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Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jan 2008Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) of pesticide multi-residues including monocrotophos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, carbendazim, carbaryl and simazine from leafy...
Ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) of pesticide multi-residues including monocrotophos, dimethoate, imidacloprid, carbendazim, carbaryl and simazine from leafy vegetables is presented. The extraction procedure was optimized with regard to the solvent type and amount, sonication time and number of extraction steps. The extract did not need clean-up before injected into liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) which was employed together with electron microscope to verify the effect of USE method. The proposed procedure allows the extraction of six pesticide residues in a single step with 40 ml of ethyl acetate for 35 min sonication, providing recovery over 83% and LOQ less than 1.4 microg/kg. The optimized USE method is a simple, low cost and an effective preparation method for determination of pesticide multi-residues at trace levels in leafy vegetables in comparison with homogenized extraction method.
Topics: Acetates; Chromatography, Liquid; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Mass Spectrometry; Microscopy, Electron; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Reproducibility of Results; Solvents; Time Factors; Ultrasonics; Vegetables
PubMed: 17664080
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2007.06.005 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Jun 2005Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh, southern India, records >1000 pesticide poisoning cases each year and hundreds of deaths. We aimed to describe their frequency and...
OBJECTIVE
Warangal district in Andhra Pradesh, southern India, records >1000 pesticide poisoning cases each year and hundreds of deaths. We aimed to describe their frequency and distribution, and to assess quality of management and subsequent outcomes from pesticide poisoning in one large hospital in the district.
METHODS
We reviewed data on all patients admitted with pesticide poisoning to a district government hospital for the years 1997 to 2002. For 2002, details of the particular pesticide ingested and management were abstracted from the medical files.
FINDINGS
During these 6 years, 8040 patients were admitted to the hospital with pesticide poisoning. The overall case fatality ratio was 22.6%. More detailed data from 2002 revealed that two-thirds of the patients were <30 years old, 57% were male and 96% had intentionally poisoned themselves. Two compounds, monocrotophos and endosulfan, accounted for the majority of deaths with known pesticides in 2002. Low fixed-dose regimens were used in the majority of cases for the most commonly used antidotes (atropine and pralidoxime). Inappropriate antidotes were also used in some patients.
CONCLUSIONS
It is likely that these findings reflect the situation in many rural hospitals of the Asia Pacific region. Even without an increase in resources, there appear to be significant opportunities for reducing mortality by better medical management and further restrictions on the most toxic pesticides.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Distribution; Antidotes; Atropine; Child; Endosulfan; Female; Humans; India; Insecticides; Length of Stay; Male; Middle Aged; Monocrotophos; Pesticides; Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Sex Distribution; Time Factors
PubMed: 15941422
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01412.x -
Cadernos de Saude Publica 2005Reports of poisoning and suicide attempts involving pesticides in the micro region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, from 1992 to 2002, were evaluated,...
Reports of poisoning and suicide attempts involving pesticides in the micro region of Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, from 1992 to 2002, were evaluated, using data from the Integrated Center for Toxicological Surveillance under the State Health Department. A total of 475 reports were made during the period, of which 261 were accidental or occupational poisonings, 203 suicide attempts, and 11 undetermined. Dourados county had the highest prevalence of pesticide poisoning and suicide attempts per 100,000 inhabitants, considering the rural population, and Fatima do Sul the second highest prevalence of suicides within the micro region. Significant correlations were found between poisoning and suicide (r = 0.60; p < 0.05) and between poisoning and temporary crop area as a percentage of the county's total area (r = 0.68; p < 0.05). Poisoning occurred predominantly in men (87.0%), but the percentage of suicide attempts by men and women were similar (53 and 47.0%, respectively). Poisonings occurred mostly from October to March and the organophosphate insecticides monocrotophos and methamidophos were the main pesticides involved.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Agricultural Workers' Diseases; Brazil; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides; Poisoning; Prevalence; Rural Population; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 15868038
DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2005000300014 -
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology &... Feb 2005The aim of the study was to examine antidotal potency of trimedoxime in mice poisoned with three direct dimethoxy-substituted organophosphorus inhibitors. In order to... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The aim of the study was to examine antidotal potency of trimedoxime in mice poisoned with three direct dimethoxy-substituted organophosphorus inhibitors. In order to assess the protective efficacy of trimedoxime against dichlorvos, heptenophos or monocrotophos, median effective doses and efficacy half-times were calculated. Trimedoxime (24 mg/kg intravenously) was injected 5 min. before 1.3 LD50 intravenously of poisons. Activities of brain, diaphragmal and erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase, as well as of plasma carboxylesterases were determined at different time intervals (10, 40 and 60 min.) after administration of the antidotes. Protective effect of trimedoxime decreased according to the following order: monocrotophos > heptenophos > dichlorvos. Administration of the oxime produced a significant reactivation of central and peripheral acetylcholinesterase inhibited with dichlorvos and heptenophos, with the exception of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase inhibited by heptenophos. Surprisingly, trimedoxime did not induce reactivation of monocrotophos-inhibited acetylcholinesterase in any of the tissues tested. These organophosphorus compounds produced a significant inhibition of plasma carboxylesterase activity, while administration of trimedoxime led to regeneration of the enzyme activity. The same dose of trimedoxime assured survival of experimental animals poisoned by all three organophosphorus compounds, although the biochemical findings were quite different.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain Chemistry; Carboxylesterase; Diaphragm; Dichlorvos; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Erythrocytes; Injections, Intravenous; Lethal Dose 50; Male; Mice; Monocrotophos; Organophosphate Poisoning; Organophosphorus Compounds; Oximes; Time Factors; Trimedoxime
PubMed: 15679473
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960204.x -
Neurology India Dec 2004
Topics: Adult; Atropine; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Dichlorvos; Female; Humans; Insecticides; Male; Monocrotophos; Muscarinic Antagonists; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Organophosphate Poisoning; Pralidoxime Compounds; Suicide, Attempted
PubMed: 15626866
DOI: No ID Found -
Bulletin of the World Health... 2003To assess in a developing Asian country the impact of pesticide regulation on the number of deaths from poisoning. These regulations, which were implemented in Sri Lanka...
