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Scientific Reports May 2023To investigate the effect of some polyphenol-rich plant extracts on the protection of dentine against demineralization, both acting on the dentine and on the salivary... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
To investigate the effect of some polyphenol-rich plant extracts on the protection of dentine against demineralization, both acting on the dentine and on the salivary pellicle. Dentine specimens (n = 180) were randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups (n = 30/group): Control (deionized water), Açaí extract, Blueberry extract, Green tea extract, Grape seed extract, and Sn/F (mouthrinse containing stannous and fluoride). Each group was further divided into two subgroups (n = 15), according to the site of action of the substance: on the dentine surface (D) or on the salivary pellicle (P). The specimens were submitted to 10 cycles: 30 min incubation in human saliva (P) or only in humid chamber (D), 2 min immersion in experimental substances, 60 min of incubation in saliva (P) or not (D), and 1 min erosive challenge. Dentine surface loss (DSL), amount of degraded collagen (dColl) and total calcium release were analyzed. Green tea, Grape seed and Sn/F showed significant protection, with least DSL and dColl. The Sn/F showed better protection on D than on P, whereas Green tea and Grape seed showed a dual mode of action, with good results on D, and even better on P. Sn/F showed the lowest values of calcium release, not differing only from Grape seed. Sn/F is more effective when acting directly on the dentine surface, while Green tea and Grape seed have a dual mode of action: with a positive effect on the dentine surface itself, but an improved efficacy in the presence of the salivary pellicle. We further elucidate the mechanism of action of different active ingredients on dentine erosion, where Sn/F acts better on the dentine surface, but plant extracts have a dual mode of action, acting on the dentine itself as well as on the salivary pellicle, improving the protection against acid demineralization.
Topics: Humans; Calcium; Dental Pellicle; Dentin; Plant Extracts; Tea; Tooth Erosion
PubMed: 37130893
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34256-y -
Journal of Dental Research Jul 2023Dental caries remains the most widespread chronic disease worldwide. Basically, caries originates within biofilms accumulated on dental enamel. Despite the nonrenewable...
Dental caries remains the most widespread chronic disease worldwide. Basically, caries originates within biofilms accumulated on dental enamel. Despite the nonrenewable nature of the enamel tissue, targeted preventive strategies are still very limited. We previously introduced customized multifunctional proteinaceous pellicles (coatings) for controlling bacterial attachment and subsequent biofilm succession. Stemmed from our whole proteome/peptidome analysis of the acquired enamel pellicle, we designed these pellicles using hybrid mixtures of the most abundant and complementary-acting antimicrobial and antifouling proteins/peptides for synergetic suppression of early biofilms. In conjugating these domains synthetically, their bioinhibitory efficacy was remarkably boosted. Herein, we sought to explore the key structure-function relationship of these potent hybridized conjugates in comparison with their individual domains, solely or in physical mixtures. Specifically, we interrelated the following facets: physicochemical and 3-dimensional folding characteristics via molecular dynamics simulations, adopted secondary structure by circular dichroism, immobilization capacity on enamel through high-spatial resolution multiphoton microscopy, and biofilm suppression potency. Our data showed consistent associations among the increased preference for protein folding structures, α-helix content, and enamel-immobilization capacity; all were inversely correlated with the attached bioburden. The expressed phenotypes could be explained by the adopted strongly amphipathic helical conformation upon conjugation, mediated by the highly anionic and acidic N-terminal pentapeptide shared region/motif for enhanced immobilization on enamel. In conclusion, conjugating bioactive proteins/peptides is a novel translational approach to engineer robust antibiofilm pellicles for caries prevention. The adopted α-helical conformation is key to enhance the antibiofilm efficacy and immobilization capacity on enamel that are promoted by certain physicochemical properties of the constituent domains. These data are valuable for bioengineering versatile therapeutics to prevent/arrest dental caries, a condition that otherwise requires invasive treatments with substantial health care expenditures.
Topics: Humans; Dental Pellicle; Dental Enamel; Dental Caries; Peptides; Proteins; Biofilms
PubMed: 37082872
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231162336 -
Microbiome Mar 2023Dental erosion is a disease of the oral cavity where acids cause a loss of tooth enamel and is defined as having no bacterial involvement. The tooth surface is protected...
BACKGROUND
Dental erosion is a disease of the oral cavity where acids cause a loss of tooth enamel and is defined as having no bacterial involvement. The tooth surface is protected from acid attack by salivary proteins that make up the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP). Bacteria have been shown to readily degrade salivary proteins, and some of which are present in the AEP. This study aimed to explore the role of bacteria in dental erosion using a multi-omics approach by comparing saliva collected from participants with dental erosion and healthy controls.
