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Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis Feb 2024The application of pesticides (mostly insecticides and fungicides) during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking...
The application of pesticides (mostly insecticides and fungicides) during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking tea. Thus, it is necessary to ascertain whether pesticide residues in tea products exceed the maximum residue limits. However, the complex matrices present in tea samples comprise a major challenge in the analytical detection of pesticide residues. In this study, nine types of lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (LFICSs) were developed to detect the pesticides of interest (fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and iprodione). To reduce the interference of tea substrates on the assay sensitivity, the pretreatment conditions for tea samples, including the extraction solvent, extraction time, and purification agent, were optimized for the simultaneous detection of these pesticides. The entire testing procedure (including pretreatment and detection) could be completed within 30 min. The detected results of authentic tea samples were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), which suggest that the LFICS coupled with sample rapid pretreatment can be used for on-site rapid screening of the target pesticide in tea products prior to their market release.
PubMed: 38464789
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.011 -
Food Science & Nutrition Mar 2024Propolis, a natural product with many biological activities, is a resinous material produced by honeybees. It contains not only valuable components but also some...
Propolis, a natural product with many biological activities, is a resinous material produced by honeybees. It contains not only valuable components but also some possible contaminants in varying amounts. Hence, this study aimed to examine how the process step of wax separation affects certain elements, pesticide residues, and phenolic compounds in propolis. Total phenolics, elements, and some pesticide residues were analyzed in the crude propolis (CP samples), wax portion (W samples), and remaining propolis fraction (PF samples) after wax separation. Total phenolics of the CP samples were determined in the range of 31.90-45.00 mg GAE g sample, while those of the PF samples were in the range of 54.97-162.09 mg GAE g sample. Loss/reduction values by means of wax separation for phenolics were calculated as 10.88% and 17.89%, respectively. Pb contents of all PF samples were low (0.232-1.520 mg kg), but it was also noteworthy that nearly 40% or even more of Cr, As, Cd, and Pb were removed by wax separation. Removal of significant amounts of carbendazim (38.09%-67.35%), metalaxyl (81.57%-72.67%), tebuconazole (65.99%-78.36%), and propargite (88.46%-83.05%) was also achieved. Wax separation enables the removal of toxic substances from crude propolis without causing huge losses in phenolic compounds.
PubMed: 38455169
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3866 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2024Effects not related with the inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are studied in S. pombe, which lacks it. This study aims: First, the...
Effects not related with the inhibition of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are studied in S. pombe, which lacks it. This study aims: First, the use of a strategy with S. pombe strains to investigate the toxicity, mechanisms of action, interactions and detoxication by efflux pumps. Second, to investigate the mechanisms of toxic action of rotenone. In the dose-response assessment, the yeast presented a good correlation with the toxicity in Daphnia magna for 15 chemicals. In the mechanistic study, the mph1Δ strain presented marked specificity to the interaction with microtubules by carbendazim. DNA damage caused by hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of deoxynucleotide synthesis, was identified with marked specificity with the rad3Δ strain. The sty1Δ strain was very sensitive to the oxidative and osmotic stress induced by hydrogen peroxide and potassium chloride, respectively, being more sensitive to oxidative stress than the pap1Δ strain. The protection by exclusion pumps was also evaluated. Rotenone presented low toxicity in S. pombe due to the lack of its main target, and the marked protection by the exclusion transporters Bfr1, Pmd1, Caf5 and Mfs1. Marked cellular stress was detected. Finally, the toxicity of rotenone could be potentiated by the fungicide carbendazim and the antimetabolite hydroxyurea. In conclusion, the use of S. pombe strains is a valid strategy to: a) assess global toxicity; b) investigate the main mechanisms of toxic action, particularly spindle and DNA interferences, and osmotic and oxidative stress not related to complex I inhibition; c) explore the detoxication by efflux pumps; and d) evaluate possible chemical interactions. Therefore, it should be useful for the investigation of adverse outcome pathways.
Topics: Schizosaccharomyces; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins; Rotenone; Hydroxyurea; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Benzimidazoles; Carbamates
PubMed: 38408667
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171253 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Feb 2024In compliance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA received from the European Commission in 2020 a mandate to provide its reasoned opinion on the...