OBJECTIVES
To assess in a developing Asian country the impact of pesticide regulation on the number of deaths from poisoning. These regulations, which were implemented in Sri Lanka from the 1970s, aimed to reduce the number of deaths - the majority from self-poisoning - by limiting the availability and use of highly toxic pesticides.
METHODS
Information on legislative changes was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, national and district hospital admission data were obtained from the Sri Lanka Health Statistics Unit, and individual details of deaths by pesticide poisoning were obtained from a manual review of patients' notes and intensive care unit records in Anuradhapura.
FINDINGS
Between 1986 and 2000, the total national number of admissions due to poisoning doubled, and admissions due to pesticide poisoning increased by more than 50%. At the same time, the case fatality proportion (CFP) fell for total poisonings and for poisonings due to pesticides. In 1991_92, 72% of pesticide-induced deaths in Anuradhapura were caused by organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate pesticides - in particular, the WHO class I OPs monocrotophos and methamidophos. From 1991, the import of these pesticides was reduced gradually until they were banned for routine use in January 1995, with a corresponding fall in deaths. Unfortunately, their place in agricultural practice was taken by the WHO class II organochlorine endosulfan, which led to a rise in deaths from status epilepticus - from one in 1994 to 50 in 1998. Endosulfan was banned in 1998, and over the following three years the number of endosulfan deaths fell to three. However, at the end of the decade, the number of deaths from pesticides was at a similar level to that of 1991, with WHO class II OPs causing the most deaths. Although these drugs are less toxic than class I OPs, the management of class II OPs remains difficult because they are, nevertheless, still highly toxic, and their toxicity is exacerbated by the paucity of available facilities.
CONCLUSION
The fall in CFP amidst a rising incidence of self-poisoning suggests that Sri Lanka's programmes of pesticide regulation were beneficial. However, a closer inspection of pesticide-induced deaths in one hospital revealed switching to other highly toxic pesticides, as one was banned and replaced in agricultural practice by another. Future regulation must predict this switching and bear in mind the ease of treatment of replacement pesticides. Furthermore, such regulations must be implemented alongside other strategies, such as integrated pest management, to reduce the overall pesticide availability for self-harm.
Topics: Acute Disease; Carbamates; Commerce; Developing Countries; Government Regulation; Health Policy; Hospitals, General; Humans; Incidence; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds; Poisoning; Sri Lanka
PubMed: 14758405
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Applied Microbiology 2002To study biomineralization of Monocrotophos (MCP) and identify the metabolites formed during biodegradation.
AIMS
To study biomineralization of Monocrotophos (MCP) and identify the metabolites formed during biodegradation.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Two cultures, namely Arthrobacter atrocyaneus MCM B-425 and Bacillus megaterium MCM B-423, were isolated by enrichment and adaptation culture technique from soil exposed to MCP. The isolates were able to degrade MCP to the extent of 93% and 83%, respectively, from synthetic medium containing MCP at the concentration of 1000 mg x l(-1), within 8 d, under shake culture condition at 30 degrees C. The cultures degraded MCP to carbon dioxide, ammonia and phosphates through formation of one unknown compound--Metabolite I, valeric or acetic acid and methylamine, as intermediate metabolites. The enzymes phosphatase and esterase, reported to be involved in biodegradation of organophosphorus compounds, were detected in both the organisms.
