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Frontiers in Immunology 2024Cryptosporidiosis is a poorly controlled zoonosis caused by an intestinal parasite, , with a high prevalence in livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats). Young animals are...
INTRODUCTION
Cryptosporidiosis is a poorly controlled zoonosis caused by an intestinal parasite, , with a high prevalence in livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats). Young animals are particularly susceptible to this infection due to the immaturity of their intestinal immune system. In a neonatal mouse model, we previously demonstrated the importance of the innate immunity and particularly of type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1) among mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) in controlling the acute phase of infection. These immune populations are well described in mice and humans, but their fine characterization in the intestine of young ruminants remained to be further explored.
METHODS
Immune cells of the small intestinal Peyer's patches and of the distal jejunum were isolated from naive lambs and calves at different ages. This was followed by their fine characterization by flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses (q-RT-PCR and single cell RNAseq (lamb cells)). Newborn animals were infected with , clinical signs and parasite burden were quantified, and isolated MP cells were characterized by flow cytometry in comparison with age matched control animals.
RESULTS
Here, we identified one population of macrophages and three subsets of cDC (cDC1, cDC2, and a minor cDC subset with migratory properties) in the intestine of lamb and calf by phenotypic and targeted gene expression analyses. Unsupervised single-cell transcriptomic analysis confirmed the identification of these four intestinal MP subpopulations in lamb, while highlighting a deeper diversity of cell subsets among monocytic and dendritic cells. We demonstrated a weak proportion of cDC1 in the intestine of highly susceptible newborn lambs together with an increase of these cells within the first days of life and in response to the infection.
DISCUSSION
Considering cDC1 importance for efficient parasite control in the mouse model, one may speculate that the cDC1/cDC2 ratio plays also a key role for the efficient control of in young ruminants. In this study, we established the first fine characterization of intestinal MP subsets in young lambs and calves providing new insights for comparative immunology of the intestinal MP system across species and for future investigations on host-Cryptosporidium interactions in target species.
Topics: Animals; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; Sheep; Cattle; Homeostasis; Dendritic Cells; Phagocytes; Animals, Newborn; Sheep Diseases; Peyer's Patches; Macrophages; Intestines; Ruminants
PubMed: 38756777
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379798 -
Animal Bioscience May 2024Pine needles are rich in many nutrients and exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant biological activities; however, the effects of different production methods of pine...
OBJECTIVE
Pine needles are rich in many nutrients and exhibit antibacterial and antioxidant biological activities; however, the effects of different production methods of pine needle additives on the growth performance and intestinal flora of broiler chickens are not known.
METHODS
Normal diets were supplemented with PNF (Pine Needle Fermentation juice), PNS (Pine Needle Soaking juice), or PNP (Pine Needle Powder), and the associated effects on growth performance, relative organ weights, intestinal development, intestinal histological morphology, intestinal flora, meat quality, and serum indicators in broiler chickens were observed.
RESULTS
The results showed that PNF, PNS, and PNP all significantly improved feed utilisation and promoted the growth and development of broilers. All three additives also significantly improved the structure of the intestinal flora, specifically increasing the diversity of bacteria; increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium, Rikenella, and Blautia; and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacteria, such as Staphylococcus. The antioxidant properties of pine needles were also found to intensify lipid metabolic reactions in the blood, thus leading to lower TG and TCHO. Meanwhile, high doses of PNF reduced jejunum and ileum weights and also increased meat yellowness. Lastly, none of PNF, PNS, or PNP had an effect on relative organ weights or intestinal histological morphology.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the addition of pine needles to the diet of broiler chickens can effectively promote their growth performance as well as improve their intestinal flora and serum status without side effects; in particular, the dose of 0.2% of either PNF and PNS is expected to have the capacity to replace growth-promoting antibiotics as diet additives.
PubMed: 38754853
DOI: 10.5713/ab.24.0042 -
Animal Bioscience May 2024This study was conducted to determine the effects of capsaicin (CAP) on productive performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, carcass and meat quality of...
