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Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Mar 2024Nanopolystyrene (NP) and phoxim (PHO) are common environmental pollutants in aquatic systems. We evaluated the toxic effects of exposure to ambient concentrations of NP...
Exposure to nanopolystyrene and phoxim at ambient concentrations causes oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestines of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis).
Nanopolystyrene (NP) and phoxim (PHO) are common environmental pollutants in aquatic systems. We evaluated the toxic effects of exposure to ambient concentrations of NP and/or PHO in the intestines of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Our study showed that histopathological changes were observed in the intestines. Specifically, NP and/or PHO exposure increased intraepithelial lymphocytes. Furthermore, NP and/or PHO exposure induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidase activity (POD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Pro-inflammatory gene expression and transcriptome analysis demonstrated that NP and/or PHO exposure induced the intestinal inflammatory response. Transcriptome results showed that NP and/or PHO exposure upregulated the NF-κB signaling pathway, which is considered a key pathway in the inflammatory response. Additionally, the expression of pro-inflammatory genes significantly increased after a single exposure to NP or PHO, but it exhibited a significant decrease after the co-exposure. The downregulation of these genes in the co-exposure group likely suggested that the co-exposure mitigated intestinal inflammation response in E. sinensis. Collectively, our findings mainly showed that NP and/or PHO exposure at ambient concentrations induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the intestines of E. sinensis.
Topics: Animals; Oxidative Stress; Antioxidants; Intestines; Inflammation; Brachyura; Organothiophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 38387141
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116126 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Exposure to phoxim at low levels caused bioaccumulation with neurotoxicity but also induced oxidative stress, tissue damage, and abnormal nutrient metabolism. This study...
Exposure to phoxim at low levels caused bioaccumulation with neurotoxicity but also induced oxidative stress, tissue damage, and abnormal nutrient metabolism. This study described that vitamin E ameliorates phoxim-induced nephrotoxicity via inhibiting mitochondrial apoptosis. In vivo, 24 healthy piglets were treated with phoxim (0 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg) and vitamin E + phoxim (vitamin E + phoxim: 200 mg/kg + 500 mg/kg). In vitro, PK15 cells were treated with phoxim (0 mg/L and 1 mg/L) and vitamin E + phoxim (phoxim + vitamin E: 1 mg/L + 1 mg/L) for 12 h and 24 h. Our results indicated that accumulation of ROS, oxidative stress, and renal cell injury through stimulation of mitochondrial apoptosis resulted in phoxim-induced nephrotoxicity. Phoxim resulted in swollen mitochondria, blurred internal cristae, renal glomerular atrophy, and renal interstitial fibrosis. Vitamin E alleviated the adverse effects of phoxim by reducing ROS and improving antioxidant capacity in vivo and in vitro. Vitamin E significantly increased SDH in vitro ( < 0.01), while it decreased ROS, Bad, and cyto-c in vitro and SOD and CAT in vivo ( < 0.05). Vitamin E ameliorated phoxim-induced renal histopathologic changes, and mitochondria swelled. In addition, vitamin E regulates phoxim-induced apoptosis by alleviating oxidative damage to the mitochondria.
PubMed: 38001853
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112000 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Nov 2023Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests owned strong resistance to different insecticides. Indoxacarb as a...
DIMBOA-induced gene expression, activity profiles of detoxification enzymes, multi-resistance mechanisms, and increased resistance to indoxacarb in tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius).
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most destructive insect pests owned strong resistance to different insecticides. Indoxacarb as a novel oxadiazine insecticide becomes the main pesticide against S. litura. DIMBOA [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2 H-1,4-benz-oxazin-3(4 H)-one] is involved in important chemical defense processes in corn plants. However, the insects' adaptation mechanism to insecticides when exposed to defensive allelochemicals in their host plants remains unclear. Here, we assessed multi-resistance, and resistance mechanisms based on S. litura life history traits. After 18 generations of selection, indoxacarb resistance was increased by 61.95-fold (Ind-Sel) and 86.06-fold (Dim-Sel) as compared to the Lab-Sus. Also, DIMBOA-pretreated larvae developed high resistance to beta-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole, and emamectin benzoate. Meanwhile, indoxacarb (LC) was applied to detect its impact on thirty-eight detoxification-related genes expression. The transcripts of SlituCOE073, SlituCOE009, SlituCOE074, and SlituCOE111 as well as SlGSTs5, SlGSTu1, and SlGSTe13 were considerably raised in the Ind-Sel strain. Among the twenty-three P450s, CYP6AE68, CYP321B1, CYP6B50, CYP9A39, CYP4L10, and CYP4S9v1 transcripts denoted significantly higher levels in the Ind-Sel strain, suggesting that CarEs, GSTs and P450s genes may be engaged in indoxacarb resistance. These outcomes further highlighted the importance of detoxification enzymes for S. litura gene expression and their role in responses to insecticides and pest management approaches.
