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Viruses Dec 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused... (Review)
Review
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (, , and ). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family , first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Thogotovirus; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 36560721
DOI: 10.3390/v14122717 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2022Danofloxacin and enrofloxacin are fluoroquinolones (FQs) used to treat and control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. While low toxicity, high bactericidal...
Danofloxacin and enrofloxacin are fluoroquinolones (FQs) used to treat and control bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex. While low toxicity, high bactericidal activity, and availability in single and multiple dosing regimens make them preferable, the increasing incidence of FQ-resistance in foodborne pathogens and effects on gut microbiota necessitate evaluating their pharmacokinetics (PKs). The objective of this study was to determine the exposure level of gut microbiota to subcutaneously administered FQs and compare their PKs between plasma and feces in healthy and Mannheimia haemolytica infected calves. A single dose of danofloxacin (8 mg/kg), low dose (7.5 mg/kg), or high dose (12.5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin was administered to calves. Blood and feces were collected from calves under experimental conditions over 48 h, and FQ concentrations were measured using Ultra High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography. While moderate BRD signs were exhibited in most calves in the infected cohorts, the plasma PKs were similar between healthy and sick calves. However, the fecal danofloxacin concentration was lower in the BRD group (area under concentration-time curve [AUC], BRD median = 2627, healthy median = 2941 h*μg/mL, adj.P = 0.005). The dose normalized plasma and fecal danofloxacin concentrations were higher than those of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin. Further, FQs had several fold higher overall concentrations in feces than in plasma in both groups. In conclusion, parenterally administered FQs expose gut microbiota to high concentrations of the antibiotics.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Enrofloxacin; Feces; Fluoroquinolones; Mannheimia haemolytica
PubMed: 35332195
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08945-z -
Veterinary Research 2001Isolates of the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia cause a wide variety of diseases of great economic importance in poultry, pigs, cattle and rabbits. Antimicrobial... (Review)
Review
Isolates of the genera Pasteurella and Mannheimia cause a wide variety of diseases of great economic importance in poultry, pigs, cattle and rabbits. Antimicrobial agents represent the most powerful tools to control such infections. However, increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance may dramatically reduce the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents used to control Pasteurella and Mannheimia infections. This review presents a short summary of the infections caused by Pasteurella and Mannheimia isolates in food-producing animals and the possibilities of preventing and controlling primary and secondary pasteurellosis. Particular reference is given to antimicrobial chemotherapy and the resistance properties of Pasterurella and Mannheimia isolates. The genetic basis of the most predominant resistance properties such as resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol is discussed. This is depicted with reference to the role of plasmids and transposons in the spread of the resistance genes among Pasteurellaceae and members of other bacterial families and genera.
Topics: Animals; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Gene Transfer, Horizontal; Pasteurella; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurellaceae
PubMed: 11432423
DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2001128 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2019The objective of this review is to describe the usage and applicability of proteomics technologies in the study of mastitis in ewes. In ewes, proteomics technologies... (Review)
Review
The objective of this review is to describe the usage and applicability of proteomics technologies in the study of mastitis in ewes. In ewes, proteomics technologies have been employed for furthering knowledge in mastitis caused by various agents (, , , , ). Studies have focused on improving knowledge regarding pathogenesis of the infections and identifying biomarkers for its diagnosis. Findings have revealed that ewes with mastitis mount a defence response, controlled by many proteins and over various mechanisms and pathways, which are interdependent at various points. Many proteins can participate in this process. Moreover, as the result of proteomics studies, cathelicidins and serum amyloid A have been identified as proteins that can be used as biomarkers for improved diagnosis of the disease. In the long term, proteomics will contribute to improvements in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of mastitis. Further in-depth investigations into the various proteomes and application of new methodological strategies in experimental and clinical studies will provide information about mastitis processes, which will be of benefit in controlling the disease. Improvement of diagnostic techniques, establishment of prognostic tools and development of vaccines are key areas for targeted research.