CONCLUSIONS
Arthrobacter atrocyaneus MCM B-425 and B. megaterium MCM B-423 isolated from soil exposed to MCP were able to mineralize MCP to carbon dioxide, ammonia and phosphates.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
Pathway for biodegradation of MCP in plants and animals has been reported. A microbial metabolic pathway of degradation involving phosphatase and esterase enzymes has been proposed. The microbial cultures could be used for bioremediation of wastewater or soil contaminated with Monocrotophos.
Topics: Ammonia; Arthrobacter; Bacillus megaterium; Biodegradation, Environmental; Carbon Dioxide; Esterases; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Phosphates; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 12147070
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01680.x -
Industrial Health Jul 2002Monocrotophos a organophosphate pesticide was administered orally at doses of 1.6, 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day to normal virgin Swiss albino mice for 30... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Monocrotophos a organophosphate pesticide was administered orally at doses of 1.6, 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day to normal virgin Swiss albino mice for 30 days. The vaginal smear and body weight of the mice were recorded daily and mice were sacrificed on 31st day. The ovaries from each animal was serially sectioned and stained for follicular studies. Estrous cycle was affected by showing a significant decrease in the number of estrous cycle and duration of proestrus, estrus and metestrus with concomitant significant increase in the duration of diestrus in all the treated groups, except with 1.6 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treated group. There were significant decrease in the small, medium, large and total number of healthy follicles and increase in the medium, large and total number of atretic follicles with 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treatment. However, there were no significant change in the number of healthy and atretic follicles with 1.6 and 3.3 mg/kg/bodyweight/day monocrotophos treatment. There was no change organs weight except for a significant decrease in weight of the ovary with 3.3, 6.6, 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day and uterus and body weight with 10 and 13 mg/kg body weight/day monocrotophos treatment. Interruption in estrous cycle, decrease in healthy follicles and increase in atretic follicles may be due to harmonal imbalance or toxic effects of monocrotophos, which adversely effects reproductive function, as it has also analgesic and sedative action.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Estrous Cycle; Female; Insecticides; Mice; Monocrotophos; Organ Size; Ovarian Follicle; Ovary; Reference Values
PubMed: 12141371
DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.40.237 -
Poultry Science Jan 1986Pairs of 1st-year breeding bobwhites were fed constant or decreasing concentrations of monocrotophos for 15 days. In addition, a control diet was used in a pair-fed...
Pairs of 1st-year breeding bobwhites were fed constant or decreasing concentrations of monocrotophos for 15 days. In addition, a control diet was used in a pair-fed group matched with the pairs in the constant group. Dietary concentrations for the constant group were logarithmically spaced at .100, .178, .316, .562, 1.000 ppm of actual insecticide and also at 0 ppm (control) for five pairs at each concentration. The beginning concentrations for (control) for five pairs at each concentration. The beginning concentrations for the decreasing pairs were identical to the constant group but regularly decreased to reach 25% of the starting concentrations by Day 13. Food consumption, egg production, hatchability of eggs under artificial incubation, and survival of hatched chicks for 2 weeks were recorded pairwise during 15-day treatment and 14-day posttreatment periods. Mortality was high at the greatest constant concentration and in the associated pair-fed group. Food consumption and egg production rates were negatively dose-related during the treatment period in the constant and decreasing groups. The laying rate of pair-fed hens was reduced to the same extent as in the constant group. Reproductive inhibition was not permanent, and pairs resumed laying after a dose-related recovery interval. No dose-related effects on hatchability or chick survival were detected. There was no evidence of a pesticide effect on reproduction other than that exerted through pesticide-induced anorexia.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Insecticides; Male; Monocrotophos; Oviposition; Quail; Reproduction
PubMed: 3960816
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0650051 -
Poultry Science Jan 1979Azodrin was applied to adult embryo chickens, Chukar Partridge, and Bobwhite Quail. Chronic exposure of adult birds to Azodrin mixed in their feed indicated that no a... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Azodrin was applied to adult embryo chickens, Chukar Partridge, and Bobwhite Quail. Chronic exposure of adult birds to Azodrin mixed in their feed indicated that no a priori predictions could be made about one species based on the results of another; each had a different no effect (MACT) level. The chickens were between 25 and 100 ppm, the Chukar Partridge 5 and 25 ppm, and the Bobwhite quail less than 1.25 ppm. The chicken adults were most resistant, and the quail were least resistant to chronic exposure to Azodrin. Yolk-injected Azodrin caused the embryos of all three species to develop abnormally. The chicken and Chukar embryos developed a generalized achondroplasia, the quail were amuscular, only. In general, the 3 day quail embryos were most resistant to injected Azodrin and the chicken embryo least resistant. The relationship between adult and embryo response was negative.
Topics: Animals; Body Weight; Chick Embryo; Chickens; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Female; Fertility; Humans; Insecticides; Monocrotophos; Quail; Species Specificity
PubMed: 572969
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0580060