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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2023Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are currently among the most important health challenges for viticulture in the world. Esca, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Eutypa dieback... (Review)
Review
Microbial Biological Control of Fungi Associated with Grapevine Trunk Diseases: A Review of Strain Diversity, Modes of Action, and Advantages and Limits of Current Strategies.
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are currently among the most important health challenges for viticulture in the world. Esca, Botryosphaeria dieback, and Eutypa dieback are the most current GTDs caused by fungi in mature vineyards. Their incidence has increased over the last two decades, mainly after the ban of sodium arsenate, carbendazim, and benomyl in the early 2000s. Since then, considerable efforts have been made to find alternative approaches to manage these diseases and limit their propagation. Biocontrol is a sustainable approach to fight against GTD-associated fungi and several microbiological control agents have been tested against at least one of the pathogens involved in these diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the pathogens responsible, the various potential biocontrol microorganisms selected and used, and their origins, mechanisms of action, and efficiency in various experiments carried out , in greenhouses, and/or in vineyards. Lastly, we discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches to protect grapevines against GTDs, as well as the future perspectives for their improvement.
PubMed: 37367574
DOI: 10.3390/jof9060638 -
Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Jun 2023Green emission carbon dots (CDs) electrochemically prepared from 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and o-phenyl-enediamine were applied separately for the quantitation of...
Green emission carbon dots (CDs) electrochemically prepared from 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and o-phenyl-enediamine were applied separately for the quantitation of hypochlorite and carbendazim. The characteristic and optical properties of the CDs were studied through fluorescence, UV-vis absorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized CDs were mainly 0.8-2.2 nm in size, with an average size of 1.5 nm. The CDs exhibited green luminescence centered at 520 nm when excited by 420 nm light. The green emission of the CDs is quenched after the addition of hypochlorite, mainly through the redox reaction between hypochlorite and hydroxyl groups on the CDs surface. Furthermore, the hypochlorite-induced fluorescence quenched can be prevented in the presence of carbendazim. The sensing approaches exhibit good linear ranges of 1-50 μM and 0.05-5 μM for hypochlorite and carbendazim, respectively, with low detection limits of 0.096 and 0.005 μM, respectively. Practicalities of the luminescent probes were separately validated by the quantitation of the two analytes in real sample matrix with recoveries ranging from 96.3 to 108.9% and the relative standard deviation values below 5.51%. Our results show the potential of the sensitive, selective, and simple CD probe for water and food quality control.
Topics: Hypochlorous Acid; Quantum Dots; Carbon; Photoelectron Spectroscopy
PubMed: 37335167
DOI: 10.38212/2224-6614.3445 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Sep 2023Novel nanomaterial-based pesticide formulations are increasingly perceived as promising aids in the transition to more efficient agricultural production systems. The...
Novel nanomaterial-based pesticide formulations are increasingly perceived as promising aids in the transition to more efficient agricultural production systems. The current understanding of potential unintended (eco)toxicological impacts of nano-formulated pesticides is scarce, in particular with regard to (non-target) aquatic organisms and ecosystems. The present study reports the results of a long-term freshwater mesocosm experiment which assessed responses of individual zooplankton taxa and communities to a novel TiO-coated nano-formulation of the fungicide carbendazim. Population- and community trends were assessed and compared in response to the nano-formulation and its constituents applied individually (i.e. nano-sized TiO, carbendazim) and in combination (i.e. nano-sized TiO & carbendazim). Minimal differences were observed between effects induced by the nano-formulation and its active ingredient (i.e. carbendazim) when applied at equivalent nominal test concentrations (4 μg L). Nano-sized TiO was found to affect zooplankton community trends when applied separately at environmentally realistic concentrations (20 μg L nominal test concentration). However, when nano-sized TiO was applied in combination with carbendazim, nano-sized TiO was found not to alter effects on community trends induced by carbendazim. The findings of the current study provide an extensive and timely addition to the current body of work available on non-target impacts of nano-formulated pesticides.
Topics: Animals; Zooplankton; Ecosystem; Pesticides; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 37271364
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121894 -
Toxics Mar 2023As two commonly used fungicides, carbendazim and tebuconazole are widely found in the environment and in foods. Studies have reported that these fungicides can induce...