OBJECTIVE
This study was conducted to determine the effects of capsaicin (CAP) on productive performance, blood profile, intestinal morphology, carcass and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs.
METHODS
Two experimental diets were offered to 36 crossbred barrows: basal diet (0% CAP) and basal diet with CAP at 0.02%. Each experimental group consisted of 18 pigs, with six replications (three each).
RESULTS
Supplementation of CAP at 0.02% decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI; p = 0.003) and feed cost/gain (FCG; p = 0.056), increased return on investment (ROI; p = 0.052) and increased gain:feed ratio (p = 0.037) during the growing period. There was no effect of CAP on the growth rate. The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and nitrogen (N) levels in faeces tended to decrease (p = 0.093 and p = 0.087), whereas the basophil level increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.029). In addition, dietary CAP supplementation decreased crypt depth (p = 0.022) and tended to increase the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the segment of the jejunum (p = 0.084). Backfat (BF) thickness (p = 0.047) was reduced by supplementing CAP. Whereas the protein content increased with CAP supplementation (p = 0.021). Using CAP in the diet of growing pigs increased the pH at 6 h post-mortem (p = 0.046) and tended to increase the springiness value (p = 0.078) of the meat. In terms of meat color, CAP supplementation increased the yellowness (p = 0.029).
CONCLUSION
Supplemental CAP improves gut morphology and blood profiles, consequently promoting productive performance as well as carcass and meat quality.
PubMed: 38754848
DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0541 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Recently, the use of botanicals as an alternative to coccidiostats has been an appealing approach for controlling coccidiosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to...
INTRODUCTION
Recently, the use of botanicals as an alternative to coccidiostats has been an appealing approach for controlling coccidiosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the potential role of aqueous methanolic extract (200 mg/kg) of (roots) (KLRE) against infection induced by .
METHODS
A total of 25 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups (I, II, III, IV, and V). On 1 day of the experiment, all groups except groups I (control) and II (non-infected-treated group with KLRE), were inoculated orally with 10 sporulated oocysts. On the day of infection, group IV was treated with KLRE. Group V served as an infected-treated group and was treated with amprolium (coccidiostat).
RESULTS
Treatment with extract and coccidiostat was continued for five consecutive days. While not reaching the efficacy level of the reference drug (amprolium), KLRE exhibited notable anticoccidial activity as assessed by key criteria, including oocyst suppression rate, total parasitic stages, and maintenance of nutrient homeostasis. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in KLRE is thought to be responsible for its positive effects. The infection increased the oxidative damage in the jejunum. KLRE treatment significantly increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase. On the contrary, KLRE decreased the level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Moreover, KLRE treatment decreased macrophage infiltration in the mice jejunal tissue, as well as the extent of CD4 T cells and NFkB. caused a state of systemic inflammatory response as revealed by the upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase ()-mRNA. Upon treatment with KLRE, the activity of was reduced from 3.63 to 1.46 fold. Moreover, KLRE was able to downregulate the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon-γ, nuclear factor kappa B, and interleukin-10 -mRNA by 1.63, 1.64, and 1.38 fold, respectively. Moreover, KLRE showed a significant reduction in the expression of IL-10 protein level from 104.27 ± 8.41 pg/ml to 62.18 ± 3.63 pg/ml.
CONCLUSION
Collectively, is a promising herbal medicine that could ameliorate the oxidative stress and inflammation of jejunum, induced by infection in mice.
Topics: Animals; Plant Extracts; Coccidiosis; Mice; Male; Interleukin-10; Antioxidants; Eimeria; Plant Roots; Coccidiostats; Mice, Inbred C57BL; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38751432
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1404297 -
Transplantation Proceedings May 2024A 21-year-old woman diagnosed with cystic fibrosis developed cirrhosis, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The patient qualified...
