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Microorganisms Nov 2022In the present work, research tasks were carried out in the search for fungi with potential biocontrol possibilities in relation to the ash dieback pathogen, . In the...
In the present work, research tasks were carried out in the search for fungi with potential biocontrol possibilities in relation to the ash dieback pathogen, . In the years 2012-2021, dead petioles of and were collected, on which morphological structures of showed unusual symptoms of dying (apothecia) and signs of colonization by other fungi (pseudosclerotial plates). Based on morphological and molecular phylogenetic data, 18 fungal taxa were identified. Thirteen of them belong to Ascomycota: , , sp., sp., , sp., sp., , , , , , sp., and five other taxa are represented by Basidiomycota: sp., , sp., sp. and sp. In 108 dual cultures in vitro, three different types of interactions were distinguished: (i) physical colony contact (5.6%), (ii) presence of an inhibition zone between the colonies (0.9%), and (iii) copartner overgrowth of colonies and partial or complete replacement of the pathogen (93.5%). In the dual cultures, various morphological deformations of hyphae were observed: the development of apical or intercalary cytoplasmic extrusions, development of internal hyphae of the test fungi in pathogens' hyphae, the deformation and disruption of significant sections of hyphae via lysis and mycoparasitism, complete desolation of cells and breakdown of hyphae into short fragments, and disappearing of pigment in the affected hyphae of . The inoculation tests performed in vivo or in glass Petrie dishes showed that all the identified taxa were able to lead to pathological changes in apothecia, and the mycelium of some of them completely covered pseudosclerotial plates of . It was emphasized in the discussion that such activity of these fungi in forest stands may contribute to the reduction in the inoculum reservoir.
PubMed: 36422320
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112250 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pepper leaf spot is a common disease of . When it is serious, it directly affects the growth of , making the plant unable to blossom and bear fruit, which seriously...
Pepper leaf spot is a common disease of . When it is serious, it directly affects the growth of , making the plant unable to blossom and bear fruit, which seriously restricts the development of the industry. Therefore, the pathogenic mechanism of leaf spots should be explored to provide a basis for a comprehensive understanding of the disease. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology combined with the data-dependent acquisition, the full spectrum analysis of pathogen mycelium samples was carried out. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to reveal the differences in metabolic patterns among different groups. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and PLS-DA were used to reveal the relationship between samples and metabolites, which reflected the metabolomics changes of in the logarithmic growth phase of mycelia, the stable growth phase of mycelia, the massive spore stage, the induction culture conditions of PDA and leaves, and the possible pathogenic substances were selected for pathogenicity detection. PLS-DA had a strong predictive ability, indicating a clear analysis trend between different groups. The results of the metabolomics analysis showed that the differential metabolites of pathogenic bacteria were abundant at different stages and under different medium conditions, and the content of metabolites changed significantly. There were 3922 differential metabolites in nine groups under positive and negative ion modes, including lipids and lipid molecules, organic acids and their derivatives, organic heterocyclic compounds, organic oxygen compounds, carbohydrate polyketides, nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogs. The results of the pathogenicity test showed that the leaves treated with 3,5-dimethoxy benzoic acid, -(5-adenosy)-l-homocysteine, 2-(1-indol-3-yl) acetic acid, l-glutamic acid, and 2-(2-acetyl-3,5-dihydroxy phenyl) acetic acid showed different degrees of yellowish-brown lesions. This indicated that these substances may be related to the pathogenicity of , and the incidence was more serious when treated with 3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid and -(5-adenosy)- l -homocysteine. This study provides a basis for further analysis of differential metabolites and provides a theoretical reference for the prevention and treatment of leaf spot.
PubMed: 36422029
DOI: 10.3390/jof8111208 -
Marine Drugs Nov 2022Five undescribed polyketide derivatives, pestaloketides A-E (-), along with eleven known analogues (-), were isolated from the sponge-derived fungus sp. Their...