PubMed: 31470519
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030134 -
Veterinary World Aug 2021(Mha) is a common agent of pneumonia in ruminants globally, causing economic losses by morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Infection by Mha is often associated...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
(Mha) is a common agent of pneumonia in ruminants globally, causing economic losses by morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs. Infection by Mha is often associated with or promoted by respiratory viral pathogens and environmental conditions. Infections due to Mha have rarely been described in small ruminants. This study reports the biological and molecular characteristics of a new Moroccan Mha isolate from small ruminants presenting typical respiratory symptoms. We also studied the cultural parameters, growth kinetics, and Lkt excretion of the isolate and its pathogenicity on laboratory animals and small ruminants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Suspected pasteurellosis cases in sheep and goat flocks in Morocco were investigated. A local strain of Mha was isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Polymerase chain reaction-targeting specific genes were used for serotyping and phylogenetic analyses; further, leukotoxin production, cytotoxicity, and pathogenicity of the isolate in mice, goats, and sheep were investigated.
RESULTS
Phylogeny analysis revealed 98.76% sequence identity with the USA isolate of 2013; the strain growth with a cycle of 9-10 h with leukotoxin secretion was detected by NETosis and quantified by cytotoxicity and mortality of mice. Goat and sheep infections cause hyperthermia, with characteristic postmortem lesions in the trachea and lung.
CONCLUSION
A local isolate of Mha from sheep that died of pneumonia was characterized for the 1 time in North Africa using biological and molecular methods. Although growth on appropriate culture media is accompanied by intense leukotoxin secretion, experimental infections of sheep and goats cause hyperthermia and typical lesions of pneumonia.
PubMed: 34566318
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2031-2040 -
Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2023Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by , and responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and...
Isolation and Molecular Detection of and from Clinically Pneumonic Pasteurellosis Cases of Bonga Sheep Breed and Their Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests in Selected Areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State, Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Pneumonic pasteurellosis is a respiratory system disease of sheep caused by , and responsible for the low productivity and economic loss resulting from death and treatment costs. This study was conducted to isolate and molecularly detect causative agents and antibiotic susceptibility tests from a nasal swab sample of the Bonga sheep breed that was suspected to have pneumonic pasteurellosis in selected areas of Southwest Ethiopian Peoples Regional State.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study design was used along with purposive sampling of nasal swab samples from sheep that were brought to veterinary clinics during the study period. Bacterial isolation and phenotypic characterization were carried out using microbiological and biochemical tests that followed standard microbiological techniques. To molecularly confirm the isolates, and , species-specific PCR primer genes were used. Using the disc diffusion method, molecularly confirmed isolates were subjected to an in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test.
RESULTS
The 85 samples that were scrutinized had an overall isolation rate of 31.76%, whereas the isolates of and had species compositions of 40.7% and 59.25%, respectively. Overall, 12.5% of the and 18.18% of the species were verified from phenotypical isolates using the species-specific PCR primer genes and , respectively. An in vitro antibiotic susceptibility test was carried out on all four PCR-confirmed isolates for seven commonly used antibiotics used to treat ovine pasteurellosis in the study area. It was found that both bacterial species were resistant to chloramphenicol and penicillin G.
CONCLUSION
Using phenotypic and molecular diagnostic techniques, the results of our current inquiry revealed that and are the causative agents of ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis in the study area.
PubMed: 38162823
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S435932 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Sep 2023This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis ( and ) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This research aimed to assess the prevalence of caprine pasteurellosis, isolate and identify pasteurellosis ( and ) in pneumonic goats, and discover the main bacterial cause of pneumonia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One hundred and five samples (94 nasal swabs and 11 lung tissues) from goats suspected of having pneumonia were taken and transferred aseptically to the laboratory. Following the processing of the collected samples, spp. was isolated with the aid of plate culture methods. Biochemical characteristics were used to identify all bacterial isolates, which were then verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was also carried out to evaluate the sensitivity profiles of various antibiotics. The serotype-specific antigen (PHSSA) gene was used to identify isolates of , and the KMT1 gene was used to identify isolates of .
