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Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Jan 2022mosquitoes considered as vectors for many arboviruses such as the West Nile virus and encephalitis virus showing a global impact on human health. The natural management...
mosquitoes considered as vectors for many arboviruses such as the West Nile virus and encephalitis virus showing a global impact on human health. The natural management of the aquatic stages of this pest is crucial for maintaining an insecticide-free and sustained environment. The present work focused on studying the biological and biochemical effects of the entomopathogenic fungi: , and , against 3 instar larvae of laboratory colony. The results revealed that e showed maximum larval mortality (88%) with the lowest lethal time (LT) (22.6 hrs) at 10 spores/ml followed by (73.33%) with LT (38.35 hrs), while showed minimum percent mortality (65%) with highest LT (51.5 hrs). The median lethal concentration (LC) values were found to be 1.027 × 10 spores/ml for , 1.24 × 10 spores/ml for , while it was 8.453 × 10 spores/ml for . A reduction in female fecundity, number of hatched eggs, pupation and adult emergence percentage were recorded. The biochemical analysis of the treated larvae revealed different quantitative decrease in total soluble proteins, lipids, and carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes compared to control. Histopathological effects of fungal infection upon insect cuticles, muscles, and midgut were investigated. Based on the obtained results, e proved its superior virulent effect as a bio-control agent against
PubMed: 35002434
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.103 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Morels ( spp.) are economically important mushrooms cultivated in many countries. However, their production and quality are hindered by white mold disease because of...
Morels ( spp.) are economically important mushrooms cultivated in many countries. However, their production and quality are hindered by white mold disease because of infection. In this study, we aimed to understand the genetic mechanisms of interactions between and . , the most prevalent species of in China, was inoculated with ; then, the expression profiles of both fungi were determined simultaneously at 3 and 6 days post-inoculation (dpi) using a dual RNA-Seq approach. A total of 460 and 313 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in and , respectively. The CAZymes of β-glucanases and mannanases, as well as subtilase family, were upregulated in , which might be involved in the degradation of cell walls. Chitin recognition protein, caffeine-induced death protein, and putative apoptosis-inducing protein were upregulated, while cyclin was downregulated in infected . This indicates that could trigger programmed cell death in after infection. Laccase-2, tyrosinases, and cytochrome P450s were also upregulated in . The increased expression levels of these genes suggest that could detoxify the toxins and also form a melanin barrier against invasion. The potential pathogenic mechanisms of on and the defense mechanisms of against were well described.
PubMed: 34925269
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.760444 -
JAAD Case Reports Jan 2022
PubMed: 34901360
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2021.10.029 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Entomopathogenic fungi (EF), who represent active agents to control insect natural populations, usually persist in terrestrial habitats. Southwest area in China has...
Entomopathogenic fungi (EF), who represent active agents to control insect natural populations, usually persist in terrestrial habitats. Southwest area in China has various climate conditions and abundant plant biodiversity (crop, forest, grassy, orchard and arable areas). Nevertheless, the potential of soil-inhabitant EF as insect pest biocontrol agents, is unknown. In this study, first the EF biodiversity from soil of three provinces (Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan) was surveyed. Then, the virulence of 29 isolated strains against and was assessed. After analyzing 212 soil samples, 497 isolated fungi were identified. Out of them, 490 isolates were classified in 45 species of 24 genera, whereas the other seven isolates, belonging to and genera, were not identified under species level. Furthermore, the EF biodiversity from soil of Sichuan, Yunan, and Guizhou areas, analyzed by Shannon Wiener Index (SWI) was rated at 2.98, 1.89, and 2.14, while SWIs-biodiversity in crop, forest, grassy, orchard and arable areas was rated at 2.88, 2.74, 3.05, 2.39, and 2.47. SWI data suggested that soil from Sichuan area and grassy had higher EF biodiversity compared with other analyzed provinces and areas. Virulence bioassay results indicated that, out of the 29 isolates tested, 24 were pathogenic against and , resulting in mortality rates >10%. In conclusion, this study reports the EF distribution and biodiversity in soil from three provinces located at Southwest China, whereas their potential use as a tool for the and biocontrol must be further investigated.
PubMed: 34829272
DOI: 10.3390/jof7110984 -
Allergy Mar 2022
Topics: Allergens; Byssochlamys; Humans; Paecilomyces
PubMed: 34773271
DOI: 10.1111/all.15176 -
Polymers Oct 2021Various fungal species can degrade lignocellulolytic materials with their enzyme cocktails composed of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. In this work, seven fungal...
Various fungal species can degrade lignocellulolytic materials with their enzyme cocktails composed of cellulolytic and lignolytic enzymes. In this work, seven fungal species ( DSM 2185, CBS 372.70, CBS 663.74, CBS 456.75, JCM 2738, f.sp. JCM 9293, and JCM 23107) and four nutrient media were used in the screening for effective lignocellulose degrading enzymes. From the seven tested fungi, and , along with nutrient medium 4, were selected as the best medium and producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes based on the determined xylanase (>4 U mg) and glucanase activity (≈2 U mg). Nutrient medium 4 supplemented with pretreated corn cobs was used in the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by sequential solid-state and submerged cultivation of , , and a mixed culture of both strains. showed 6 times higher exoglucanase activity (3.33 U mg) after 5 days of cultivation in comparison with (0.55 U mg). also showed 2 times more endoglucanase activity (0.33 U mg). The mixed culture cultivation showed similar endo- and exoglucanase activities compared to (0.35 U mg; 7.84 U mg). Maximum xylanase activity was achieved after 7 days of cultivation of (≈16 U mg), while showed maximum activity after 9 days that was around 2 times lower compared to that of The mixed culture achieved maximum xylanase activity after only 4 days, but the specific activity was similar to activities observed for It can be concluded that both fungal strains can be used as producers of enzyme cocktails for the degradation of lignocellulose containing raw materials, and that corn cobs can be used as an inducer for enzyme production.
