-
Microorganisms Jul 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a very important disease that contributes to economic losses in dairy and beef cattle breeding worldwide. The molecular testing of...
The Prevalence, Coexistence, and Correlations between Seven Pathogens Detected by a PCR Method from South-Western Poland Dairy Cattle Suffering from Bovine Respiratory Disease.
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a very important disease that contributes to economic losses in dairy and beef cattle breeding worldwide. The molecular testing of material from 296 calves showing BRD symptoms from 74 dairy herds located in south-western Poland was performed in 2019-2021. Molecular tests were performed using a commercial kit "VetMAX Ruminant Respiratory Screening Kit" (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for the simultaneous detection of genetic material of seven pathogens responsible for BRD. At least one pathogen was detected in 95.95% of herds. The overall prevalence was: 87.84%, 44.59%, bovine coronavirus (BcoV) 32.43%, 29.73%, 28.38%, bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) 13.51%, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) 10.81%. Twenty-nine configurations of pathogen occurrences were found. Bacterial infections were the most frequently recorded as 56.7% of all results. Coinfections mainly consisted of two pathogens. Not a single purely viral coinfection was detected. The most frequent result was a single infection accounting for 18.31% of all results. The statistically significant correlation ( = 0.001) with the highest strength of effect (ϕ 0.38) was between and .
PubMed: 35893545
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081487 -
Journal of Advanced Research Jul 2022The lack of effective anti-inflammatory therapies for pneumonia represents a challenge for identifying new alternatives. Non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS)...
INTRODUCTION
The lack of effective anti-inflammatory therapies for pneumonia represents a challenge for identifying new alternatives. Non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are attractive candidates due to their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects both locally and systemically.
OBJECTIVES
The anti-inflammatory properties of GOS were investigated in calves with lung infections and in calf primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBECs) and human lung epithelial cells (A549). To delineate the mechanism, the potential capacity of GOS to inhibit the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been investigated.
METHODS
GOS were administrated orally to calves with naturally occurring lung infections during early life or used as pretreatments in cell cultures exposed to M. haemolytica, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), leukotoxin or ATP. The cell composition, cytokine/chemokine concentrations, and M. haemolytica-LPS lgG levels in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood were investigated, while the M. haemolytica positivity in BALF and bronchial mucosa was detected in vivo. Key markers of NLRP3 inflammasome activation were measured in vivo and in vitro.
RESULTS
GOS reduced M. haemolytica positivity and M. haemolytica-LPS lgG levels in calves with lung infections. Regulation of immune function and suppression of inflammatory response by GOS is related to the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome as observed in bronchial mucosal tissue of infected calves. The M. haemolytica-induced IL-1β production in PBECs was lowered by GOS, which was associated with NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition caused by the decreased reactive oxygen species and ATP production. GOS inhibited leukotoxin-induced ATP production in PBECs. The LPS- and ATP-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PBECs and A549 cells was suppressed by GOS.
CONCLUSION
GOS exert anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a potential role for GOS in the prevention of lung infections.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Cattle; Humans; Inflammasomes; Lipopolysaccharides; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Oligosaccharides; Pneumonia
PubMed: 35777914
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.10.013 -
Veterinary World May 2022Vaccines are one of the important tools for fighting diseases and limiting their spread. The development of vaccines with high efficacy against diseases is essential....
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Vaccines are one of the important tools for fighting diseases and limiting their spread. The development of vaccines with high efficacy against diseases is essential. Ionizing radiation is the method used for the preparation of the irradiated gamma vaccine. The study aimed to measure the metabolic activity and electron microscopic examination of the irradiated bacterial cells and immunological efficiency of different preparations of the irradiated vaccine.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The irradiated vaccines were prepared in three forms at a dose of 2×10 colony-forming unit (CFU) (irradiated , trehalose irradiated , and trehalose lyophilized irradiated ). The formalin-killed vaccine was prepared at a dose of 2×10 CFU. Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the difference between the non-irradiated bacterial cells and the bacterial cells exposed to gamma radiation. The metabolic activity of the irradiated bacterial cells was measured using the Alamar blue technique. Rabbits were divided into five groups (control, vaccinated groups with the formalin-killed vaccine, irradiated bacterial cells without trehalose, trehalose irradiated bacteria, and trehalose lyophilized irradiated bacterial cells). The rabbits were subcutaneously inoculated twice in 2-week intervals. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin 4 (IL4) assays were used to evaluate the vaccines' immunological efficiency in rabbits.