Five undescribed polyketide derivatives, pestaloketides A-E (-), along with eleven known analogues (-), were isolated from the sponge-derived fungus sp. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by analyses of NMR spectroscopic HRESIMS data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds , , , and exhibited weak cytotoxicities against four human cancer cell lines, with IC values ranging from 22.1 to 100 μM. Pestaloketide A () is an unusual polyketide, featuring a rare 5/10/5-fused ring system. Pestaloketides A () and B () exhibited moderately inhibited LPS-induced NO production activity, with IC values of 23.6 and 14.5 μM, respectively, without cytotoxicity observed. Preliminary bioactivity evaluations and molecular docking analysis indicated that pestaloketides A () and B () had the potential to be developed into anti-inflammatory activity drug leads.
Topics: Humans; Polyketides; Pestalotiopsis; Molecular Docking Simulation; Fungi; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 36421989
DOI: 10.3390/md20110711 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Productivity decline of plantation and difficulty in natural regeneration remains a serious problem because of allelopathy. Previous studies have confirmed that...
Productivity decline of plantation and difficulty in natural regeneration remains a serious problem because of allelopathy. Previous studies have confirmed that 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (2,4-DTBP) are the major allelochemicals of the litter exudates. The production of these allelochemicals may derive from decomposition of litter or from the litter endophyte and microorganisms adhering to litter surfaces. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between allelochemicals in litter and endophytic and epiphytic fungi and bacteria from litter. A total of 100 fungi and 116 bacteria were isolated from the interior and surface of litter of different forest ages (young, half-mature, and mature plantation). Results showed that the fermentation broth of fungal genera sp. and sp., and bacterial genera , , and had the strongest allelopathic effect on seeds. Allelochemicals, such as 2,4-DTBP and its analogs were identified in the fermentation broths of these microorganisms using GC/MS analysis. These results indicate that endophytic and epiphytic fungi and bacteria in litters are involved in the synthesis of allelochemicals of . To further determine the abundance of the allelopathic fungi and bacteria, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing was performed. The results showed that bacterial genera with strong allelopathic potential were mainly distributed in the young and half-mature plantation with low abundance, while the abundance of fungal genera sp. and sp. were higher in the young and mature plantations. In particular, the abundance of sp. in the young and mature plantations were 501.20% and 192.63% higher than in the half-mature plantation, respectively. Overall, our study demonstrates that the litter fungi with higher abundance in the young and mature plantation were involved in the synthesis of the allelochemical 2,4-DTBP of This finding may be important for understanding the relationship between autotoxicity and microorganism and clarifying the natural regeneration problem of
PubMed: 36407626
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1022984 -
TheScientificWorldJournal 2022This study was conducted to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from the bark and leaves of the plant and investigate the pharmacological activities of endophytic...
This study was conducted to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi from the bark and leaves of the plant and investigate the pharmacological activities of endophytic fungi along with plant parts. After isolation, endophytic fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics and molecular identification. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were studied by a disc diffusion method, free radical scavenging DPPH assay, and brine shrimp lethality bioassay, respectively. A total of eight endophytic fungi were isolated and identified up to the genus level based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by molecular identification techniques. Among the eight isolates, three isolates were identified as sp. (SCBE-2, SCBE-7, and SCLE-9), while the rest of the isolates belonged to sp. (SCBE-1), sp. (SCBE-3), sp. (SCBE-4), sp. (SCLE-7), and sp. (SCLE-8). The presence of flavonoids, anthraquinones, coumarins, and isocoumarins was assumed by the preliminary screening of the fungal and plant extracts by a thin-layer chromatographic technique under UV light. Fungal extracts of sp. sp. were found sensitive to all test bacteria, but only extracts from the leaf and bark showed significant antifungal activity along with their antimicrobial activity. sp. The fungal extract showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (2.43 g/mL) near that of ascorbic acid (2.42 g/mL). Some fungal extracts showed cytotoxic activity that, in general, suggests their probable abundance of biological metabolites. This is the first approach to investigate the endophytic fungi of Linn. in Bangladesh, to find the pharmacological potential of endophytes, and to explore novel compounds from those endophytes.
Topics: Syzygium; Fungi; Endophytes; Anti-Infective Agents; Free Radicals
PubMed: 36393829
DOI: 10.1155/2022/9529665 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Pestalotiod fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide and occur as endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. The present study provides an updated...
