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Food Chemistry Apr 2023Pesticides are heavily employed compounds protecting crops, however, these compounds can be extremely harmful to human health. Once the monitoring of pesticides in foods...
Pesticides are heavily employed compounds protecting crops, however, these compounds can be extremely harmful to human health. Once the monitoring of pesticides in foods is of great importance, in this work we propose a ready-to-use electrochemical sensor made with 3D printing technology, capable of detecting paraquat and carbendazim in sequential analysis. The proposed electrodes are lab-made and of easy obtention, composed of graphite on a polylactic acid matrix, and provided great results for the analysis of paraquat and carbendazim in honey, milk, juice, and water samples. The sequential analysis of paraquat and carbendazim was proposed, providing optimal analysis of both compounds individually when both are present in a mixture. Limits of detection of 0.01 and 0.03 µmol/L for paraquat and carbendazim, respectively. Recovery tests attested to the suitability of the method, ranging from 94.5 to 113.7 %, and the suitability of 3D printing for environmental and food samples analysis.
Topics: Humans; Paraquat; Graphite; Benzimidazoles; Electrodes; Pesticides; Electrochemical Techniques
PubMed: 36463603
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135038 -
Biotechnology Reports (Amsterdam,... Dec 2022Carbendazim (CBZ) is a steady benzimidazole fungicide broadly exploited in cultivation for pre- and post-harvest treatment to dominate microorganisms infection on...
Carbendazim (CBZ) is a steady benzimidazole fungicide broadly exploited in cultivation for pre- and post-harvest treatment to dominate microorganisms infection on several plants. CBZ causes toxic effects in the different tissues of rat via influencing biochemical and hematological factors causing histopathological alterations in the liver and kidney of rats. Banana peel (BP) makes up about 38% of the whole banana weight, BP is usually disposed of as waste that is considered as an environmental problem. BP comprise bioactive a lot of compounds that can be exploited for their unique biological and pharmacological attributes. The current study was carried out to determine the protective effect of dried banana peels consumption against carbendazim toxicity in rats. The results indicated that banana peels had the ability to counteract the toxic effect of carbendazim on rats which was evident by the improvement in liver and kidney functions, lipid profile and histopathological examination.
PubMed: 36388846
DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00773 -
Se Pu = Chinese Journal of... Nov 2022Fungicides can lead to soil and plant diseases after long-term enrichment in the environment; they can also penetrate deeper into the soil and groundwater by rainwater...
[Determination of four fungicides in water by magnetic solid phase extraction-ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using covalent organic framework material].
Fungicides can lead to soil and plant diseases after long-term enrichment in the environment; they can also penetrate deeper into the soil and groundwater by rainwater or irrigation, threatening the water environment and human health. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a simple, rapid, efficient, and sensitive analytical method for the detection of fungicides in the water environment. Sample pretreatment is important for the extraction and enrichment of pollutants from environmental water. Magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) is a new sample pretreatment method, which uses magnetic materials as adsorbents dispersed in solution, and rapid separation can be achieved by the aid of external magnets. Because of its advantages of short analytical time, less organic solvent consumption, and easy separation of adsorbents, MSPE has attracted much attention. The key to MSPE is the preparation of highly selective magnetic adsorbents. Covalent organic frameworks have the advantages of large surface area, good chemical and thermal stability, tunable porous structure, low density, and easy functionalization, all of which are ideal for adsorbing fungicides. The concentration of fungicides in environmental water is low. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) has high sensitivity and high selectivity, which is suitable for the analysis of fungicides. In this work, a magnetic covalent organic framework FeO@TpBD was prepared by an method, as the MSPE sorbent material to enrich of benzimidazole fungicides (thiabendazole, carbendazim, fuberidazole) and organic sulfur fungicide (isoprothiolane) in environmental water. An extraction method based on conjugation, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction between FeO@TpBD and the fungicides, in combination with UHPLC-MS/MS, was developed for the determination of four trace fungicides in water. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were performed to confirm the successful synthesis of FeO@TpBD and to characterize this material. A series of experiments were carried out to decide the optimal extraction conditions, i. e., the magnetic ratio and dosage of FeO@TpBD, pH of the water sample, adsorption time, type and volume of the eluent, elution time, and salinity. Gradient elution was carried out with methanol-water as the mobile phase. The target analytes were separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was conducted in the positive electrospray ionization mode. The ion source temperature and ion source voltage were set to 500 ℃ and 5 kV, respectively. The analytical method was established under the optimized extraction conditions. The four fungicides showed good linearity in the range of 3-1200 ng/L, with linear correlation coefficients greater than 0.998. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of this developed method were 0.06-0.28 ng/L and 0.20-0.92 ng/L, respectively. Recovery tests were performed at three spiked levels of 15, 150, and 600 ng/L, with relative standard deviations of 2.8% to 10.0% (intra-day) and 4.4% to 15.7% (inter-day). The accuracy of the established analytical method was investigated by using it to test real water samples, and satisfactory recoveries for the four analytes were achieved within 77.1% to 119.1%. Trace amounts of carbendazim were detected in the reservoir water at 27.5 ng/L. The method has good sensitivity, accuracy, and precision, and the operation process is convenient.
Topics: Humans; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Fungicides, Industrial; Water; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Solid Phase Extraction; Magnetic Phenomena; Soil
PubMed: 36351807
DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2022.08023 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may...
Weather conditions affect biocides on exposed outer surfaces on constructions. Contact with water causes hydrolysis and leaching of substances. Ultraviolet radiation may induce photolysis. As a result, a mixture of biocidal active substances and transformation products can be emitted into the environment. In a semi-field study, leaching of the biocidal active substances terbutryn, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, carbendazim, and selected transformation products was observed for two paints containing either a white or a red pigment. Painted test panels were exposed to natural weathering for about 1.5 years. Runoff samples were analyzed during the course of the experiment. At the end of the study, residues of biocidal active substances and transformation products were determined in sections of the test panels. Emissions of substances were mainly observed during the first few months of the experiments. Increased emissions of transformation products were observed during periods of increased global radiation and subsequent periods with relatively high amounts of driving rain. Different patterns of transformation products were observed, especially for terbutryn, both for paints containing different pigments and in experiments that were started in different periods of the year, as well as during different periods of the experiments.
PubMed: 36295433
DOI: 10.3390/ma15207368 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of rice worldwide. Stimulatory effects of low doses of fungicides on pathogens are...
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of rice worldwide. Stimulatory effects of low doses of fungicides on pathogens are closely relevant to disease management. In the present study, in potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with carbendazim at a dose range from 0.003 to 0.3 μg/mL, stimulatory effects on the mycelial growth of three isolates sensitive to carbendazim were tested. Carbendazim at concentrations from 0.003 to 0.1 µg/mL showed stimulatory effects on mycelial growth of isolates Guy11 and H08-1a, while carbendazim at concentrations from 0.003 to 0.03 µg/mL stimulated the growth of isolate P131. The maximum stimulation magnitudes were 11.84% for the three isolates tested. Mycelial colonies grown on PDA amended with different concentrations of carbendazim were incubated at 28 °C in darkness for 7 days as the pretreatment. Pretreatment mycelia were inoculated on fresh fungicide-free PDA and subsequent mycelia growth stimulations were still observed, and the maximum stimulation magnitudes were 9.15% for the three isolates tested. Pretreatment mycelia did not significantly change the tolerance to H2O2 and NaCl, except that the tolerance to H2O2 was increased significantly (p < 0.05) when the carbendazim was at 0.3 µg/mL. After five generations of mycelial transference on fungicide-free PDA, the transgenerational hormesis of mycelial were exhibited when transferred onto PDA supplemented with carbendazim at 0.3 µg/mL, and the maximum percent stimulation was 51.28%. The time course of infection indicated that the visible initial necrotic symptoms could be detected at 2 DPI on leaves treated with carbendazim at 0.03 µg/mL, whereas no necrotic symptom could be discerned for the control. Statistical results of lesion area and lesion type at 7 DPI showed that there was a significant stimulation (p < 0.05) on aggressiveness of M. oryzae isolate Guy11 on detached rice leaves at 0.03 µg/mL carbendazim. These results will advance our understanding of hormetic effects of fungicides and provide valuable information for judicious application of fungicides.
