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Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have been suggested to reduce antimicrobial resistance phenomena in veterinary medicine, as antibiotics are commonly used...
Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) have been suggested to reduce antimicrobial resistance phenomena in veterinary medicine, as antibiotics are commonly used without microbiological confirmation. The aim of the present study is to design a specific working flow for a tailored antimicrobial treatment in the case of canine and feline urinary tract infections (UTIs). Urine samples were collected by cystocentesis from 16 dogs and 12 cats presenting acute signs of UTI. The therapy was decided according to the minimal inhibitory concentration, and it was possible to monitor 14 dogs and 11 cats. Rescue therapy (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid) was included in emergency cases. , , and were isolated in dogs, and , , and were isolated in cats. No multidrug-resistant strains were detected, but all were methicillin resistant. Only one cat received rescue therapy, and only one dog was recruited. Dogs were treated with tetracycline (1/14), fluoroquinolones (6/14), beta-lactams (6/14), and gentamicin (1/14), while cats received fluoroquinolones (3/11), nitrofurans (1/11), clindamycin (1/11), and beta-lactams (6/11). The success rate was very high. Our findings are interesting because this is the first ASP in Italy, and it may be used as a model to develop ASPs for other pathologies.
PubMed: 34064943
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050562 -
Arthroplasty Today Apr 2021A 61-year-old man underwent elective primary total hip arthroplasty at an academic center and presented to the emergency department 2 weeks later with a periprosthetic...
A 61-year-old man underwent elective primary total hip arthroplasty at an academic center and presented to the emergency department 2 weeks later with a periprosthetic infection. Intraoperative cultures were positive for He was successfully treated with one-stage revision and 6 weeks of intravenous cefazolin. It was later determined that the patient has a pet dog who frequently licks his legs. We hypothesize that patients with pets are more likely to carry this pathogen as part of their skin microbiome, and further research is required to establish whether poses an infectious risk beyond that of normal group B Streptococcus skin flora and if preoperative decolonization strategies are warranted.
PubMed: 33718556
DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2021.01.010 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2021The present case report provides data on the phenotypic and genotypic properties of isolated from nine dairy cows with subclinical mastitis (SCC greater than 200,000...
The present case report provides data on the phenotypic and genotypic properties of isolated from nine dairy cows with subclinical mastitis (SCC greater than 200,000 cells/mL in the quarter milk sample, no clinical signs) and from a cat living in the barn and reports the eradication of the pathogen from the herd with an automatic milking system. The isolates were identified using conventional bacteriology, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and genetic relationships were investigated by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Udder health management and hygiene instructions comprised the removal of the carnivores from the barn, strict monitoring of milking hygiene and techniques to avoid new infections via the milking robot, with simultaneous therapy for all infected cows. Phenotypic and genotypic properties of all isolates were identical. MLST revealed a unique sequence type (ST55) and a farmyard cat was identified as the most likely source of the infection in cows. The simultaneous treatment of all infected cows and management and hygiene improvements lead to a decreased SCC within four weeks.
PubMed: 33672442
DOI: 10.3390/ani11020550 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2021The restoration of Iberian lynx () populations in Extremadura (Southwestern Spain) have been carried out since 2014. One of the measures to ensure the success of this...
The restoration of Iberian lynx () populations in Extremadura (Southwestern Spain) have been carried out since 2014. One of the measures to ensure the success of this program is to examine the effects that diseases may have on reintroduction. Since diseases may be greatly located at certain sites because of the specific ecological requirements of the pathogens and/or vectors, reintroduced individuals may present a risk of infection once released. To determine which pathogens the reintroduced individuals may encounter, we performed a molecular and sero-epidemiological survey in reintroduced and wild-born lynxes. From 2015 to 2019, 69 Iberian lynxes (40 reintroduced and 29 wild-born) were sampled and screened against 10 viral, bacterial and piroplasmid agents. In parallel, 195 sympatric carnivores from the families , , , and were tested against current or past infections to six common canine/feline viruses. In the Iberian lynx, low contact rates of active infection were obtained for the feline leukemia provirus (FeLV: 1.5%; 1/67), feline parvovirus (FPV: 1.5%; 1/67) and sp. (6.7%; 1/15). We also confirmed the emergence of Aujeszky's disease (suid herpesvirus-1) in this population (SuHV-1: 11.8%; 2/17). Evidence of previous exposure was detected for canine distemper virus (CDV: 5.8%; 3/52), feline coronavirus (1.9%; 1/52), FPV (7.7%; 1/13) and feline calicivirus (FCV: 5.3%; 1/19). From 25 recovered lynx carcasses, we could confirm infectious etiology involvement in the death of four individuals (SuHV-1 in two individuals, coinfection of spp. and in one lynx and a myositis in another lynx). We confirmed the circulation of CDV, FPV, FeLV, FCV and the feline immunodeficiency virus within the sympatric carnivore community. Due to the low contact rate of infectious agents in such a small, endangered population, we recommend continuing a disease surveillance program to determine the prognostic factors of survival, understand the role that disease may play during the reintroduction and anticipate disease outbreaks that may pose a risk for the entire reintroduced population.