Topics: Animals; Spodoptera; Insecticides; Nicotiana; Benzoxazines; Larva; Gene Expression; Insecticide Resistance
PubMed: 37944464
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115669 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Nov 2023Pesticide resistance inflicts significant economic losses on a global scale each year. To address this pressing issue, substantial efforts have been dedicated to...
Pesticide resistance inflicts significant economic losses on a global scale each year. To address this pressing issue, substantial efforts have been dedicated to unraveling the resistance mechanisms, particularly the newly discovered microbiota-derived pesticide resistance in recent decades. Previous research has predominantly focused on investigating microbiota-derived pesticide resistance from the perspective of the pest host, associated microbes, and their interactions. However, a gap remains in the quantification of the contribution by the pest host and associated microbes to this resistance. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of phoxim by examining one resistant and one sensitive Delia antiqua strain. We also explored the critical role of associated microbiota and host in conferring phoxim resistance. In addition, we used metaproteomics to compare the proteomic profile of the two D. antiqua strains. Lastly, we investigated the activity of detoxification enzymes in D. antiqua larvae and phoxim-degrading gut microbes, and assessed their respective contributions to phoxim resistance in D. antiqua. The results revealed contributions by D. antiqua and its gut bacteria to phoxim resistance. Metaproteomics showed that the two D. antiqua strains expressed different protein profiles. Detoxifying enzymes including Glutathione S-transferases, carboxylesterases, Superoxide Dismutase, Glutathione Peroxidase, and esterase B1 were overexpressed in the resistant strain and dominated in differentially expressed insect proteins. In addition, organophosphorus hydrolases combined with a group of ABC type transporters were overexpressed in the gut microbiota of resistant D. antiqua compared to the sensitive strain. 85.2% variation of the larval mortality resulting from phoxim treatment could be attributed to the combined effects of proteins from both from gut bacteria and D. antiqua, while the individual contribution of proteins from gut bacteria or D. antiqua alone accounted for less than 10% of the variation in larval mortality caused by phoxim. The activity of the overexpressed insect enzymes and the phoxim-degrading activity of gut bacteria in resistant D. antiqua larvae were further confirmed. This work enhances our understanding of microbiota-derived pesticide resistance and illuminates new strategies for controlling pesticide resistance in the context of insect-microbe mutualism.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Onions; Proteomics; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Larva; Pesticides
PubMed: 37913580
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115649 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023In modern agricultural practices, organophosphorus pesticides or insecticides (OPs) are regularly used to restrain pests. Their limits are closely monitored since their...
A Multi-Enzyme Cascade Response for the Colorimetric Recognition of Organophosphorus Pesticides Utilizing Core-Shell Pd@Pt Nanoparticles with High Peroxidase-like Activity.
In modern agricultural practices, organophosphorus pesticides or insecticides (OPs) are regularly used to restrain pests. Their limits are closely monitored since their residual hinders the capability of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and brings out a threatening accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh), which affects human well-being. Therefore, spotting OPs in food and the environment is compulsory to prevent human health. Several techniques are available to identify OPs but encounter shortcomings like time-consuming, operating costs, and slow results achievement, which calls for further solutions. Herein, we present a rapid colorimetric sensor for quantifying OPs in foods using TMB as a substrate, a multi-enzyme cascade system, and the synergistic property of core-shell Palladinum@Platinum (Pd@Pt) nanoparticles. The multi-enzyme cascade response framework is a straightforward and effective strategy for OPs recognition and can resolve the previously mentioned concerns. Numerous OPs, including Carbofuran, Malathion, Parathion, Phoxim, Rojor, and Phosmet, were successfully quantified at different concentrations. The cascade method established using Pd@Pt had a simple and easy operation, a lower detection limit range of (1-2.5 ng/mL), and a short detection time of about 50 min. With an R value of over 0.93, OPs showed a linear range of 10-200 ng/mL, portraying its achievement in quantifying pesticide residue. Lastly, the approach was utilized in food samples and recovered more than 80% of the residual OPs.