PubMed: 36294573
DOI: 10.3390/jof8101008 -
Toxics Oct 2022Over the last decades, concern has arisen worldwide about the negative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health. Exposure via dust ingestion is...
Over the last decades, concern has arisen worldwide about the negative impacts of pesticides on the environment and human health. Exposure via dust ingestion is important for many chemicals but poorly characterized for pesticides, particularly in Africa. We investigated the spatial and temporal variations of 30 pesticides in dust and estimated the human exposure via dust ingestion, which was compared to inhalation and soil ingestion. Indoor dust samples were collected from thirty-eight households and two schools located in two agricultural regions in South Africa and were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. We found 10 pesticides in dust, with chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine, carbaryl, diazinon, carbendazim, and tebuconazole quantified in >50% of the samples. Over seven days, no significant temporal variations in the dust levels of individual pesticides were found. Significant spatial variations were observed for some pesticides, highlighting the importance of proximity to agricultural fields or of indoor pesticide use. For five out of the nineteen pesticides quantified in dust, air, or soil (i.e., carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, diuron and propiconazole), human intake via dust ingestion was important (>10%) compared to inhalation or soil ingestion. Dust ingestion should therefore be considered in future human exposure assessment to pesticides.
PubMed: 36287909
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100629 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2023In this exploratory study, naturally occurring Salvinia biloba Raddi specimens were assessed for atrazine and carbendazim polluted water remediation. Experiments were...
In this exploratory study, naturally occurring Salvinia biloba Raddi specimens were assessed for atrazine and carbendazim polluted water remediation. Experiments were carried out over 21 days in glass vessels containing deionized water artificially contaminated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg L of atrazine or carbendazim. Atrazine had a pronounced detrimental impact on S. biloba, as no biomass development was observed in all macrophytes exposed to this herbicide in the entire concentration range. However, carbendazim-treated plants were able to grow and survive in the polluted medium even when subjected to the highest concentration of this fungicide (i.e., 20 mg L). In addition, increased chlorosis and necrosis were also detected in plants subjected to carbendazim as a result of the high phytotoxicity caused by atrazine. A maximal removal efficiency of ~ 30% was observed for both pesticides at 5 mg L and decreased with increasing concentrations of the pollutants. The spectrum of the FTIR-ATR analysis revealed the existence of various functional groups (e.g., amide, carboxyl, hydroxyl, phosphate, sulfate) on the plants, which could be related to pesticide biosorption. In addition, at the end of the 21-day assay, seven carbendazim-resistant bacteria could be isolated from the roots of fungicide-treated plants. Therefore, the use of autochthonous free-floating S. biloba macrophytes for phytoremediation of aquatic environments contaminated with carbendazim shows great promise. Still, additional research is required to further elucidate the plant-mediated carbendazim elimination process and the role of the herbicide-resistant bacteria, and seek alternative species capable of mitigating atrazine contamination.
Topics: Atrazine; Fungicides, Industrial; Herbicides; Tracheophyta; Pesticides; Biodegradation, Environmental; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 36282385
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23725-y -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022In developing a based biocontrol program for wilt disease in chickpea, the choice of the quality formulation is imperative. In the present study, two types of...