In compliance with Article 43 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA received from the European Commission in 2020 a mandate to provide its reasoned opinion on the toxicological properties and maximum residue levels (MRLs) for the benzimidazole substances carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl. Specifically, EFSA was asked to assess whether thiophanate-methyl or carbendazim has clastogenic potential and, in case clastogenic potential can be excluded, to derive toxicological reference values necessary for consumer risk assessment and assessment of maximum residue levels (MRLs). Although these active substances are no longer authorised within the European Union, MRLs were established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (codex maximum residue limits; CXLs), and import tolerances are in place. Based on the assessment of the available data, toxicological reference values and MRL proposals were derived and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. Some information required by the regulatory framework was found to be missing and a possible acute risk to consumers was identified. Hence, the consumer risk assessment was considered indicative only and all MRL proposals derived by EFSA still require further consideration by risk managers. In October 2022, to ensure that MRLs derived by EFSA in its assessment of 2021 are safe for consumers also in view of endocrine-disrupting properties, EFSA was requested to carry out a follow-up assessment taking into account the scientific criteria for identifying endocrine disruptors (ED). Based on the outcome of the assessment, the experts agreed that the reference values are also covering the concern related to the identified hazards indicative of endocrine disruption for thiophanate-methyl. No further considerations on the impact of the ED assessment on the current reference values were needed for carbendazim since the ED criteria are not met for this substance. Therefore, the risk assessment and the MRL recommendations derived in 2021 are confirmed.
PubMed: 38379729
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8569 -
Genes and Environment : the Official... Feb 2024Carbendazim (methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate, CASRN: 10605-21-7) exhibits spindle poisoning effects and is widely used as a fungicide. With respect to genotoxicity,...
BACKGROUND
Carbendazim (methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate, CASRN: 10605-21-7) exhibits spindle poisoning effects and is widely used as a fungicide. With respect to genotoxicity, carbendazim is deemed to be non-mutagenic in vitro, but it causes indicative DNA damage in vivo and chromosome aberrations in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined the mutagenicity of carbendazim in vivo.
RESULTS
MutaMice were treated with carbendazim orally at doses of 0 (corn oil), 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg/day once a day for 28 days. A lacZ assay was used to determine the mutant frequency (MF) in the liver and glandular stomach of mice. MutaMice were administered up to the maximum dose recommended by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Test Guidelines for Chemicals No. 488 (OECD TG488). The lacZ MFs in the liver and glandular stomach of carbendazim-treated animals were not significantly different from those in the negative control animals. In contrast, positive control animals exhibited a significant increase in MFs in both the liver and glandular stomach.
CONCLUSIONS
Carbendazim is non-mutagenic in the liver and glandular stomach of MutaMice following oral treatment.
PubMed: 38378650
DOI: 10.1186/s41021-024-00299-4 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2024As a part of our continuing exploration to discover new potential promising fungicide candidates, eighteen sulfonate derivatives (3a-3r) containing a kakuol moiety were...
As a part of our continuing exploration to discover new potential promising fungicide candidates, eighteen sulfonate derivatives (3a-3r) containing a kakuol moiety were designed and synthesized. Synthetic sulfonate derivatives were tested comprehensively for antifungal activities against four plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis (B.) cinerea, Valsa (V.) mali, Fusarium (F.) graminearum, Sclerotinia (S.) sclerotiorum), and their structure activity relationships were summarized. Especially, derivatives 3i and 3j exhibited remarkable activity against V. mali, with the inhibition rates of 99.8 and 100%, which were slightly superior to that of carbendazim (98.9%), a reference fungicide. Moreover, derivatives 3a, 3k and 3q possess the broader antifungal spectrum against three tested plant pathogenic fungi with inhibition rates over 60%. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis indicated that the introduction of 2-F or 3-F into the benzene ring would give rise to a remarkable increase of the antifungal activity against V. mali.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Fungicides, Industrial; Molecular Structure; Structure-Activity Relationship; Ascomycota; Plants; Propiophenones; Benzodioxoles
PubMed: 38346722
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00857 -
Environment International Feb 2024Rural residents are exposed to both particulate and gaseous pesticides in the indoor-outdoor nexus in their daily routine. However, previous personal exposure assessment...
Rural residents are exposed to both particulate and gaseous pesticides in the indoor-outdoor nexus in their daily routine. However, previous personal exposure assessment mostly focuses on single aspects of the exposure, such as indoor or gaseous exposure, leading to severe cognition bias to evaluate the exposure risks. In this study, residential dust and silicone wristbands (including stationary and personal wearing ones) were used to screen pesticides in different phases and unfold the hidden characteristics of personal exposure via indoor-outdoor nexus in intensive agricultural area. Mento-Carlo Simulation was performed to assess the probabilistic exposure risk by transforming adsorbed pesticides from wristbands into air concentration, which explores a new approach to integrate particulate (dust) and gaseous (silicone wristbands) pesticide exposures in indoor and outdoor environment. The results showed that particulate pesticides were more concentrated in indoor, whereas significantly higher concentrations were detected in stationary outdoor wristbands (p < 0.05). Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were the most frequently detected pesticides in dust and stationary wristbands. Higher pesticide concentration was found in personal wristbands worn by farmers, with the maximum value of 2048 ng g for difenoconazole. Based on the probabilistic risk assessment, around 7.1 % of farmers and 2.6 % of bystanders in local populations were potentially suffering from chronic health issues. One third of pesticide exposures originated mainly from occupational sources while the rest derived from remoting dissipation. Unexpectedly, 43 % of bystanders suffered the same levels of exposure as farmers under the co-existence of occupational and non-occupational exposures. Differed compositions of pesticides were found between environmental samples and personal pesticide exposure patterns, highlighting the need for holistic personal exposure measurements.