PubMed: 37685251
DOI: 10.3390/foods12173319 -
Frontiers in Physiology 2023The development of insecticide resistance in populations is a serious threat to the crop industry. Given the spread of invasive resistant populations, prospective...
The development of insecticide resistance in populations is a serious threat to the crop industry. Given the spread of invasive resistant populations, prospective monitoring should be accelerated, and the development of diagnostic tools for rapid and accurate assessments of insecticide resistance is essential. First, the discriminating dose and diagnostic time of the kit were determined by the glass vial method based on a susceptible strain. Then, pests that were collected from field populations were used to determine their susceptibility to seven insecticides by using the diagnostic kit. Finally, the accuracy of the kit was verified based on correlation analyses and the likelihood of insecticide control failure was assessed. Here, we describe a diagnostic kit that enables the rapid detection of resistance to chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, phoxim, chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr within 1-2 h in at diagnostic doses of 0.98, 0.84, 0.38, 1.64, 0.0082, 1.75 and 0.65 μg/cm, respectively. The linear equation between mortalities under diagnostic doses and actual resistance ratios measured by the diet-overlay bioassay was determined. The high correlation indicates that the insecticide resistance levels diagnosed by the kit were consistent with the results of the diet-overlay bioassay. Moreover, we found a significant negative correlation between diagnostic mortality and the likelihood of control failure for bifenthrin ( = -0.899, = 0.001), deltamethrin ( = -0.737, = 0.024) and lambda-cyhalothrin ( = -0.871, = 0.002). The insecticide resistance diagnostic kit for is a user-friendly tool (portable, short detection time). Its excellent performance qualifies the kit as a reliable screening tool for identifying effective insecticides in sustainable resistance management.
PubMed: 37680771
DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1254765 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2023UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) could transform various exogenous and endogenous compounds, which help detoxification of pesticides in insects. To investigate the...
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) could transform various exogenous and endogenous compounds, which help detoxification of pesticides in insects. To investigate the role of UGTs in the detoxification metabolism of insecticides in Chironomus kiiensis, CkUGT302M1, CkUGT302N1, CkUGT308N1 and CkUGT36J1 genes were identified with 1449-1599 bp encoding 482-532 amino acids. Four UGT genes shared 40.86∼53.36% identity with other homologous insect species, and expressed in all developmental stages, notably in the larval and adult stages. Expression of CkUGTs was higher in the gastric caecum, midgut and head. Moreover, CkUGTs expression and activity were significantly increased in C. kiiensis larvae in exposure to sublethal concentrations of carbaryl, deltamethrin and phoxim, respectively. To further explore the functions of UGT genes, the CkUGT308N1 was effectively silenced in 4th instar C. kiiensis larvae by RNA interference, which resulted in the mortality of dsCkUGT308N1 treated larvae increased by 71.43%, 111.11% and 62.50% under sublethal doses of carbaryl, deltamethrin and phoxim at the 24-h time point, respectively. The study revealed that the CkUGT308N1 gene in C. kiiensis could contribute to the metabolism of pesticides and provide a scientific basis for evaluating the water pollution of pesticides.
Topics: Animals; Chironomidae; Insecticides; Carbaryl; Larva; Uridine Diphosphate
PubMed: 37586199
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115353 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jul 2023The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat for the poultry industry worldwide. Chemical compounds have been extensively used for PRM control,...