As two commonly used fungicides, carbendazim and tebuconazole are widely found in the environment and in foods. Studies have reported that these fungicides can induce hepatic oxidative stress and other health risks. Nevertheless, the influences of exposure to carbendazim and tebuconazole at their acceptable daily intake (ADI) doses on hepatic oxidative stress, and the residual distributions in mice remain unclear. To fill these gaps, ICR (CD-1) mice were exposed to carbendazim and tebuconazole at their ADI doses by oral administration for 4 weeks in this study. The results showed that tebuconazole accumulated primarily in the epididymal fat of mice (16.84 μg/kg), whereas no significant residues of carbendazim in the tissues were observed. In addition, exposure to ADI doses of tebuconazole significantly reduced liver coefficients and induced hepatic oxidative stress in mice, including elevating the levels of glutathione and malonaldehyde. However, no significant impacts were observed on the hepatic redox homeostasis in mice after exposure to carbendazim at its ADI dose. The results could be helpful for understanding the exposure risks of carbendazim and tebuconazole in terms of low doses and long term.
PubMed: 37112553
DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040326 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023The presence of pesticide residues in herbs and the herbal products derived from them raises serious health concerns. This study was conducted to investigate the...
The presence of pesticide residues in herbs and the herbal products derived from them raises serious health concerns. This study was conducted to investigate the residual pesticide concentrations and assess potential human health risks from herbal medicines used in traditional Korean medicine clinics. A total of 40 samples of herbal decoctions were collected from 10 external herbal dispensaries. The pesticide residues were analyzed by the multiresidue method for 320 different pesticides using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). As a result of the monitoring, carbendazim was detected at 0.01 and 0.03 μg/g in eight samples and no pesticide was detected in the other herbal decoctions. Carbendazim was set for each individual item as less than 0.05 μg/g in Paeoniae radix, less than 0.05 μg/g in Cassiae semen, less than 2.0 μg/g in Lycii fructus, and less than 10 μg/g in Schisandrae fructus (dried). Therefore, the results of this study suggested that the detected pesticide residues in herbal decoctions could not be considered as posing a serious health risk.
Topics: Humans; Pesticide Residues; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, Liquid; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37110577
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083343 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023causes vascular wilt in more than 100 plant species, resulting in massive economic losses. A deep understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and symptom induction...
causes vascular wilt in more than 100 plant species, resulting in massive economic losses. A deep understanding of the mechanisms of pathogenicity and symptom induction by this fungus is necessary to control crop wilt. The YjeF protein has been proven to function in cellular metabolism damage-repair in Escherichia coli and to play an important role in Edc3 (enhancer of the mRNA decapping 3) function in , but no studies have been reported on related functions in plant pathogenic fungi. In this work, we report how the gene in f. sp. contributes to conidia production and virulence. The deletion of the gene displayed a highly improved capacity for macroconidia production, and it was shown to be involved in carbendazim's associated stress pathway. Meanwhile, this gene caused a significant increase in virulence in bitter gourd plants with a higher disease severity index and enhanced the accumulation of glutathione peroxidase and the ability to degrade hydrogen peroxide in . These findings reveal that FomYjeF affects virulence by influencing the amount of spore formation and the ROS (reactive oxygen species) pathway of f. sp. . Taken together, our study shows that the gene affects sporulation, mycelial growth, pathogenicity, and ROS accumulation in . The results of this study provide a novel insight into the function of participation in the pathogenicity of f. sp. .
Topics: Virulence; Reactive Oxygen Species; Fusarium; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37108422
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087260 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) May 2023
PubMed: 37029264
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02649-4 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023has been identified as a significant pathogen. It causes Fusarium crown rot (FCR), which occurs in several major wheat-producing areas in China. Chemical control is the...
has been identified as a significant pathogen. It causes Fusarium crown rot (FCR), which occurs in several major wheat-producing areas in China. Chemical control is the primary measure with which to control this disease. In this study, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to determine the different mechanisms of action of four frequently used fungicides including carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and phenamacril on . In brief, 381, 1896, 842, and 814 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under the carbendazim, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, and phenamacril treatments, respectively. After the joint analysis, 67 common DEGs were obtained, and further functional analysis showed that the ABC transported pathway was significantly enriched. Moreover, ( and (), two important ABC multidrug transporter genes whose expression levels simultaneously increased, were mined under the different treatments, which unambiguously demonstrated the common effects. In addition, Mfuzz clustering analysis and WGCNA analysis revealed that the core DEGs are involved in several critical pathways in each of the four treatment groups. Taken together, these genes may play a crucial function in the mechanisms of 's response to the fungicides stress.