PubMed: 34771293
DOI: 10.3390/polym13213736 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2021Endophytic fungi play an important role in plant survival and reproduction, but the role of their metabolites in plant growth and immunity, as well as in crop quality...
Endophytic fungi play an important role in plant survival and reproduction, but the role of their metabolites in plant growth and immunity, as well as in crop quality formation, is poorly understood. Zhinengcong (ZNC) is a crude ethanol extract from the endophytic fungus , and previous studies have shown that it can improve the growth and immunity in . The aim of the study was to reveal the trade-off balance between plant growth and immunity by evaluating the mechanisms of ZNC on potato growth, yield, and priming immunity against the oomycete indoors and in the field. ZNC maintained a good balance between plant growth and resistance against with high activity. It induced the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, promoted plant growth, yield and quality parameters, enhanced the expression of indoleacetic acid (IAA) related genes, and increased the absorption of nitrogen from the soil. Moreover, the plant endophytic fungus extract ZNC stimulated the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) pathway and contributed to the ZNC-mediated defense response. Two years of field trials have shown that irrigation with ZNC at one of two optimal concentrations of 1 or 10ng/ml could significantly increase the output by 18.83% or more. The quality of potato tubers was also greatly improved, in which the contents of vitamin C, protein, and starch were significantly increased, especially the sugar content was increased by 125%. Spray application of ZNC onto potato plants significantly reduced the occurrence of potato blight disease with 66.49% of control efficacy at 200ng/ml and increased the potato yield by 66.68% or more in the field. In summary, plant endophytic fungus extract ZNC promoted potato immunity, yield, and quality and presented excellent potential in agricultural applications.
PubMed: 34621283
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.707256 -
Journal of Clinical Immunology Jan 2022Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficiency due to defective leukocyte NADPH responsible for recurrent infections and aberrant inflammation....
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immunodeficiency due to defective leukocyte NADPH responsible for recurrent infections and aberrant inflammation. Mutations in the CYBB gene are responsible for the X-linked CGD and account for approximately 70% of the cases. CGD is diagnosed during childhood in males. Female carriers may have biased X-inactivation and may present with clinical manifestations depending on the level of residual NADPH oxidase activity. We report the case of a previously asymptomatic female carrier who was diagnosed at age 67 with a skin infection with the rare fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus as the first manifestation of CGD. Dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) activity was below 10%. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) revealed mutations in DNMT3A, ASXL1, and STAG2 suggesting that clonal hematopoiesis could be responsible for a progressive loss of NADPH oxidase activity and the late onset of X-linked CGD in this patient. Long-term follow-up of asymptomatic carrier women seems to be essential after 50 years old.
Topics: Aged; Granulomatous Disease, Chronic; Humans; Hypocreales; Middle Aged; NADPH Oxidases; X Chromosome Inactivation
PubMed: 34596815
DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01140-1 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov 2021Fungi that degrade B20 biodiesel in storage tanks have also been linked to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). A member of the filamentous fungal genus...
Fungi that degrade B20 biodiesel in storage tanks have also been linked to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). A member of the filamentous fungal genus Paecilomyces and a yeast from the genus Wickerhamomyces were isolated from heavily contaminated B20 storage tanks from multiple Air Force bases. Although these taxa were linked to microbiologically influenced corrosion , precise measurement of their corrosion rates and pitting severity on carbon steel was not available. In the experiments described here, we directly link fungal growth on B20 biodiesel to higher corrosion rates and pitting corrosion of carbon steel under controlled conditions. When these fungi were growing solely on B20 biodiesel for carbon and energy, consumption of FAME and -alkanes was observed. The corrosion rates for both fungi were highest at the interface between the B20 biodiesel and the aqueous medium, where they acidified the medium and produced deeper pits than abiotic controls. Paecilomyces produced the most corrosion of carbon steel and produced the greatest pitting damage. This study characterizes and quantifies the corrosion of carbon steel by fungi that are common in fouled B20 biodiesel through their metabolism of the fuel, providing valuable insight for assessing MIC associated with storing and dispensing B20 biodiesel. Biodiesel is widely used across the United States and worldwide, blended with ultra-low-sulfur diesel in various concentrations. In this study, we were able to demonstrate that the filamentous fungus Paecilomyces AF001 and the yeast Wickerhamomyces SE3 were able to degrade fatty acid methyl esters and alkanes in biodiesel, causing increases in acidity. Both fungi also accelerated the corrosion of carbon steel, especially at the interface of the fuel and water, where their biofilms were located. This research provides controlled, quantified measurements and the localization of microbiologically influenced corrosion caused by common fungal contaminants in biodiesel fuels.
Topics: Alkanes; Biofuels; Carbon; Corrosion; Paecilomyces; Saccharomycetales; Steel
PubMed: 34586908
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.01177-21 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021This report describes the first case of an ocular infection induced by in Poland. The patient was a 51-year-old immunocompetent contact lens user who suffered from...
This report describes the first case of an ocular infection induced by in Poland. The patient was a 51-year-old immunocompetent contact lens user who suffered from subacute keratitis and progressive granulomatous uveitis. He underwent penetrating keratoplasty for corneal perforation, followed by cataract surgery due to rapid uveitic cataract. A few weeks later, intraocular lens removal and pars plana vitrectomy were necessary due to endophthalmitis. The patient was treated with topical, systemic, and intravitreal voriconazole with improvement; however, the visual outcome was poor. The pathogen was identified by MALDI-TOF MS.
PubMed: 34451510
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081046