BACKGROUND
A 21-year-old woman diagnosed with cystic fibrosis developed cirrhosis, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The patient qualified for double organ liver-pancreas transplantation beyond typical indications. The respiratory symptoms of cystic fibrosis were moderate and well-treated. The patient was endangered mainly by liver insufficiency and recurrent hypoglycemia, which was due to the treatment of diabetes with high doses of insulin. Computed tomography showed mild bronchiectasis, cirrhotic liver, splenomegaly, and atrophy of the pancreas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonized the upper respiratory tract. Gastrointestinal complications were sufficient for the patient to be qualified for combined liver-pancreas transplantation.
METHODS
First, a standard hepatectomy was performed. The liver was transplanted orthotopically. Subsequently, the team performed pancreas transplantation through a separate incision. The donor's duodenum was anastomosed to the recipient's jejunum, close to the ligament of Treitz.
RESULTS
No serious complications were noted during the postoperative period. Transplanted organs started functioning without delay. The patient was discharged after 6 weeks in general good condition. Twenty months later, the patient felt well, and the grafts kept functioning properly.
CONCLUSION
Combined liver-pancreas transplantation in patients with CF restores exocrine and endocrine pancreatic function and minimizes the risk of life-threatening complications associated with liver insufficiency. Improvement of life quality coincides with the possibility of discontinuing insulin and pancreatic enzyme supplementation. The combination of liver and pancreas transplantation may prevent advanced pulmonary complications, extend the prognosis of survival, and improve the long-term life quality.
Topics: Humans; Cystic Fibrosis; Pancreas Transplantation; Female; Liver Transplantation; Young Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38749862
DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.03.034 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024With the high intensification of poultry breeding, a series of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria threaten the health of poultry and human. Among them, poultry...
With the high intensification of poultry breeding, a series of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria threaten the health of poultry and human. Among them, poultry diseases induced by cause significant economic loss every year. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with L. polysaccharide (AAP) on the growth performance and intestinal barrier function of broilers with () challenge. A total of 256 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: control group (fed basal diet), AAP group (fed basal diet supplemented with AAP), group (fed basal diet and orally administered ), AAP + group (fed basal diet supplemented with AAP and orally administered ). Dietary AAP supplementation elevated the BW, ADG and ADFI in non-challenged broilers. AAP also increased the apparent metabolic rate of EE and Ca in -challenged broilers. Moreover, AAP not only enhanced the serum IgA content but also decreased the serum and jejunum content of IL-6, as well as the jejunum level of IL-1β in non-challenged broilers. AAP also down-regulates the mRNA level of inflammatory factors (, , and ) by inhibiting the mRNA expression of and in intestinal NF-κB signaling pathway of -challenged broilers. Meanwhile, AAP up-regulates the activity and mRNA level CAT by down-regulating the mRNA level of in intestinal Nrf2 signaling pathway of -challenged broilers, and decreased serum MDA concentration. AAP significantly elevated the mRNA level of , and in jejunal of non-challenged broilers. Interestingly, AAP can improve intestinal physical barrier by down-regulating serum ET content, increasing the jejunal villus height/crypt depth (VH/CD) and mRNA level in broilers challenged by . AAP also elevated the VH/CD and the mRNA level of , , in non-challenged broilers. Importantly, AAP reshaped the balance of jejunum microbiota in -challenged broilers by altering α diversity and community composition. In summary, AAP ameliorated the loss of growth performance in broilers challenged with , probably by regulating the intestinal permeability and mucosa morphology, immune function, antioxidant ability, and microbiota.
PubMed: 38746748
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1390815 -
PLoS Pathogens May 2024Natural killer-like B (NKB) cells are unique innate immune cells expressing both natural killer (NK) and B cell receptors. As first responders to infection, they secrete...
