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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Tripropyl phosphate (TnPP) is a commonly used organic phosphate flame retardant in the textiles, plastics, and coating industries. Residues are commonly detected in...
Tripropyl phosphate (TnPP) is a commonly used organic phosphate flame retardant in the textiles, plastics, and coating industries. Residues are commonly detected in samples from the environment and food. The availability of certified reference materials (CRMs) is essential to ensure the accuracy and traceability of detection results. In this study, a comprehensive characterization of a CRM for TnPP was carried out, and its purity was evaluated using two distinct methodologies: mass balance (MB) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). In the MB method, the levels of structurally related organic impurities are 1.37 mg/g. The water content was determined to be 3.16 mg/g, while inorganic impurities were found to be 0.87 mg/g, and no residual organic solvents were detected. Benzoic acid and monocrotophos were chosen as internal standards for H-qNMR and P-qNMR, respectively. The purity of the TnPP CRM was assessed as 994.6 mg/g, 994.1 mg/g, and 993.5 mg/g using MB, H-qNMR, and P-qNMR techniques, respectively. The verified purity of the TnPP CRM was ultimately determined to be 994.1 mg/g, with an expanded uncertainty of 3.4 mg/g (k = 2), ensuring traceability to the International System of Units (SI). This CRM can be effectively utilized for preparing calibration solutions suitable for the routine monitoring of TnPP residues in plastics and food samples.
PubMed: 38731466
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091975 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jun 2024Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of death worldwide, whose pathogenesis has been linked to toxic environmental exposures. We... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and leading cause of death worldwide, whose pathogenesis has been linked to toxic environmental exposures. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (i) to compile, and group by exposure setting (non-specified general; residential; occupational), environmental factors reported to modulate the risk of developing PD and (ii) to map and geospatially analyze global regions of both research activity and paucity. Among the broader environmental settings, occupational exposures had the highest average odds ratio value at 3.82, followed by general (non-specified or mixed) exposures at 3.07, and residential exposures at 2.36. Occupational exposure to industrial toxins was the highest ranked subset of exposures with an odds ratio of 10.74. Among the studies meeting the inclusion criteria, 75 % were conducted in Europe or the Western United States. The number of individuals partaking per study ranged from a high of 55,585 (Taiwan) to a low of 233 (Faroe Islands), with a mean of n = 14,462. The top three environmental factors associated with high odds ratios for increased risk of developing PD were (i) exposure to dyes (25.33), (ii) methylene chloride (16.5) and specifically in adult men (iii) consumption of fatty whale meat (10.57), which is known to harbor a broad spectrum of so called persistent, bioaccumulative, toxic (PBT) pollutants. Geospatially, the highest odds ratio values were identified in European countries, whereas notable data gaps were revealed for South America, Australia, Africa, and the majority of Asia with the exception of Taiwan. Whereas occupational exposures to industrial chemicals, such as harmful dyes and methylene chloride, ranked highest in risk values, available data suggest notable opportunities for reducing PD cases globally by limiting harmful environmental exposures to a spectrum of toxic chemicals, particularly via the food intake route. Thus, current efforts in improving environmental quality globally by limiting toxic emission may deliver the added benefit of helping to reign in PD. Agents of concern in this respect include pesticides (e.g., paraquat, demeton, monocrotophos), particulate matter associated with air pollution, and a spectrum of organic and inorganic neurotoxins including heavy metals.
Topics: Parkinson Disease; Humans; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Risk Factors; Occupational Exposure
PubMed: 38685425
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172838 -
Indian Journal of Critical Care... Feb 2024Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate poisoning are significant concerns in developing nations. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ChE check mobile, a...
BACKGROUND
Organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate poisoning are significant concerns in developing nations. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the ChE check mobile, a cholinesterase-rapid bedside diagnostic test, in the diagnosis and management of OP and carbamate poisoning.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted this prospective observational study, involving patients with OP and carbamate poisoning over 1 year (June 2016 to June 2017) at a single tertiary care center. Levels of RBC cholinesterase (E-AChE), butyl cholinesterase (BChE), and various other determinants were systematically coded and analyzed.