Pestalotiod fungi are associated with a wide variety of plants worldwide and occur as endophytes, pathogens, and saprobes. The present study provides an updated phylogeny for genera Neopestalotiopsis, Pestalotiopsis, and Seiridium using fresh collections from woody oil plants (Camellia oleifera, Olea europaea, Paeonia suffruticosa, Sapium sebiferum, and Vernicia fordii) in Sichuan Province, China. We coupled morphology and combined sequence data analyses of ITS, tub2, and tef1-α for Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis, with ITS, LSU, tub2, tef1-α, and rpb2 for Seiridium. Three novel species of Neopestalotiopsis (N. mianyangensis, N. paeonia-suffruticosa, N. terricola) and three of Seiridium (S. guangyuanum, S. vernicola, S. oleae), were found. Three other species, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, Seiridium ceratosporum, and S. rosarum were identified and reported as new records. All isolated species are fully described and illustrated. Additionally, the sexual morph of Pestalotiopsis kenyana is described for the first time. Pathogenicity tests revealed that Neopestalotiopsis mianyangensis, N. paeonia-suffruticosa, N. terricola, Pestalotiopsis kenyana, Seiridium guangyuanum, S. vernicola, and S. oleae are pathogenic on detached olive leaves.
PubMed: 36354942
DOI: 10.3390/jof8111175 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2022is a family of flowering plants widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Species of are well-known agents of...
is a family of flowering plants widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, including deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Species of are well-known agents of leaf spot diseases, but targeted sampling on is still missing. To determine the diversity of species associated with leaf spot in China, investigations were conducted in the main areas of distribution from 2016 to 2021. Diseased leaf tissues were collected, and fungal isolates were obtained from leaf spots. In the present study, 43 isolates of were studied based on combined morphology and phylogeny. As a result, 10 new species were identified, , , , , , , , , , , and , and six new host records were recognized. is a common fungal genus inhabiting plant tissues as endophytes, pathogens, and saprophytes. is a plant family including many important tree species, such as and spp. In this study, diseased leaves of in China were investigated, and 16 species were identified based on morphology and phylogeny of combined loci of internal transcribed spacers (ITS), the translation elongation factor 1-α (), and the beta-tubulin () genes. Among these, 10 new species were found, and six new host records were revealed. Our study significantly updates the taxonomy of and enhances our understanding of leaf diseases of hosts.
Topics: Pestalotiopsis; Fagaceae; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Ascomycota; China
PubMed: 36354327
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03272-22 -
Plant Disease Nov 2022Garcinia mangostana L. is a famous tropical fruit in Asia. In April 2021, a leaf disease on G. mangostana cv. Huazhu was observed in Zhanjiang (21.17° N, 110.18° E),...
Garcinia mangostana L. is a famous tropical fruit in Asia. In April 2021, a leaf disease on G. mangostana cv. Huazhu was observed in Zhanjiang (21.17° N, 110.18° E), Guangdong province, China. Symptoms was on new leaves of 2 year old plants. The spots were circular to irregular, gray in the center, and brown on the lesion margin. The disease incidence was estimated 25% (n = 500 investigated plants from about 50-ha). Twenty diseased leaves were collected from the orchard. The margin of the diseased tissues was cut into 2 mm × 2 mm pieces; surface disinfected with 75% ethanol and 2% sodium hypochlorite for 30 and 60 s, respectively; and rinsed thrice with sterile water. The tissues were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and incubated at 28 ℃. Twenty-eight isolates were obtained (isolation frequency = 28/4×20 = 35%). Single-spore isolation method was used to recover pure cultures for three isolates (GMN-1, GMN-2, and GMN-3) (Liu et al. 2021). The colonies were initially white with cottony aerial mycelium at 7 days on PDA. Then, they developed black acervular conidiomata at 10 days. Conidia were clavate to fusiform, four-septate, straight or slightly curved, and measured 16.5 to 21.4 µm long (average 19.5 µm; n = 40) × 4.5 to 6.5 µm wide (average 5.2 µm; n = 40). The three median cells were versicolored, whereas the basal and apical cells were hyaline. Conidia had a single basal appendage (4.5 to 5.5 µm long; n = 40) and three apical appendages (19.2 to 24.5 µm long; n = 40). The morphological characteristics of the isolates are comparable with those of the genus Neopestalotiopsis (Sajeewa et al. 2012). Molecular identification was performed using the colony polymerase chain reaction method with MightyAmp DNA Polymerase (Takara-Bio, Dalian, China) (Lu et al. 2012). Sequences were generated from the isolates using primers for the rDNA ITS (ITS1/ITS4), TEF1-α (EF1-728F/EF1-986R), and β-tubulin (T1/βt2b) loci (Sajeewa et al. 2012). The sequences of the isolates were submitted to GenBank (ITS, MZ026535-MZ026537; TEF, MZ032203-MZ032205; β-tubulin, MZ032206-MZ032208). The sequences of the isolates were 100% identical to the type strain MFLUCC12-0281 (accession nos. JX398979, JX399014, and JX399045) through BLAST analysis. The isolates clustered with N. clavispora (MFLUCC12-0280 and MFLUCC12-0281). The pathogenicity was tested in vivo. Individual plants (cv. Huazhu) were grown (n = 2, 1-1.5 year old) in a greenhouse at 24 ℃-30 ℃ with 80% relative humidity. Wounded leaflets were inoculated with 5-mm-diameter mycelial plugs or agar plugs (as control). Besides, sterile cotton balls were immersed in the spore suspension (1 × 105 per mL) and sterile distilled water (control) for about 15 s before they were fixed on the leaves for 3 days. One plant employed for each isolate with nine leaves. The test was performed thrice. Disease symptoms were found on the leaflets after 10 days, whereas the controls remained healthy. The pathogen was re-isolated from infected leaves and phenotypically identical to the original isolates to fulfill Koch's postulates. Neopestalotiopsis clavispora and Pestalotiopsis clavispora are synonyms. The fungus appeared to have a wide host range and distribution including in Thailand, Malaysia, North Queensland, and Australia (Sajeewa et al. 2012;Shahriar et al. 2022). Thus, this is the first report of N. clavispora causing leaf spot on G. mangostana in China. This finding will help improve management strategies against the leaf spots on G. mangostana in China.
PubMed: 36350731
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-05-22-1120-PDN -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022is an essential ornamental plant that is abundant in Yunnan province. In Cangshan Mountain, Yunnan, China, 61 species of have been reported. Endophytic fungi are...
is an essential ornamental plant that is abundant in Yunnan province. In Cangshan Mountain, Yunnan, China, 61 species of have been reported. Endophytic fungi are internal plant tissue inhabitants that do not harm the host. It has emerged as an exciting research topic as they have the potential to provide numerous secondary metabolites. This study is focused on taxonomic novelties and new host records of endophytic fungi associated with plants collected from Cangshan Mountain in Yunnan Province, China. fungi are associated with a vast array of plant species worldwide. In this study, fresh leaves of , , and were collected from Cangshan Mountain, Yunnan Province, China. Endophytic fungi associated with were characterized based on phylogenetic analyses of combined ITS, TEF1-α, and TUB genes along with morphological characteristics. Six new species (, , , , , and ) and a new host record () are described. Detailed descriptions and color photo plates of these species are provided. It is the first time that the endophytic fungi of plants in Cangshan Mountain have been studied.
PubMed: 36338052
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1016782 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022It is difficult to treat malignant melanoma because of its high malignancy. New and effective therapies for treating malignant melanoma are urgently needed. Ergosterols...
It is difficult to treat malignant melanoma because of its high malignancy. New and effective therapies for treating malignant melanoma are urgently needed. Ergosterols are known for specific biological activities and have received widespread attention in cancer therapy. Here, , a kind of ergosterol from the secondary metabolites of the marine fungus sp., was extracted, isolated, purified, and further investigated the biological activities against melanoma. experiments, the anti-proliferation effect on tumor cells was detected by MTT and colony formation assay, and the anti-metastatic effect on tumor cells was investigated by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Subcutaneous xenograft models, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry have been used to verify the anti-tumor, toxic, and side effect . Besides, the anti-tumor mechanism of was studied by mRNA sequencing. , could inhibit the proliferation and migration of melanoma cells A375 and B16-F10 in a dose-dependent manner and promote tumor cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. assays confirmed that could suppress melanoma growth by inducing cell apoptosis and reducing cell proliferation, and it did not have any notable toxic effects on normal tissues. may play an anti-melanoma role by upregulating gene expression. These findings suggest that may be a potential for the treatment of melanoma.
PubMed: 36312981
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1008053