Natural killer-like B (NKB) cells are unique innate immune cells expressing both natural killer (NK) and B cell receptors. As first responders to infection, they secrete IL-18 to induce a critical cascade of innate and adaptive immune cell infiltration and activation. However, limited research exists on the role of NKB cells in homeostasis and infection, largely due to incomplete and erroneous evaluations. To fill this knowledge gap, we investigated the expression of signaling and trafficking proteins, and the in situ localization and transcriptome of naïve NKB cells compared to conventionally-defined NK and B cells, as well as modulations of these cells in SIV infection. Intracellular signaling proteins and trafficking markers were expressed differentially on naïve NKB cells, with high expression of CD62L and Syk, and low expression of CD69, α4β7, FcRg, Zap70, and CD3z, findings which were more similar to B cells than NK cells. CD20+NKG2a/c+ NKB cells were identified in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), colon, jejunum, and liver of naïve rhesus macaques (RM) via tissue imaging, with NKB cell counts concentrated in spleen and MLN. For the first time, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq), including B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing, of sorted NKB cells confirmed that NKB cells are unique. Transcriptomic analysis of naïve splenic NKB cells by scRNAseq showed that NKB cells undergo somatic hypermutation and express Ig receptors, similar to B cells. While only 15% of sorted NKB cells showed transcript expression of both KLRC1 (NKG2A) and MS4A1 (CD20) genes, only 5% of cells expressed KLRC1, MS4A1, and IgH/IgL transcripts. We observed expanded NKB frequencies in RM gut and buccal mucosa as early as 14 and 35 days post-SIV infection, respectively. Further, mucosal and peripheral NKB cells were associated with colorectal cytokine milieu and oral microbiome changes, respectively. Our studies indicate that NKB cells gated on CD3-CD14-CD20+NKG2A/C+ cells were inclusive of transcriptomically conventional B and NK cells in addition to true NKB cells, confounding accurate phenotyping and frequency recordings that could only be resolved using genomic techniques. Although NKB cells were clearly elevated during SIV infection and associated with inflammatory changes during infection, further interrogation is necessary to acurately identify the true phenotype and significance of NKB cells in infection and inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Macaca mulatta; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus; Immunity, Innate; Killer Cells, Natural; B-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 38739675
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012223 -
Gut Microbes 2024Although fecal microbiota composition is considered to preserve relevant and representative information for distal colonic content, it is evident that it does not... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Although fecal microbiota composition is considered to preserve relevant and representative information for distal colonic content, it is evident that it does not represent microbial communities inhabiting the small intestine. Nevertheless, studies investigating the human small intestinal microbiome and its response to dietary intervention are still scarce. The current study investigated the spatio-temporal dynamics of the small intestinal microbiome within a day and over 20 days, as well as its responses to a 14-day synbiotic or placebo control supplementation in 20 healthy subjects. Microbial composition and metabolome of luminal content of duodenum, jejunum, proximal ileum and feces differed significantly from each other. Additionally, differences in microbiota composition along the small intestine were most pronounced in the morning after overnight fasting, whereas differences in composition were not always measurable around noon or in the afternoon. Although overall small intestinal microbiota composition did not change significantly within 1 day and during 20 days, remarkable, individual-specific temporal dynamics were observed in individual subjects. In response to the synbiotic supplementation, only the microbial diversity in jejunum changed significantly. Increased metabolic activity of probiotic strains during intestinal passage, as assessed by metatranscriptome analysis, was not observed. Nevertheless, synbiotic supplementation led to a short-term spike in the relative abundance of genera included in the product in the small intestine approximately 2 hours post-ingestion. Collectively, small intestinal microbiota are highly dynamic. Ingested probiotic bacteria could lead to a transient spike in the relative abundance of corresponding genera and ASVs, suggesting their passage through the entire gastrointestinal tract. This study was registered to http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02018900.
Topics: Humans; Synbiotics; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Adult; Intestine, Small; Female; Bacteria; Feces; Young Adult; Probiotics; Metabolome; Healthy Volunteers; Spatio-Temporal Analysis
PubMed: 38738780
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2350173 -
Journal of Advanced Research May 2024Depression is a debilitating and poorly understood mental disorder. There is an urgency to explore new potential biological mechanisms of depression and the gut...
INTRODUCTION
Depression is a debilitating and poorly understood mental disorder. There is an urgency to explore new potential biological mechanisms of depression and the gut microbiota is a promising research area.
OBJECTIVES
Our study was aim to understand regional heterogeneity and potential molecular mechanisms underlying depression induced by dysbiosis of mucus-associated microbiota.