RESULTS
The study population ( = 60) consisted primarily of males ( = 43; 71.7%), with a mean age of 30.6 (SD: 13.7) years. Monocrotophos ( = 10; 20.4%) and carbofuran ( = 4; 8.1%) were the commonest OP and carbamate compounds, respectively. The median initial atropinization dose was 10 (: 0, 61.5) mg, with a median total administered atropine dose of 116 (IQR: 32, 320) mg. A significant negative correlation was found between E-AChE levels and both the initial atropinization dose (: -0.653, -value < 0.001) and total atropine requirement (: -0.659, -value < 0.001) during admission. An E-AChE cut-off of 4 units/g hemoglobin provided an area under the curve of 0.73 (sensitivity: 80.0%, specificity: 68.6%, -value < 0.001) for predicting moderate to severe peradeniya organophosphorus poisoning.
CONCLUSION
The check mobile device can be a valuable tool for prognosticating patients. There was a significant correlation between low E-AChE levels and the atropine requirement and severity.
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE
Jha A, Hazra D, Yadav B, Zachariah A, Alex R. Prognostication and Prediction of Outcomes in Patients with Organophosphorus and Carbamate Poisoning: A Prospective Cohort Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(2):141-147.
PubMed: 38323266
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24617 -
Cureus Nov 2023Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical...
Organophosphorus (OP) poisoning is the most common type of poisoning in India. Amongst the OP, monocrotophos poisoning has the highest lethality and need for mechanical ventilation. Monocrotophos is also implicated in causing OP-induced intermediate syndrome, the prevalence of which is 10-40% of all OP poisoning. The other neurological manifestations are delayed neuropathy and neuropsychiatric syndrome. We herein discuss a case of a 58-year-old male who presented with monocrotophos poisoning and intermediate syndrome. During the hospitalisation course, the patient developed hyperammonemic encephalopathy, resulting in difficulty in weaning from mechanical ventilation. After ruling out all possible causes of hyperammonemia, it was attributed to monocrotophos poisoning. The patient improved significantly after initiating lactulose and was successfully weaned off from the ventilator. This report highlights the high index of suspicion of hyperammonemic encephalopathy in monocrotophos toxicity, which can be easily missed due to other commoner neurological manifestations of organophosphorus poisoning.
PubMed: 38073979
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48527 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including...
Seaweeds, also known as marine macroalgae, are renewable biological resources that are found worldwide and possess a wide variety of secondary metabolites, including tannins. Drifted brown seaweed (DBSW) is particularly rich in tannins and is regarded as biological trash. The cotton leaf hopper (Distant) has caused both quantitative and qualitative losses in cotton production. Drifted brown seaweeds (DBSWs) were used in this study to extract, qualitatively profile, and quantify the levels of total tannins, condensed tannins, hydrolyzable tannins, and phlorotannins in the seaweeds; test their insecticidal activity; and determine the mechanism of action. The largest amount of tannin extract was found in Greville (20.62%) using the Soxhlet method (SM). Significantly higher amounts of hydrolyzable tannins ( = 0.005), soluble phlorotannins ( = 0.005), total tannins in the SM ( = 0.003), and total tannins in the cold percolation method ( = 0.005) were recorded in . However, high levels of condensed tannins (CTAs) were observed in (Turner) J. Agardh ( = 0.004). nymphs and adults were examined for oral toxicity (OT) and contact toxicity (CT) against DBSW tannin crude extract and column chromatographic fractions 1 (Rf = 0.86) and 2 (Rf = 0.88). (J.V. Lamouroux) J. Agardh crude tannin was highly effective against using the OT method (LC, 0.044%) when compared with the standard gallic acid (LC, 0.044%) and tannic acid (LC50, 0.122%). Similarly, fraction 2 (LC, 0.007%) showed a greater insecticidal effect against adults in OT than gallic acid (LC, 0.034%) and tannic acid (LC, 0.022%). The mechanism of action results show that adults treated with crude tannin of had significantly decreased amylase, protease ( = 0.005), and invertase ( = 0.003) levels when compared with the detoxification enzymes. The levels of glycosidase, lactate dehydrogenase, esterase, lipase, invertase, and acid phosphate activities ( = 0.005) of were reduced when compared with those of the Vijayneem and chemical pesticide Monocrotophos. In adult insects treated with LC concentrations of tannin fraction 1, the total body protein (9.00 µg/µL) was significantly reduced (OT, LC-0.019%). The SDS-PAGE analysis results also show that tannin fraction 1 (OT and CT), fraction 2 (OT), and fraction 2 (CT) had a significant effect on the total body portion level, appearance, and disappearance of some proteins and polypeptides. This study shows that the selected brown macroalgae can be utilized for the safer management of cotton leaf hoppers.