RESULTS
The metabolic activity tests showed that the bacterial cells exposed to gamma radiation at the lowest lethal dose have metabolic activity. The difference in the metabolic activity between preparations of the irradiated bacterial cells varied according to the cell concentration and incubation time. The highest level of metabolic activity was 8 h after incubation in the nutrient broth medium compared with 4 and 18 h. The scanning electron microscopy of irradiated bacterial cells showed a cavity at the bacterial cell center without rupture of the surrounding cell membrane compared to the non-irradiated bacterial cells. The antibody level in the groups vaccinated with the different preparations of the irradiated bacterial cells was high compared with the control and formalin-killed vaccine groups. The level of the IFNγ showed an increase after the second dose in the group vaccinated with irradiated bacterial cells without trehalose compared with the other groups. The IL4 level in the vaccinated groups with the irradiated bacterial cells without trehalose, irradiated bacterial cells with trehalose, and trehalose lyophilized irradiated bacterial cells were at a high level when compared with the formalin-killed vaccinated group and control group after the second inoculation.
CONCLUSION
The irradiated vaccine provides a wide range of humoral and cellular immunity. This study showed high immunological efficiency in rabbits inoculated with the irradiated vaccine that was shown in the high levels of antibodies (IFNγ and IL4) compared with the group treated with the formalin-killed vaccine. The second dose of irradiated vaccine is an immune booster that gives the irradiated vaccine a long-acting immunological efficiency.
PubMed: 35765479
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1261-1268 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2022Chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP) is a main pathology of sheep infected with small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV). Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is caused by the...
Chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP) is a main pathology of sheep infected with small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV). Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is caused by the same pathogen; however, the presence of CIP has been only occasionally reported in SRLV-infected goats. We carried out a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of histopathological lesions indicative of CIP in goats with symptomatic CAE, and to investigate whether CIP was associated with a higher prevalence of other types of pneumonia (purulent bronchopneumonia, fibrinous pleuropneumonia) or bacterial infections. Lung specimens and bronchial swabs were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination, respectively, from 116 goats from a CAE-affected herd. All goats were euthanized due to severe clinical signs of CAE. The goats were seropositive for SRLV infection in two different ELISAs and the presence of SRLV antigen in the lung tissue was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Histopathologically, pneumonia of any type was confirmed in 82 goats (70.7%) and CIP was present in 67 goats (57.8%). In most goats, the severity of the histopathological features of pneumonia was mild. Bacteria were detected in bronchial swabs from 73 goats (62.9%). CIP proved to be significantly positively linked to the occurrence of purulent bronchopneumonia (p < 0.001), fibrinous pleuropneumonia (p = 0.001), and of the infection of lungs with bacteria capable of causing pneumonia (p = 0.050). The causal character of these associations should be considered and warrants further investigation.
PubMed: 35745483
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060629 -
Infection and Drug Resistance 2022In this study we aimed to provide preliminary evidence on the safety and efficacy of the currently used ovine pasteurellosis vaccine in Ethiopia using clinical and...
INTRODUCTION
In this study we aimed to provide preliminary evidence on the safety and efficacy of the currently used ovine pasteurellosis vaccine in Ethiopia using clinical and pathological endpoints.
METHODS
Twenty, conventionally reared, apparently healthy, seronegative male lambs, were randomly classified into two groups of 10 animals as "vaccinated-challenged" and "unvaccinated-challenged controls". The first group received 1 mL of the licensed biotype A based vaccine subcutaneously while the second group received phosphate-buffered saline as a placebo. Following vaccination, lambs were monitored for one month for potential vaccine adverse reactions. Five weeks postvaccination, all lambs were immunosuppressed using dexamethasone, and intratracheally challenged with 5.2×10 CFU/mL live A1 (clinical isolates). Then, all lambs were followed up for eight days for clinical examination and necropsied on the ninth day postchallenge for pathological investigation.