RESULTS
From the 105 clinically suspicious samples, 51 (48.57%) were identified to be through bacteriological testing and also by PCR targeting the gene. Of these, 47.87% (45/94) were nasal swabs, and 54.55% (6/11) were lung tissues. Among confirmed samples, 70.59% (36/51) were identified as and 29.41% (15/51) were identified as . Resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, and ceftriaxone was found in 50%-83% of the isolates. In addition, PCR identified the PHSSA and KMT1 genes from isolates of and , respectively.
CONCLUSION
The present study revealed that and primarily caused pasteurellosis in pneumonic goats in Bangladesh. However, when treating these animals, the proper choice of antimicrobials should be made to control this disease.
PubMed: 37969786
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j707 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2023is one of the major causes of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. The organism is the primary bacterium isolated from calves and young cattle affected with enzootic...
is one of the major causes of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. The organism is the primary bacterium isolated from calves and young cattle affected with enzootic pneumonia. Novel indirect ELISAs were developed and evaluated to enable quantification of antibody responses to whole cell antigens using A1 strain P1148. In this study, the ELISAs were initially developed using sera from both -culture-free and clinically infected cattle, then the final prototypes were tested in the validation phase using a larger set of known-status sera ( = 145) collected from feedlot cattle. The test showed good inter-assay and intra-assay repeatability. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were estimated at 91% and 87% for IgG at a cutoff of S/P ≥ 0.8. IgM diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 91% and 81% at a cutoff of sample to positive (S/P) ratio ≥ 0.8. IgA diagnostic sensitivity was 89% whereas specificity was 78% at a cutoff of S/P ≥ 0.2. ELISA results of all isotypes were related to the diagnosis of respiratory disease and isolation of (-value < 0.05). These data suggest that ELISAs can be adapted to the detection and quantification of antibody in serum specimens and support the use of these tests for the disease surveillance and disease prevention research in feedlot cattle.
PubMed: 37174567
DOI: 10.3390/ani13091531 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Feb 2018
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Mannheimia; Mycoplasma Infections; Mycoplasma bovis; Pasteurella multocida; Red Meat; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 29346052
DOI: 10.2460/javma.252.3.291 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2023Small ruminants are the most numerous of man's domestic livestock. Although sheep represent a great resource for Ethiopia, the net rate of productivity per animal is...
Isolation and identification of Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida from symptomatic and asymptomatic sheep and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in three selected districts of north Gondar zone, Gondar Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Small ruminants are the most numerous of man's domestic livestock. Although sheep represent a great resource for Ethiopia, the net rate of productivity per animal is very low due to many factors including respiratory disorders.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this work were to isolate and identify M. haemolytica and P. multocida as well as to assess the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these isolates. Nasal swab samples were collected aseptically by using 70% alcohol as a disinfectant.
METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted in three selected districts of the north Gondar zone, Ethiopia.
RESULTS
From 148 samples collected in 94 (63.5%) asymptomatic and 54 (35.5%) symptomatic sheep, a total of 23 were isolated successfully based on cultural, staining, and biochemical characteristics. Of these isolates, 18 (78.3%) and 5 (21.7%) were M. haeimolytica and P. multocida, respectively. Compared with the total animals examined, the proportion of M. haeimolytica and P. multocida were 12.16 % (n = 18) and 3.38% (n = 5), respectively. All of the isolates were subjected to a panel of 8 antibiotic discs for sensitivity testing. Of the tested antibiotics, chloramphenicol (100%), gentamicin, and tetracycline (82.6%) each and co-trimoxazole (60.8%) were found to be the most effective drugs whereas, both species were completely resistant to vancomycin and showed a very low degree of susceptibility for the rest drugs.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, M. haemolytica was found to be the predominant isolate in all host-related factors and most of the antibiotics were not fully effective against the isolates. Hence, treatment and/or vaccination of ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis should be emphasised to M. haeimolytica using the most effective drugs along with appropriate herd management practices.
Topics: Sheep; Animals; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella multocida; Ethiopia; Cross-Sectional Studies; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37197762
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1166