RESULTS
Salivary proteomics was assessed by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and demonstrated two altered AEP proteins in erosion, prolactin inducible protein (PIP), and zinc-alpha-2 glycoprotein (ZAG). Immunoblotting further suggested that degradation of PIP and ZAG is associated with erosion. Salivary microbiome analysis was performed by sequencing the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (V1-V2 region, Illumina) and showed that participants with dental erosion had a significantly (p < 0.05) less diverse microbiome than healthy controls (observed and Shannon diversity). Sequencing of bacterial mRNA for gene expression (Illumina sequencing) demonstrated that genes over-expressed in saliva from erosion participants included H + proton transporter genes, and three protease genes (msrAB, vanY, and ppdC). Salivary metabolomics was assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (NMR). Metabolite concentrations correlated with gene expression, demonstrating that the dental erosion group had strong correlations between metabolites associated with protein degradation and amino acid fermentation.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that microbial proteolysis of salivary proteins found in the protective acquired enamel pellicle strongly correlates with dental erosion, and we propose four novel microbial genes implicated in this process. Video Abstract.
Topics: Humans; Tooth Erosion; Proteolysis; Dysbiosis; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Salivary Proteins and Peptides; Peptide Hydrolases
PubMed: 37004076
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01514-0 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023The microbiological behavior of dental polymer materials is crucial to secure the clinical success of dental restorations. Here, the manufacturing process and the...
The microbiological behavior of dental polymer materials is crucial to secure the clinical success of dental restorations. Here, the manufacturing process and the machining can play a decisive role. This study investigated the bacterial adhesion on dental polymers as a function of manufacturing techniques (additive/subtractive) and different polishing protocols. Specimens were made from polyaryletherketone (PEEK, PEKK, and AKP), resin-based CAD/CAM materials (composite and PMMA), and printed methacrylate (MA)-based materials. Surface roughness (R; R) was determined using a laser scanning microscope, and SFE/contact angles were measured using the sessile drop method. After salivary pellicle formation, in vitro biofilm formation was initiated by exposing the specimens to suspensions of () and (). Adherent bacteria were quantified using a fluorometric assay. One-way ANOVA analysis found significant influences ( < 0.001) for the individual parameters (treatment and material) and their combinations for both types of bacteria. Stronger polishing led to significantly ( < 0.001) less adhesion of (Pearson correlation PC = -0.240) and (PC = -0.206). A highly significant ( = 0.010, PC = 0.135) correlation between adhesion and R was identified. Post hoc analysis revealed significant higher bacterial adhesion for vertically printed MA specimens compared to horizontally printed specimens. Furthermore, significant higher adhesion of on pressed PEEK was revealed comparing to the other manufacturing methods (milling, injection molding, and 3D printing). The milled PAEK samples showed similar bacterial adhesion. In general, the resin-based materials, composites, and PAEKs showed different bacterial adhesion. Fabrication methods were shown to play a critical role; the pressed PEEK showed the highest initial accumulations. Horizontal DLP fabrication reduced bacterial adhesion. Roughness < 10 µm or polishing appear to be essential for reducing bacterial adhesion.
PubMed: 36984253
DOI: 10.3390/ma16062373 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023Dental diseases occur in children with cerebral palsy three times higher than in healthy children. Low values of the unstimulated salivation rate (<0.3 ml per minute),...
UNLABELLED
Dental diseases occur in children with cerebral palsy three times higher than in healthy children. Low values of the unstimulated salivation rate (<0.3 ml per minute), pH and buffer capacity, changes in enzyme activity and sialic acid concentration, as well as increased saliva osmolarity and total protein concentration, which indicates impaired hydration, are the factors in the development of a gingiva disease in case of cerebral palsy. This leads to increased bacterial agglutination and the formation of acquired pellicle and biofilm, leading to the formation of dental plaque. There is a tendency toward an increase in the concentration of hemoglobin and a decrease in the degree of hemoglobin oxygenation, as well as an increase in the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the use of photosensitizer methylene blue improves blood circulation and the degree of oxygenation in periodontal tissues, as well as eliminates a bacterial biofilm. Analysis of back diffuse reflection spectra makes it possible to conduct non-invasive monitoring determine tissue areas with a low level of hemoglobin oxygenation for precision photodynamic exposure.
AIM
To improve the effectiveness of phototheranostics methods using, namely PDT with simultaneous optical-spectral control, for the treatment of gingivitis in children with complex dental and somatic status (cerebral palsy).
METHODS
The study involved 15 children (6-18 y.o.) with various forms of cerebral palsy, in particular, spastic diplegia and atonic-astatic form and with gingivitis. The degree of hemoglobin oxygenation was measured in tissues before PDT and on the 12th day. PDT was performed using laser radiation (λ = 660 nm) with a power density of 150 mW/cm with a five-minute application of 0.01% MB. The total light dose was 45 ± 15 J/cm. For statistical evaluation of the results, a paired Student's t-test was used.