RESULTS
There were no safety issues recorded during the study. In terms of clinical signs, lambs developed fever, depression, mucoid bilateral oculonasal discharge, coughing and sneezing regardless of their vaccination status. Fisher's exact test between vaccination status and each clinical sign showed a statistically insignificant association (>0.05). The main pathological findings in both groups were pulmonary congestion, atelectasis, emphysema, and suppurative bronchopneumonia. Consolidation lung lesion score of +1 (5/10 of vaccinated, 6/10 of unvaccinated) and +2 (3/10 of vaccinated, 4/10 of unvaccinated) were recorded in a statistically indifferent manner among both vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups (>0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Collectively, the results suggested that the vaccine posed no safety concern and presumably lacks protective efficacy against local isolates. However, the study did not analyze antibody titer and their functionality using serum bactericidal assays. Further confirmatory studies could provide more evidence on the vaccine efficacy. Safety should further be assessed in a field setting involving a large number of animals to enable detection of rare vaccine adverse events.
PubMed: 35706927
DOI: 10.2147/IDR.S365745 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves and is caused by a range of infectious agents, including viruses...
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in young calves and is caused by a range of infectious agents, including viruses and bacteria. This study aimed to determine the frequency of viral and bacterial pathogens detected in calves with BRD from high-production dairy cattle herds and to perform the molecular characterization of N and S1 genes in identified bovine coronavirus (BCoV) strains. Nasal swabs were collected from 166 heifer calves, namely, 85 symptomatic and 81 asymptomatic calves aged between 5 and 90 days, from 10 dairy cattle herds. Nasal swabs were evaluated using molecular techniques for the identification of viruses (BCoV, bovine alphaherpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine parainfluenza virus 3, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus) and bacteria (, and ). In addition, five and two BCoV-positive samples were submitted to N and S1 gene amplification and nucleotide sequencing, respectively. The frequency of diagnosis of BCoV was higher (56%, 93/166) than the frequency of (39.8%, 66/166) and (33.1%, 55/166). The three microorganisms were identified in the calves of symptomatic and asymptomatic heifer calve groups. All other pathogens included in the analyses were negative. In the phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene, the Brazilian strains formed a new branch, suggesting a new genotype, called # 15; from the N gene, the strains identified here belonged to cluster II. This study describes high rates of BCoV, , and in heifer calves from high-production dairy cattle herds with BRD. Additionally, the molecular characterization provides evidence that the circulating BCoV strains are ancestrally different from the prototype vaccine strains and even different BCoV strains previously described in Brazil.
PubMed: 35692294
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.895492 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2022This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in...
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was the most prevalent pathogen. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), P. multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Histophilus somni (H. somni) were all higher in BRD positive calves than BRD negative calves, but only in H. somni was significant (P<0.001). Then nine farm management risk factors were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models to determine the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens (farm and calf-level). In the result at farm-level, only unheated colostrum was significantly associated with pathogen positive farms (Odds Ratio (OR)=11.43). At calf-level, the predominant risk factor for each pathogen, M. bovis, P. multocida, M. haemolytica and H. somni, was late first colostrum feeding (OR=272.82), unheated colostrum (OR=3.41), waste milk feeding (OR=6.59) and high pneumonia treatment cost (OR=2.52), respectively. For effective preventive measures, farmer education on milk and colostrum feeding are urgently warranted.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma bovis; Pasteurella multocida; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Taiwan
PubMed: 35675980
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0056 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022A cross-sectional study was undertaken in four (4) districts of the West Amhara sub-region of Ethiopia with the aim of assessing the diversity and distribution of...
A cross-sectional study was undertaken in four (4) districts of the West Amhara sub-region of Ethiopia with the aim of assessing the diversity and distribution of serotypes of Pasteurella species, their seroprevalence, and associated risk factors, and knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers toward ovine pasteurellosis. A total of 600 sheep sera were collected using multistage cluster sampling. Each sample was examined for the presence of six (6) serotype-specific antibodies using an indirect haemagglutination test. We are reporting a higher seroprevalence of 90.17% (541/600) in which all seropositive animals were shown to have been co-infected with multiple serotypes. Individual serotype prevalence showed that serotype A7 has the highest prevalence of 77.83% followed by A2 (74.33%), T15 (64%), T4 (62%), PA (60%), and A1 (39.17%). In this study, being female [odds ratio (OR): 2.45, 95% CI (1.09-5.52), = 0.031] and living in high altitude areas [OR: 20.29, 95% CI (2.54-161.95), = 0.004] were found to be significantly associated with sero-positivity. A questionnaire survey ( = 384) employed in a face-to-face interview was used to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of farmers related to ovine pasteurellosis. Accordingly, the majority (72.4%) of respondents had an inadequate knowledge level of the disease. The proportion of farmers with a favorable attitude and good practices toward the disease was 50.26 and 77.6%, respectively. This study is highly indicative that ovine pasteurellosis is a ubiquitous disease in the study area challenging the sheep production sector. The existence of diverse serotypes reported to lack cross-protective immunity is likely to explain why the current vaccination practice with the mono-serotype biotype A vaccine is not providing adequate protection against outbreaks of the disease. Prioritization of one or more serotypes for inclusion in a multivalent vaccine should be dictated by the abundance and distribution of a particular serotype, its clinical importance, and its resultant economic impact. Furthermore, training farmers on key aspects of the disease is vital in the implementation of effective disease management strategies through a participatory approach. Data from the remaining regions of the country could help realize the development of an effective vaccine that works best at the national level.