PubMed: 36983502
DOI: 10.3390/jof9030334 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Plant diseases are one of the main hurdles for successful crop production and sustainable agriculture development world-wide. Though several chemical measures are...
Plant diseases are one of the main hurdles for successful crop production and sustainable agriculture development world-wide. Though several chemical measures are available to manage crop diseases, many of them have serious side effects on humans, animals and the environment. Therefore, the use of such chemicals must be limited by using effective and eco-friendly alternatives. In view of the same, we found a BS-58 as a good antagonist towards the two most devastating phytopathogens, i.e., and . Both the pathogens attack several agricultural crops (including ) and induce a variety of infections in them. The findings of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in this study suggested that BS-58 could inhibit the growth of both the pathogenic fungi by various means such as perforation, cell wall lysis, and cytoplasmic disintegration in the fungal hyphae. Thin-layer chromatography, LC-MS and FT-IR data revealed the antifungal metabolite to be macrolactin A with a molecular weight of 402 Da. Presence of the gene in the bacterial genome further endorsed that the antifungal metabolite produced by BS-58 was macrolactin A. Pot trial conducted in the present study showed that seed treatment by BS-58 effectively reduced seedling mortality (54.00 and 43.76%) in , when grown in pathogen infested soil ( and , respectively), when compared to their respective negative controls. Data also revealed that the disease suppression ability of BS-58 was almost equivalent to the recommended fungicide, carbendazim. SEM analysis of roots of the seedlings recovered from pathogenic attack substantiated the hyphal disintegration by BS-58 and prevention of crop. The findings of this study conclude that macrolactin A produced by BS-58 is responsible for the inhibition of both the phytopathogens and the suppression of the diseases caused by them. Being native and target specific, such strains under suitable conditions, may result in ample production of antibiotic and better suppression of the disease.
PubMed: 36970695
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1105849 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Jun 2023Climate impacts of elevated temperatures and more severe and frequent weather extremes like heatwaves are globally becoming discernible on nature. While a mechanistic...
Climate impacts of elevated temperatures and more severe and frequent weather extremes like heatwaves are globally becoming discernible on nature. While a mechanistic understanding is pivotal for ecosystem management, stressors like pesticides may interact with warming, leading to unpredictable effects on freshwater ecosystems. These multiple stressor studies are scarce and experimental designs often lack environmental realism. To investigate the multiple stressor effects, we conducted a microcosm experiment for 48 days comprising benthic macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton, macrophytes, and microbes. The fungicide carbendazim (100 μg/L) was investigated combined with temperature scenarios representing elevated temperatures (+4 °C) or heatwaves (+0 to +8 °C), both applied with similar energy input on a daily fluctuating ambient temperature (18 °C ± 1.5 °C), which served as control. Measurements showed the highest carbendazim dissipation in water under heatwaves followed by elevated and ambient temperatures. Average carbendazim concentrations were about 50% in water and 16% in sediment of the nominal concentration. In both heated cosms, zooplankton community dynamics revealed an unexpected shift from Rotifera to Cladocera and Copepoda nauplii, indicating variations in their thermal sensitivity, tolerance and resilience. Notably, warming and heatwaves shaped community responses similarly, suggesting heat intensity rather than distribution patterns determined the community structure. Heatwaves led to significant early and longer-lasting adverse effects that were exacerbated over time with Cladocera and Copepoda being most sensitive likely due to significant carbendazim interactions. Finally, a structural equation model demonstrated significant relationships between zooplankton and macrophytes and significantly negative carbendazim effects on zooplankton, whereas positive on macroinvertebrate abundances. The relationship between macroinvertebrate feeding and abundance was masked by significantly temperature-affected microbial leaf litter decomposition. Despite the thermal tolerance of zooplankton communities, our study highlights an increased pesticide threat under temperature extremes. More intense heatwaves are thus likely to cause significant alterations in community assemblages which will adversely affect ecosystem's processes and functions.
Topics: Animals; Ecosystem; Pesticides; Temperature; Fresh Water; Zooplankton; Cladocera; Copepoda; Water
PubMed: 36965684
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121498