RESULTS
The paper presents the results of phototheranostics using methylene blue in children with cerebral palsy. An increase in the level of hemoglobin oxygenation from 50 to 67% ( < 0.001) and a decrease in blood volume in the microcirculatory bed of periodontal tissues were shown.
CONCLUSION
Photodynamic therapy methods with application of methylene blue make it possible to assess the state of the gingival mucosa tissue diseases objectively in real time, and to provide effective targeted therapy for gingivitis in children with cerebral palsy. There is a prospect that they can become widely used clinical methods.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cerebral Palsy; Gingivitis; Methylene Blue; Microcirculation; Photochemotherapy; Hemoglobins
PubMed: 36794072
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.961066 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Nov 2022Bioadhesion and surface interactions on enamel are of essential relevance for initiation, progression and prevention of caries and erosions. Salivary proteins on and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Bioadhesion and surface interactions on enamel are of essential relevance for initiation, progression and prevention of caries and erosions. Salivary proteins on and within initial carious and erosive lesions can facilitate or aggravate de- and remineralization. This applies for the pellicle layer, the subsurface pellicle and for proteins within initial carious lesions. Little is known about these proteinaceous structures related to initial caries and erosion. Accordingly, there is a considerable demand for an understanding of the underlying processes occurring at the interface between the tooth surface and the oral cavity in order to develop novel agents that limit and modulate caries and erosion. Objectives and findings: The present paper depicts the current knowledge of the processes occurring at the interface of the tooth surface and the oral fluids. Proteinaceous layers on dental hard tissues can prevent or aggravate demineralization processes, whereas proteins within initial erosive or carious lesions might hinder remineralization considerably and restrict the entry of ions into lesions.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the fact that organic-inorganic surface interactions are of essential relevance for de- and remineralization processes at the tooth surface, there is limited knowledge on these clinically relevant phenomena. Accordingly, intensive research is necessary to develop new approaches in preventive dentistry.
PubMed: 36498618
DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237044 -
PloS One 2022Polyphenol-rich solutions, such as plant extracts and teas, can modify the salivary pellicle and improve the protection against dental erosion. In this study, we further...
Polyphenol-rich solutions, such as plant extracts and teas, can modify the salivary pellicle and improve the protection against dental erosion. In this study, we further explored how these polyphenol-rich plant extracts solutions behave in the presence of fluoride. We distributed enamel specimens into 9 groups (n = 15): Control_No_F- (Deionized water); Control_F- (500 ppm F-), Grape_Seed_No_F- (Grape seed extract), Grape_Seed_F- (Grape seed extract + 500 ppm F-), Grapefruit_Seed_No_F- (Grapefruit seed extract), Grapefruit_Seed_F- (Grapefruit seed extract + 500 ppm F-), Blueberry_No_F- (Blueberry extract), Blueberry_F- (Blueberry extract + 500 ppm F-), and Sn2+/F-_Rinse (commercial solution containing 800 ppm Sn2+ and 500 ppm F-). The specimens were submitted to 5 cycles (1 cycle per day), and each cycle consisted of: salivary pellicle formation (human saliva, 30 min, 37°C), modification of the pellicle (2 min, 25°C), pellicle formation (60 min, 37°C), and an erosive challenge (1 min, citric acid). Between cycles, the specimens were kept in a humid chamber. Relative surface hardness (rSH), relative surface reflection intensity (rSRI) and calcium released to the acid were analysed, using general linear models, and Kruskal-Wallis with post-hoc Dunn's tests. We observed that the presence of fluoride in synergy with the extract solutions provided better protection than the groups containing extract or fluoride only. For rSH, we observed a significant main effect of extracts (F(4,117) = 9.20; p<0.001) and fluoride (F(1,117) = 511.55; p<0.001), with a significant interaction (F(3,117) = 6.71; p<0.001). Grape_Seed_F- showed the best protection, better than fluoride, and Sn2+/F-_Rinse. Calcium results also showed greater protection for the groups containing fluoride, whereas for rSRI, despite a significant interaction between extract and fluoride (F(3,117) = 226.05; p<0.001), the differences between the groups were not as clearly observed. We conclude that polyphenols from plant extracts, when combined with fluoride, improve the protective effect of salivary pellicles against enamel erosion.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Tooth Erosion; Sodium Fluoride; Calcium; Polyphenols; Grape Seed Extract; Dental Enamel
PubMed: 36383626
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277552 -
Caries Research 2022While the ultrastructure of the enamel pellicle and its erosion protective properties are well studied, the dentin pellicle is still neglected in dental research....