PubMed: 35664854
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.866206 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is responsible for most of the injectable antimicrobial use in the feedlot...
Evaluating the potential of third generation metagenomic sequencing for the detection of BRD pathogens and genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in chronically ill feedlot cattle.
BACKGROUND
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is responsible for most of the injectable antimicrobial use in the feedlot industry. Traditional bacterial culture can be used to diagnose BRD by confirming the presence of causative pathogens and to support antimicrobial selection. However, given that bacterial culture takes up to a week and early intervention is critical for treatment success, culture has limited utility for informing rapid therapeutic decision-making. In contrast, metagenomic sequencing has the potential to quickly resolve all nucleic acid in a sample, including pathogen biomarkers and antimicrobial resistance genes. In particular, third-generation Oxford Nanopore Technology sequencing platforms provide long reads and access to raw sequencing data in real-time as it is produced, thereby reducing the time from sample collection to diagnostic answer. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of nanopore metagenomic sequencing to traditional culture and sensitivity methods as applied to nasopharyngeal samples from segregated groups of chronically ill feedlot cattle, previously treated with antimicrobials for nonresponsive pneumonia or lameness.
RESULTS
BRD pathogens were isolated from most samples and a variety of different resistance profiles were observed across isolates. The sequencing data indicated the samples were dominated by Moraxella bovoculi, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma dispar, and Pasteurella multocida, and included a wide range of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), encoding resistance for up to seven classes of antimicrobials. Genes conferring resistance to beta-lactams were the most commonly detected, while the tetH gene was detected in the most samples overall. Metagenomic sequencing detected the BRD pathogens of interest more often than did culture, but there was limited concordance between phenotypic resistance to antimicrobials and the presence of relevant ARGs.
CONCLUSIONS
Metagenomic sequencing can reduce the time from sampling to results, detect pathogens missed by bacterial culture, and identify genetically encoded determinants of resistance. Increasing sequencing coverage of target organisms will be an essential component of improving the reliability of this technology, such that it can be better used for the surveillance of pathogens of interest, genetic determinants of resistance, and to inform diagnostic decisions.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Chronic Disease; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35655189
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03269-6 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022Changes in network position and behavioral interactions have been linked with infectious disease in social animals. Here, we investigate the effects of an experimental...
Changes in network position and behavioral interactions have been linked with infectious disease in social animals. Here, we investigate the effects of an experimental disease challenge on social network centrality of group-housed Holstein bull dairy calves. Within group-housed pens (6/group) calves were randomly assigned to either a previously developed challenge model, involving inoculation with Mannheimia haemolytia (n = 12 calves; 3 calves/group) or a control involving only saline (n = 12 calves; 3 calves/group). Continuous behavioral data were recorded from video on pre-treatment baseline day and for 24 h following inoculation to describe social lying frequency and duration and all active social contact between calves. Mixed-model analysis revealed that changes in network position were related to the challenge. Compared to controls, challenged calves had reduced centrality and connectedness, baseline to challenge day. On challenge day, challenged calves were less central in the directed social contact networks (lower degree, strength and eigenvector centrality), and initiated contact (higher out-degree) with more penmates, compared to healthy calves. This finding suggests that giving rather than receiving affiliative social contact may be more beneficial for challenged calves. This is the first study demonstrating that changes in social network position coincide with an experimental challenge of a respiratory pathogen in calves.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Cattle; Feeding Behavior; Female; Housing, Animal; Male; Social Behavior; Social Networking
PubMed: 35650239
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13088-2