PubMed: 37765352
DOI: 10.3390/plants12183188 -
Cureus Jun 2023Background Organophosphorus (OP) compound poisoning is the most common toxicological medical emergency in India, where the majority of the population lives on...
Assessment of the Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning Scale as a Severity and Prognostic Marker in Patients With Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning Presenting to an Emergency Medicine Department.
Background Organophosphorus (OP) compound poisoning is the most common toxicological medical emergency in India, where the majority of the population lives on agriculture. The Peradeniya Organophosphorus Poisoning (POP) scale can be a simple and effective system to determine the need for ventilatory support early in the course of admission. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the clinical parameters of the POP scale in predicting the severity of organophosphorus compound poisoning, by comparing early predicted patient prognosis evaluated by the POP scale on admission with the patient outcome. Methods This was a prospective observational study of acute organophosphorus compound poisoning presenting to the emergency department of Sir Sayajirao General (SSG) Hospital and Medical College, Baroda. We included patients over 12 years of age with a history of, or symptoms suggestive of, acute OP poisoning. The patients received initial resuscitation according to airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure simultaneously with decontamination and gastric lavage by Ryle's tube. They also received the standard antidotes of atropine and pralidoxime immediately. We applied the POP scale to each patient upon admission and graded the poisoning severity as mild (a POP scale score of 0-3), moderate (4-7), or severe (8-11). This scale assessed the patients' need for mechanical ventilation and ICU management and their final clinical outcome. Results We enrolled 60 patients in the study. Most of them were under 20 years of age, and 65% of them were male. Social laborers were the major population, and most of them had suicidal intention. Monocrotophos was the most commonly consumed OP compound. Most of the patients were brought to the hospital within two to six hours of consumption. Vomiting and profuse secretions were the primary presenting symptoms. A majority of the patients (47) fell into the mild POP scale range. None of the patients had severe poisoning. Out of 60 patients, 49 patients improved and 11 patients died. Seven patients (15%) with mild POP scale scores and four patients (31%) with moderate scores died. Overall, 61.7% of patients with mild POP scale scores and 100% of patients with moderate scores needed mechanical ventilation. Conclusion The POP scale is an effective tool to measure severity and make a prognosis in patients with acute OP compound exposure. It may be a simple, inexpensive tool that may help predict the need for ventilatory support at admission. Early identification of danger signs may help in the reduction of mortality and morbidity when resources are limited. However, we found incorporating other clinical parameters and biochemical markers provides better prognostication than using the POP scale alone.
PubMed: 37448435
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40277 -
Cureus May 2023Organophosphates, also known as phosphate esters, are a category of pesticide compounds that function by indirectly inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called...
Organophosphates, also known as phosphate esters, are a category of pesticide compounds that function by indirectly inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase (AChE). AChE is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junction into acetic acid and choline. These compounds cause various clinical presentations upon acute toxicity, among which intermediate syndrome (IMS) exhibits an unpredictable course. This report describes the case of a farmer who ingested monocrotophos and ethanol in a suicide attempt, leading to a prolonged stay in the hospital and invasive ventilation, along with complications including ventilator-associated pneumonia. The patient received a total of 9000 mg of atropine over his 14-day hospitalization period.
PubMed: 37362485
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39368 -
International Journal of Food Science 2023To assess the contamination of processed chilli pepper and tomatoes, a report over the past four decades since the establishment of the Rapid Alert System for Food and...