While the ultrastructure of the enamel pellicle and its erosion protective properties are well studied, the dentin pellicle is still neglected in dental research. Therefore, the ultrastructure and erosion protective properties of a pellicle formed on bovine dentin specimens were investigated in the present study. The dentin pellicle was formed in situ for 3, 30, 120, and 360 min at buccal or palatal oral sites of 3 subjects and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. In order to clarify the impact of an erosive challenge to the ultrastructure of the pellicle and the underlying dentin, specimens were exposed to the oral cavity and eroded in vivo with 0.1% or 1% citric acid either immediately or after 30 min of pellicle formation. Specimens that were eroded without exposure to the oral cavity served as control. In another trial, specimens with a 30-min pellicle were exposed to the oral cavity for a further 60 min after the erosive challenge to investigate the effect of saliva on the impaired pellicle and dentin. Transmission electron micrographs reveal a globular and granular structured pellicle layer, which was thicker when the pellicle was formed buccally or with longer formation times. Erosion with citric acid reduced the thickness of the pellicle and interrupted its continuity. The dentin was also affected by erosion, which was represented by a lower electron density and formation of demineralized lacunae. These were infiltrated by a granular structured material when specimens were exposed to the oral cavity. After further intraoral exposure, the infiltration was more pronounced, indicating a significant impact of saliva on the demineralized dentin. A reformation of the dentin pellicle on the other hand did not occur. In conclusion, the dentin pellicle is neither acid-resistant nor able to effectively protect dentin from erosion.
Topics: Humans; Cattle; Animals; Dental Enamel; Dental Pellicle; Tooth Erosion; Citric Acid; Dentin
PubMed: 36310018
DOI: 10.1159/000527775 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Dec 2022The salivary glycoprotein MUC5B plays a versatile role in maintaining oral health. It contributes to lubrication, pellicle formation, antimicrobial defense, and water... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The salivary glycoprotein MUC5B plays a versatile role in maintaining oral health. It contributes to lubrication, pellicle formation, antimicrobial defense, and water retention, and its glycans are an important nutrient for oral bacteria. This review aimed to describe the role of MUC5B in oral health and examine changes in its levels and composition in cases of hyposalivation and xerostomia.
HIGHLIGHT
In cases of hyposalivation, the reduction of total salivary MUC5B levels and MUC5B glycosylation patterns due to Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and medication intake appeared insignificantly limited. In patients with SS, xerostomia was related to reduced MUC5B levels at the anterior tongue. In cases of xerostomia, MUC5B glycosylation might be reduced, yet other factors such as total protein concentration, MUC7 levels and glycosylation, and salivary spinnbarkeit are involved. In contrast to SS- and medication-induced hyposalivation, radiotherapy in the head and neck region leads to a bona fide reduction in salivary MUC5B levels.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that MUC5B levels are clearly impaired in hyposalivation and xerostomia related to radiotherapy in the head and neck region versus those related to SS and medication intake. A reduction in glycosylation in the case of dry mouth appears associated with MUC5B and MUC7 as well as other factors.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Saliva; Xerostomia; Sjogren's Syndrome; Dental Pellicle; Mucin-5B
PubMed: 36206992
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.09.005 -
Heliyon Aug 2022Caries sensitivity varies between the two strains of inbred mice, BALB/cA has high sensitivity and C3H/HeN has low sensitivity. One potential reason seems to be a...
Caries sensitivity varies between the two strains of inbred mice, BALB/cA has high sensitivity and C3H/HeN has low sensitivity. One potential reason seems to be a difference in pellicle-forming saliva protein composition. Here, we performed a proteomic analysis in order to identify differences of hydroxyapatite (HAP) adsorbed saliva proteins between these two mouse strains. HAP column chromatography revealed twice the quantity of high-affinity saliva proteins in C3H/HeN compared to BALB/cA. One- and two-dimensional electrophoresis showed 2 bands/spots with deviating migration. They were identified as murine carbonic anhydrase VI (CAVI) by peptide mass fingerprinting and confirmed with western blotting using a specific polyclonal antibody. Total RNA from the salivary glands of both mouse strains, PCR amplification of cDNA with a CAVI specific primer, and sequence analysis revealed one different base in codon 96, resulting in one different amino acid. Glyco-chains of CAVI deviate in one N-glycan, confirmed by mass analysis. CAVI activity was estimated from distinct circular dichroism spectra of the molecules and found higher in C3H/HeN mice. In summary, the CAVI composition of BALB/cA and C3H/HeN differs in one amino acid and a glyco-chain modification. Further, saliva from caries resistant C3H/HeN mice displayed higher CAVI activity and also overall hydroxyapatite adsorption, suggesting a relationship with caries susceptibility.
PubMed: 36033281
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10077