METHODS
Here, we only selected female macaques because they are more likely to form a natural social hierarchy in a harem-like environment. Because high-ranking macaques rarely displayed depressive-like behaviors, we selected seven monkeys from high-ranking individuals as control group (HC) and the same number of low-ranking ones as depressive-like group (DL), which displayed significant depressive-like behaviors. Then, we collected mucus from the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and colon of DL and HC monkeys for shotgun metagenomic sequencing, to profile the biogeography of mucus-associated microbiota along duodenum to colon.
RESULTS
Compared with HC, DL macaques displayed noticeable depressive-like behaviors such as longer duration of huddle and sit alone behaviors (negative emotion behaviors), and fewer duration of locomotion, amicable and ingestion activities (positive emotion behaviors). Moreover, the alpha diversity index (Chao) could predict aforementioned depressive-like behaviors along duodenum to colon. Further, we identified that genus Pseudomonas was consistently decreased in DL group throughout the entire intestinal tract except for the jejunum. Specifically, there were 10, 18 and 28 decreased Pseudomonas spp. identified in ileum, cecum and colon, respectively. Moreover, a bacterial module mainly composed of Pseudomonas spp. was positively associated with three positive emotion behaviors. Functionally, Pseudomonaswas mainly involved in microbiota derived lipid metabolisms such as PPAR signaling pathway, cholesterol metabolism, and fat digestion and absorption.
CONCLUSION
Different regions of intestinal mucus-associated microbiota revealed that depletion of genus Pseudomonas is associated with depressive-like behaviors in female macaques, which might induce depressive phenotypes through regulating lipid metabolism.
PubMed: 38735389
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.05.013 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2024ser. Enteritidis () is widely found in chickens and eggs, and it can potentially induce human illness. The investigation in this study centers on the impacts of...
ser. Enteritidis () is widely found in chickens and eggs, and it can potentially induce human illness. The investigation in this study centers on the impacts of long-term dietary supplementation with coated sodium butyrate (CSB) on intestinal well-being and the colonization of cecum in laying hens infected with We segregated a total of 120 Lohmann laying hens aged 51 weeks into four treatment categories: 0 (CON), 300 (CSB1), 500 (CSB2), and 800 (CSB3) mg/kg of CSB, supplemented with CSB from the first day of the experiment. A 24-week observation process was carried out for each laying hen. The was orally administered to all chickens on the morning of the first and third days of week 22 of the trial. After the challenge, egg production decreased the most in the CON group. Compared to the CON group, the three doses of CSB significantly improved egg production after the challenge ( < 0.05). challenge increased plasma DAO activity, but CSB supplementation reduced plasma DAO activity ( < 0.05). The challenge disrupted intestinal villi morphology; compared to the CON group, the three dosages of CSB resulted in an increase in villus height (VH) and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (V/C) in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of infected laying hens ( < 0.05), with a significant increase in jejunal villus height ( < 0.05). A decrease in ileal crypt depth was also observed ( < 0.05). CSB2 and CSB3 markedly increased the content of butyric acid in the cecum ( < 0.05). Additionally, in contrast to those in the CON group, the propionic acid content in the CSB supplementation group increased ( < 0.05). Compared with those in the CON group, mRNA relative expression of the and in jejunum ( < 0.05) and mRNA relative expression of the in ileum ( < 0.05) were significantly lower, and mRNA relative expression of the in ileum ( < 0.05) were significantly higher in the CSB group. In addition, in contrast to the CON group, the CSB supplementation group significantly upregulated mRNA relative expression of the and ( < 0.05). Additionally, CSB supplementation reduced the number of and increased the number of Lactobacilli in the cecum ( < 0.05) and tended to increase the total bacteria count ( = 0.069) and reduce the count ( = 0.081). In conclusion, long-term dietary supplementation with coated sodium butyrate can alleviate intestinal injury and the colonization of cecum in laying hens infected with .
PubMed: 38731359
DOI: 10.3390/ani14091356