most dramatically exemplified by the shedding of micrometer-sized blocks by photoreceptors. Shedding of EVs by cilia also affords cells with a powerful means to shorten cilia. Finally, cilium-derived EVs may enable cell-cell communication in a variety of organisms, ranging from single-cell parasites and algae to nematodes and vertebrates. Mechanistic understanding of EV shedding by cilia is an active area of study, and future progress may open the door to testing the function of ciliary EV shedding in physiological contexts. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we discuss the molecular mechanisms that drive the shedding of ciliary material into the extracellular space, the consequences of shedding for the donor cell and the possible roles that ciliary EVs may have in cell non-autonomous contexts.
Topics: Animals; Cell Communication; Cilia; Cytoplasmic Vesicles; Extracellular Vesicles; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 36222105
DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246553 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of important hormones in the regulation of plant branching. In the model plant Arabidopsis, AtMAX1 encodes a cytochrome P450 protein and...
Strigolactones (SLs) are a class of important hormones in the regulation of plant branching. In the model plant Arabidopsis, AtMAX1 encodes a cytochrome P450 protein and is a crucial gene in the strigolactone synthesis pathway. Yet, the regulatory mechanism of MAX1 in the shoot branching of wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox) remains unclear. Here we identified and isolated three MAX1 homologous genes, namely CpMAX1a, CpMAX1b, and CpMAX1c. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed the expression of CpMAX1a in all tissues, being highest in leaves, whereas CpMAX1b was only expressed in stems, while CpMAX1c was expressed in both roots and stem tips. However, CpMAX1a’s expression decreased significantly after decapitation; hence, we verified its gene function. CpMAX1a was located in Arabidopsis chloroplasts. Overexpressing CpMAX1a restored the phenotype of the branching mutant max1−3, and reduced the rosette branch number, but resulted in no significant phenotypic differences from the wild type. Additionally, expression of AtBRC1 was significantly upregulated in transgenic lines, indicating that the CpMAX1a gene has a function similar to the homologous gene of Arabidopsis. In conclusion, our study shows that CpMAX1a plays a conserved role in regulating the branch development of wintersweet. This work provides a molecular and theoretical basis for better understanding the branch development of wintersweet.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Calycanthaceae; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Hormones; Lactones; Plant Shoots
PubMed: 36142797
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810888 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022ODF1 is a major protein of the accessory fibres of the mammalian sperm tail. In addition, ODF1 is found in the connecting piece, a complex structure located at the...
ODF1 is a major protein of the accessory fibres of the mammalian sperm tail. In addition, ODF1 is found in the connecting piece, a complex structure located at the posterior end of the nucleus that connects the sperm head and tail. The tight coupling of the sperm head and tail is critical for the progressive motility of the sperm to reach the oocyte for fertilisation. The depletion of ODF1 by homologous recombination in mice led to male infertility. Although sperm tails were present in the epididymis, no intact spermatozoa were found. Instead, the depletion of ODF1 resulted in sperm decapitation, suggesting that ODF1 is essential for the formation of the coupling apparatus and the tight linkage of the sperm head and tail. However, the development of the linkage complex in the absence of ODF1 has never been investigated. Here, I analysed the fine structure of the developing connecting piece by transmission electron microscopy. I show that the connecting piece develops as in wild-type spermatids. Structural abnormalities were not observed when ODF1 was absent. Thus, ODF1 is dispensable for the development of the connecting piece. However, the decapitation of ODF1-deficient spermatozoa indicates that the heads and tails of the spermatozoa are not linked, so that they separate when force is applied.
Topics: Animals; Decapitation; Male; Mammals; Mice; Semen; Sperm Head; Sperm Tail; Spermatids; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 36142191
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810280