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Indian Journal of Psychiatry Oct 1984
PubMed: 21966011
DOI: No ID Found -
Canadian Family Physician Medecin de... Sep 1983The four major mechanisms of diarrhea are osmotic forces, secretory forces, exudation from a disrupted intestinal mucosa, and disturbed intestinal motility. In many...
The four major mechanisms of diarrhea are osmotic forces, secretory forces, exudation from a disrupted intestinal mucosa, and disturbed intestinal motility. In many illnesses, more than one mechanism produces diarrhea. The rotaviruses and the Norwalk viruses have recently been recognized as common causes of viral gastroenteritis. Also, the major cause of antibiotic-associated colitis is now known to be an overgrowth of Clostridium difficile. Campylobacter has also been identified as a common cause of acute bacterial diarrhea both abroad and in Canada. Most cases of travellers' diarrhea are caused by strains of Escherichia coli to which the traveller has little immunity. Most travellers who develop diarrhea benefit from treatment with diphenoxylate, loperamide or bismuth subsalicylate. The few patients who develop more severe, incapacitating diarrhea are candidates for treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Antibiotics should not be used to prevent travellers' diarrhea, because antibiotic resistance is becoming a problem.
PubMed: 21283398
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Jul 1983All children aged under 15 years admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1974 and 1981 with a diagnosis of poisoning were studied. After the introduction in...
All children aged under 15 years admitted to hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1974 and 1981 with a diagnosis of poisoning were studied. After the introduction in 1976 of child resistant containers for salicylates and paracetamol, salicylate poisonings fell dramatically. The other most important medicines to cause poisoning in young children were tricyclic antidepressants, benzodiazapines, Lomotil (diphenoxylate and atropine), and iron preparations; these should also be packaged in child resistant containers by regulation. Few children had symptoms after poisoning with household products, but bleach, turpentine, and paraffin might also be packaged in child resistant containers. The numbers of adolescent girls admitted after deliberate self poisoning and of teenage boys admitted after ingestion of alcohol increased over the study period.
Topics: Acetaminophen; Adolescent; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; Benzodiazepines; Child; Child, Preschool; England; Female; Hospitalization; Household Products; Humans; Infant; Iron; Male; Plants, Toxic; Poisoning; Salicylates; Sex Factors
PubMed: 6134564
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.287.6384.15 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1983Motility disturbances of the colon can give significant symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus. Constipation is a common complaint in these patients. Diarrhea...
Motility disturbances of the colon can give significant symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus. Constipation is a common complaint in these patients. Diarrhea associated with a generalized autonomic neuropathy can be very troublesome. There is a disturbance in the gastrocolonic response to eating in patients with diabetes mellitus who have constipation. These patients have no postprandial increase in colonic motility. However, their colonic smooth muscle contracts normally to the exogenous administration of neostigmine or metoclopramide. Stool softeners used in combination with the smooth muscle stimulants (neostigmine or metoclopramide) are helpful in treating constipation in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diarrhea can be treated with loperamide or diphenoxylate. Biofeedback may be useful in treating incontinence associated with diarrhea in these patients.
Topics: Colon; Colonic Diseases; Constipation; Diabetes Complications; Diabetes Mellitus; Diarrhea; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans
PubMed: 6670291
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Feb 1981
Topics: Atropine; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Infant; Isonipecotic Acids; Male
PubMed: 7469473
DOI: 10.1136/adc.56.2.157-a -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jul 1980
Topics: Atropine; Child; Developing Countries; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Drug Combinations; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids
PubMed: 7436512
DOI: 10.1136/adc.55.7.577-b -
British Medical Journal Jun 1980In the 20 years 1958-77 598 deaths were registered as due to accidental poisoning in British children under the age of 10-343 boys and 255 girls. Drugs caused 484...
In the 20 years 1958-77 598 deaths were registered as due to accidental poisoning in British children under the age of 10-343 boys and 255 girls. Drugs caused 484 deaths, non-medicinal products 111, and plants three. The annual number of deaths reached a peak in 1964 but fell steadily thereafter; 16 deaths occurred in 1977. After 1970 tricyclic antidepressants replaced salicylates as the most commonly fatal poison. The next ten drugs most often recorded in 1970-7 were, in order, opiates (including diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil)), barbiturates, digoxin, orphenadrine (Disipal), quinine, potassium, iron, fenfluramine (Ponderax), antihistamines, and phenothiazines. In 20 years paracetamol caused one death, and before 1976 deaths caused by aspirin had fallen to fewer than two a year. Thus the introduction in 1976 and 1977 of safety packaging of these drugs can be expected to have little impact on the mortality from them in childhood.
Topics: Accidents, Home; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Plant Poisoning; Poisoning; Salicylates; United Kingdom
PubMed: 7427181
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.280.6231.1595 -
British Medical Journal Feb 1980
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Topics: Chronic Disease; Clinical Trials as Topic; Codeine; Diarrhea; Diphenoxylate; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Loperamide; Piperidines
PubMed: 6989434
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.280.6213.524 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Dec 1979
Topics: Child; Diarrhea, Infantile; Diphenoxylate; Drug Administration Schedule; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids
PubMed: 533304
DOI: 10.1136/adc.54.12.984 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Aug 1979
Topics: Adult; Diphenoxylate; Humans; Isonipecotic Acids; Male; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 516705
DOI: No ID Found