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a major threat for the poultry industry worldwide. Chemical compounds have been extensively used for PRM control, leading to selection of resistant mites. Molecular mechanisms of resistance have been investigated in arthropods, showing the role of target-site insensitivity and enhanced detoxification. Few studies are available about those mechanisms in D. gallinae, and none have yet focused on the expression levels of detoxification enzymes and other defense-related genes through RNA-seq. We tested PRM populations from Italy for their susceptibility to the acaricidal compounds phoxim and cypermethrin. Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) and in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated, detecting mutations known to be associated with acaricide/insecticide resistance in arthropods, including M827I and M918L/T in the vgsc and G119S in the AChE. RNA-seq analysis was performed to characterize metabolic resistance in fully susceptible PRM and in cypermethrin-resistant PRM exposed and unexposed to cypermethrin as well as phoxim resistant PRM exposed and unexposed to phoxim. Detoxification enzymes (including P450 monooxygenases and glutathione-S-transferases), ABC transporters and cuticular proteins were constitutively overexpressed in phoxim and cypermethrin resistant mites. In addition, heat shock proteins were found constitutively and inductively upregulated in phoxim resistant mites, while in cypermethrin resistant mites esterases and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor were constitutively highly expressed. The findings suggest that acaricide resistance in D. gallinae is due to both target-site insensitivity and overexpression of detoxification enzymes and other xenobiotic defense-related genes, which is mostly constitutive and not induced by treatment. Understanding the molecular basis of resistance could be useful to screen or test PRM populations in order to select targeted acaricides and to avoid the abuse/misuse of the few available compounds.
Topics: Animals; Acaricides; Acetylcholinesterase; Mites; Poultry; Trombiculidae; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Mite Infestations
PubMed: 37207568
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109957 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Pesticide residues in aquatic products are of great concern due to the risk of environmental transmission and their extensive use in aquaculture. In our work, a quick...
Pesticide residues in aquatic products are of great concern due to the risk of environmental transmission and their extensive use in aquaculture. In our work, a quick screening approach was developed for the qualitative and semi-quantitative screening of 87 pesticide residues in aquatic products. The sample preparation was investigated, including extract solvent, extract methods, buffer salts, lipid removal, cleanup materials and filter membranes for aquatic products. Samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS procedure, and two clean-up procedures were developed for UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap MS analysis based on the fat content of the aquatic products. The screening detection limits for all studied pesticides were distributed between 1 and 500 μg/kg in the three representative matrices. Seventy-one pesticides could be analyzed with a screening limit between 1 and 25 μg/kg in grass carp and crayfish, sixty-one pesticides could be screened for limits between 1 and 50 μg/kg in crab. The accuracy results showed that recoveries ranged from 50 to 120% for 60, 56 and 52 pesticides at medium-level for grass carp, crayfish and crab, respectively. At high spiking levels, 74, 65 and 59 pesticides were recovered within the range of 50-120% for the three matrices, respectively. The relative standard deviations of most compounds in different matrices were less than 20%. With this method, the local farmed aquatic products were tested for pesticide residues. In these samples, ethoxyquinoline, prometryn and phoxim were frequently detected. The majority of these confirmed compounds did not exceed 2.00 μg/kg. A grass carp with trichlorfon at 4.87 μg/kg and two carps with ethoxyquinoline at 200 µg/kg were detected, indicating the potential dietary risk.
PubMed: 36981058
DOI: 10.3390/foods12061131 -
Spectrochimica Acta. Part A, Molecular... Jun 2023Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been revived and developed with the introduction of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), while more valuable...
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been revived and developed with the introduction of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), while more valuable properties of MOFs for SERS substrates remain largely unexplored. This work constructed a new SERS substrate FeO@UiO-66(Zr)@Ag nanoparticles (FUAs) with excellent SERS detection sensitivity, uniformity, reproducibility and stability, exhibiting a high Raman enhancement factor (5.62 × 10), low limit of detection (LOD, 2.11 × 10 M) and RSD (12.41 %) for 4-NBT, and maintaining 81 % SERS activity within 60 days. The FUAs took full advantage of the strong affinity of UiO-66(Zr) for organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) to realize trace OPs detection. The LODs of phoxim, triazophos and methyl parathion in apple juice were 0.041, 0.021 and 0.0031 mg/L, respectively, with good linearities ranging from 0.02 or 0.1-50 mg/L, meeting the requirements of the food control standards, indicating that the potentials and prospects of the FUAs SERS substrate for trace detecting OPs in foods.
PubMed: 36947914
DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122548