To assess the contamination of processed chilli pepper and tomatoes, a report over the past four decades since the establishment of the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) was retrieved and analysed. Out of the 887 notification reports assessed for eligibility, 446 were found regarding chilli pepper and tomato contamination. This study identified India as the country of origin with the highest number of reported cases relating to chilli pepper contamination. Italy and Türkiye were the countries with the highest number of reported cases regarding the exportation of adulterated tomatoes to other countries according to the RASFF report. Unauthorized dyes such as Sudan I, III, IV, orange II, rhodamine B, and para red were reported to have been detected in either chilli pepper or tomato in the supply chain. Almost all unauthorized dyes in this study were found to be more than the range (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) of the detection limit of Sudan dye and other related dyes using analytical methods set by the European Union. Unapproved pesticides by the European Union (EU) found in this study were acetamiprid, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, methomyl, monocrotophos, omethoate, oxamyl, and thiophanate methyl. The present study indicates the persistence of chilli pepper and tomato contamination with harmful dyes and pesticide residues despite the ban on the use of certain chemicals in the food chain.
PubMed: 36684413
DOI: 10.1155/2023/5337150 -
Chemical Research in Toxicology Sep 2022Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP...
Exposure to organophosphorus pesticides (OP) can have chronic adverse effects that are independent of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, the classic target for acute OP toxicity. In pure proteins, the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos oxon induces a cross-link between lysine and glutamate (or aspartate) with loss of water. Tubulin is particularly sensitive to OP-induced cross-linking. Our goal was to explore OP-induced cross-linking in a complex protein sample, MAP-rich tubulin from and to test 8 OP for their capacity to promote isopeptide cross-linking. We treated 100 μg of MAP-rich tubulin with 100 μM chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos oxon, methamidophos, paraoxon, diazinon, diazoxon, monocrotophos, or dichlorvos. Each sample was separated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with Coomassie blue. Five gel slices (at about 30, 50, 150, and 300 kDa, and the top of the separating gel) were removed from the lanes for each of the eight OP samples and from untreated control lanes. These gel slices were subjected to in-gel trypsin digestion. MSMS fragmentation spectra of the tryptic peptides were examined for isopeptide cross-links. Sixteen spectra yielded convincing evidence for isopeptide cross-linked peptides. Ten were from the chlorpyrifos oxon reaction, 1 from dichlorvos, 1 from paraoxon, 1 from diazinon, and 3 from diazoxon. It was concluded that catalysis of protein cross-linking is a general property of organophosphorus pesticides and pesticide metabolites. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034529.
Topics: Acetylcholinesterase; Aspartic Acid; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Dichlorvos; Glutamates; Lysine; Monocrotophos; Organophosphorus Compounds; Paraoxon; Peptides; Pesticides; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate; Trypsin; Tubulin; Water
PubMed: 36048166
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00194 -
Environmental Health Insights 2022This study assessed concentrations of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farm-to-fork in Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. A total of 160 samples of fruit...
This study assessed concentrations of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from farm-to-fork in Kampala Metropolitan Area, Uganda. A total of 160 samples of fruit and vegetables collected from farms, markets, streets, restaurants and homes were analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; and Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer for dithiocarbamates. Multiple pesticide residues were detected in majority of the samples (95.6%). The proportions of the most frequently detected pesticides residue classes were organophosphates (91.3%), carbamates (67.5%), pyrethroids (60.0%) dithiocarbamates (48.1%) and neonicotinoids (42.5%). Among organophosphates, propotamophos, acephate, fonofos, monocrotophos and dichlorvos were the most detected active ingredients; aminocarb, methomyl and pirimicarb were the commonly detected carbamates; while imidacloprid, a neonicotinoid and lambda-cyhalothrin, pyrethroid were also highly detected. Twenty-seven pesticide were tested at all stages, of which the concentrations either decreased or increased along the chain. Multiple pesticide residues occurred in commonly consumed fruit and vegetables with decreasing or increasing concentrations from farm-to-fork.
PubMed: 35846167
DOI: 10.1177/11786302221111866