Topics: Humans; Pesticides; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor; Dust; Gases; Silicones; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 38281448
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108457 -
Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Feb 2024Carbendazim (CBZ) is a widely used fungicide that is used to control the unwanted growth of fungi on fruits and vegetables. Sixty male rats were divided into six groups,...
Carbendazim (CBZ) is a widely used fungicide that is used to control the unwanted growth of fungi on fruits and vegetables. Sixty male rats were divided into six groups, each having ten. Group one served as control, animals belonging to group two were exposed to CBZ in the measure of 200 mg/kg body weight (BW). In the third and fourth groups, rats were administered 800 mg/kg BW of (moringa oil) and L. (flaxseed oil), plus CBZ with the same dose given to group two. Groups five and six were administered with moringa and flaxseed oils respectively for six weeks. A marked decline was seen in oxidative stress markers, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and a rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) level in group two with severe histological disruptions. Moringa oil and flaxseed oil were used to alleviate these changes. In addition, a biocomputational molecular docking analysis of three proteins found in male rats was performed. In relation to CBZ (CID:10584007) the screened proteins namely testis-expressed protein (TX101_RAT), EPPI_RAT, and glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5_RAT) were docked, and their docking score were obtained (-5.9 kcal/mol), (-5.8 kcal/mol) and (-5.6 kcal/mol) respectively. By examining these interactions in 2D and 3D structures, a detailed understanding of the unique and specific binding affinity, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and water bonds were obtained. Structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) molecular docking analysis showed that protein interaction with CBZ causes reproductive complications in protein expression and functions by hampering their normal function and blocking active sites.
PubMed: 38268782
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103921 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024To effectively control the infection of plant pathogens, we designed and synthesized a series of phenylthiazole derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole thione moiety...
To effectively control the infection of plant pathogens, we designed and synthesized a series of phenylthiazole derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole thione moiety and screened for their antibacterial potencies against , pv. , as well as their antifungal potencies against , , and . The chemical structures of the target compounds were characterized by H NMR, C NMR and HRMS. The bioassay results revealed that all the tested compounds exhibited moderate-to-excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities against six plant pathogens. Especially, compound possessed the most remarkable antibacterial activity against (EC = 2.23 μg/mL), which was significantly superior to that of compound (EC = 69.87 μg/mL) and the commercial agent Thiodiazole copper (EC = 52.01 μg/mL). Meanwhile, compound displayed the most excellent antifungal activity against (EC = 0.51 μg/mL), which was equivalent to that of the commercial fungicide Carbendazim (EC = 0.57 μg/mL). The preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) results suggested that introducing an electron-withdrawing group at the meta-position and ortho-position of the benzene ring could endow the final structure with remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activity, respectively. The current results indicated that these compounds were capable of serving as promising lead compounds.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Thiones; Fungicides, Industrial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Thiadiazoles
PubMed: 38257199
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020285 -
Toxics Jan 2024This study delved into the impact of open biomass burning on the distribution of pesticide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues across soil, rice straw,...
Unveiling the Aftermath: Exploring Residue Profiles of Insecticides, Herbicides, and Fungicides in Rice Straw, Soils, and Air Post-Mixed Pesticide-Contaminated Biomass Burning.
This study delved into the impact of open biomass burning on the distribution of pesticide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues across soil, rice straw, total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM), and aerosols. A combination of herbicides atrazine (ATZ) and diuron (DIU), fungicide carbendazim (CBD), and insecticide chlorpyriphos (CPF) was applied to biomass before burning. Post-burning, the primary soil pesticide shifted from propyzamide (67.6%) to chlorpyriphos (94.8%). Raw straw biomass retained residues from all pesticide groups, with chlorpyriphos notably dominating (79.7%). Ash residue analysis unveiled significant alterations, with elevated concentrations of chlorpyriphos and terbuthylazine, alongside the emergence of atrazine-desethyl and triadimenol. Pre-burning TSP analysis identified 15 pesticides, with linuron as the primary compound (51.8%). Post-burning, all 21 pesticides were detected, showing significant increases in metobromuron, atrazine-desethyl, and cyanazine concentrations. PM composition mirrored TSP but exhibited additional compounds and heightened concentrations, particularly for atrazine, linuron, and cyanazine. Aerosol analysis post-burning indicated a substantial 39.2-fold increase in atrazine concentration, accompanied by the presence of sebuthylazine, formothion, and propyzamide. Carcinogenic PAHs exhibited noteworthy post-burning increases, contributing around 90.1 and 86.9% of all detected PAHs in TSP and PM, respectively. These insights advance understanding of pesticide dynamics in burning processes, crucial for implementing sustainable agricultural practices and safeguarding environmental and human health.
PubMed: 38251041
DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010086