In developing a based biocontrol program for wilt disease in chickpea, the choice of the quality formulation is imperative. In the present study, two types of formulations powder for seed treatment (TvP) and tablet for direct application (TvT), employing as the biocontrol agent, were evaluated for their ability to control chickpea wilt under field conditions at three dosages recommended (RD), double of recommended (DD) and half of recommended (1/2 RD). A screening study for the antagonistic fungi strains based on volatile and non-volatile bioassays revealed that ITCC 7764 has the most potential among the five strains tested (ITCC 6889, ITCC 7204, ITCC 7764, ITCC 7847, ITCC 8276), which was then used to develop the TvP and TvT formulations. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of strain confirmed the highest abundance of compositions comprising octan-3-one (13.92%), 3-octanol (10.57%), and 1-octen-3-ol (9.40%) in the most potential 7764. Further Physico-chemical characterization by standard Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) methods revealed the optimized TvP formulation to be free flowing at pH 6.50, with a density of 0.732 g cm. The TvT formulation showed a pH value of 7.16 and density of 0.0017 g cm for a complete disintegration time of 22.5 min. The biocontrol potential of TvP formulation was found to be superior to that of TvT formulation in terms of both seed germination and wilt incidence in chickpea under field conditions. However, both the developed formulations (TvP and TvT) expressed greater bioefficacy compared to the synthetic fungicide (Carbendazim 50% WP) and the conventional talc-based formulation. Further research should be carried out on the compatibility of the developed products with other agrochemicals of synthetic or natural origin to develop an integrated disease management (IDM) schedule in chickpea.
PubMed: 36275506
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.990392 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2022In this study, using the botanical active components of carvacrol, thymol, guaiacol, and sesamol as the lead structures, 19 novel botanical active component derivatives...
In this study, using the botanical active components of carvacrol, thymol, guaiacol, and sesamol as the lead structures, 19 novel botanical active component derivatives containing carboxamide and 1,3,4-thiadiazole thioether moieties (-) were synthesized and structurally characterized by H NMR, C NMR, and HRMS. The antibacterial bioassay results showed that compound 2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-N-(5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide () revealed excellent inhibitory activities against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicolaby (Xoc), with the median effective concentration (EC) values of 22 and 15 μg/ml, respectively, which were even better than those of thiodiazole copper and bismerthiazol. Meanwhile, all the target compounds revealed lower inhibitory effects on Mucor bainieri (M. bainieri), Mucor fragilis (M. fragilis), and Trichoderma atroviride (T. atroviride), than carbendazim.
PubMed: 36238100
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1036909 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022Different pollutants usually co-exist in the natural environment, and the ecological and health risk assessment of agrochemicals needs to be carried out based on the...
Different pollutants usually co-exist in the natural environment, and the ecological and health risk assessment of agrochemicals needs to be carried out based on the combined toxicological effects of pollutants. To examine the combined toxicity to aquatic organisms, the effects of cadmium (Cd) and five pesticides (acetamiprid, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos, and bifenthrin) mixture on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae were assessed. The data from the 96-h toxicity test indicated that bifenthrin possessed the highest toxicity to D. rerio with the LC value of 0.15 mg L, followed by chlorpyrifos (0.36 mg L) and azoxystrobin (0.63 mg L). Cd (6.84 mg L) and carbendazim (8.53 mg L) induced the intermediate toxic responses, while acetamiprid (58.39 mg L) presented the lowest toxicity to the organisms. Pesticide mixtures containing chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin or acetamiprid and carbendazim showed synergistic impacts on the zebrafish. Besides, two binary combinations of Cd-acetamiprid and Cd-chlorpyrifos also displayed a synergistic effect on D. rerio. Our results offered a better idea of the mixed ecological risk assessment of Cd and different agricultural chemicals to aquatic organisms. Our findings better interpreted how the interaction between Cd and various agrochemicals changed their toxicity to aquatic vertebrates and provided valuable insights into critical impacts on the ecological hazard of their combinations.
Topics: Agrochemicals; Animals; Benzimidazoles; Cadmium; Carbamates; Chlorpyrifos; Environmental Pollutants; Larva; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Pyrimidines; Strobilurins; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Zebrafish
PubMed: 36163367
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20364-8