PubMed: 33669869
DOI: 10.3390/ani11020547 -
Microorganisms Jan 2021is a common colonizing bacterium of the urogenital tract of cats and dogs that can also cause invasive disease in these animal populations and in humans. Although the...
is a common colonizing bacterium of the urogenital tract of cats and dogs that can also cause invasive disease in these animal populations and in humans. Although the virulence mechanisms of are not well-characterized, an M-like protein, SCM, has recently identified been as a potential virulence factor. SCM is a surface-associated protein that binds to host plasminogen and IgGs suggesting its possible importance in host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we developed in vitro and ex vivo blood component models and murine models of vaginal colonization, systemic infection, and dermal infection to compare the virulence potential of the zoonotic vaginal isolate G361 and its isogenic SCM-deficient mutant (G361∆). We found that while establishes vaginal colonization and causes invasive disease in vivo, the contribution of the SCM protein to virulence phenotypes in these models is modest. We conclude that SCM is dispensable for invasive disease in murine models and for resistance to human blood components ex vivo, but may contribute to mucosal persistence, highlighting a potential contribution to the recently appreciated genetic diversity of SCM across strains and hosts.
PubMed: 33467030
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010183 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jan 2021Inflammatory diseases of reproductive tract in bitches are a common problem in veterinary practice. The inflammation can lead to serious health problems. Research to...
BACKGROUND
Inflammatory diseases of reproductive tract in bitches are a common problem in veterinary practice. The inflammation can lead to serious health problems. Research to determine the correlation between the health status of females, phase of the cycle, age and bacterial flora of the genital tract has been ongoing for years, but the results obtained by individual authors are often contradictory.
RESULTS
A total of 39 dogs were included in this study. Ten were qualified to the 1st group with genital tract infections (8 in anestrus and 2 in proestrus) and 29 to the 2nd group without such infections (16 in anestrus, 9 in proestrus and 4 in diestrus). The most common bacterial isolates obtained from the vaginal tract of all dogs were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Streptococcus canis. The prevalence of Gram-negative rods (other than E. coli) was significantly higher in the group with genital tract infections versus healthy dogs. There was no presence of Chlamydiaceae, Chlamydia abortus and lactic acid-producing bacteria in tested swabs.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study identified the most common bacteria in the genital tract of bitches. The total number of bacteria was almost the same in the healthy and infected dogs, as well as between the cycle stages. In our opinion, bacterial culturing of vaginal swab specimens from bitches without signs of genital disease is of little value. Furthermore, it should always be preceded by clinical examination and cytological examination of the vaginal epithelium.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Estrous Cycle; Female; Microbiota; Reproductive Tract Infections; Vagina
PubMed: 33407480
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02710-y -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020The objective of this study was to describe bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility results in 476 dogs presenting with suspected bacterial keratitis in Iowa and...
The objective of this study was to describe bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility results in 476 dogs presenting with suspected bacterial keratitis in Iowa and surrounding Midwestern states, further detailing trends in patient characteristics, seasonality, and antimicrobial resistance. Corneal swabs yielded 465 bacterial isolates and 220 cultures (46.2%) with no apparent growth (0-5 isolates per culture). The most frequent bacterial genera were (32.3%), (19.1%), and (12.5%), while the most common bacterial species were (26.7%), (12%), and (7.5%). Compared to mixed-breed dogs, canine breeds most likely to be examined for ulcerative keratitis included Boston terrier, Cavalier King Charles spaniel, miniature pinscher, pug, rat terrier, Saint Bernard, shih tzu, and silky terriers. In summer, the likelihood to yield a negative culture was reduced while the likelihood to culture species was increased. Bacteria considered multidrug resistant (MDR, resistant to ≥ 3 antibiotic classes) represented 20% of all canine isolates and were most prevalent for species (33%). An alarming, escalating trend of MDR prevalence was noted between 2016 (5%) and 2020 (34%). Individual ophthalmic preparations (i.e., single antibiotics or commercially available antibiotic combinations) with highest efficacy against all bacterial isolates included chloramphenicol (83%), ceftiofur (79%), amikacin (77%), neomycin-polymyxin B-bacitracin (77%), and gentamicin (74%). Efficacy of systemic antibiotics and combinations of ophthalmic preparations was also evaluated. Based on the present findings, triple antibiotic (Neo-Poly-Bac) is recommended as empirical monotherapy for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in dogs with simple corneal ulcers, while a chloramphenicol-ciprofloxacin combination is empirically recommended for therapeutic management of infected corneal ulcers. Pending culture and susceptibility results, appropriate selection of empiric antibiotic therapy is important to enhance therapeutic outcome and reduce antibacterial resistance in dogs with corneal ulceration.
PubMed: 33330707
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.583965 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Jan 2021Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-ToF) has revolutionized bacterial identification. However, the phylogenetic resolution is still...
Identification of Streptococcus dysgalactiae using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; refining the database for improved identification.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-ToF) has revolutionized bacterial identification. However, the phylogenetic resolution is still insufficient for discerning several β-haemolytic streptococcal species. We aimed to improve the diagnostic performance of MALDI-ToF through manual curation of the reference spectra in Brukers Compass Library DB-7854. Before intervention, only 133 out of 217 (62%) Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolates were successfully identified to the species level, 83 isolates were identified to the genus level as either S. dysgalactiae, S. pyogenes or S. canis, and one S. dysgalactiae isolate was wrongly identified as S. canis. All 109 S. canis isolates were successfully identified to the species level. Removal of three reference spectra from the database significantly improved the identification of S. dysgalactiae to 94%, without compromising identification of S. canis. This illustrates the advantage of refinement of the reference database in order to improve the analytic precision of MALDI-ToF.
Topics: Bacterial Typing Techniques; Humans; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 33069003
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115207 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2021This study evaluated the cell invasion ability (CIA) of Streptococcus canis isolates, and clarified the relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological...
This study evaluated the cell invasion ability (CIA) of Streptococcus canis isolates, and clarified the relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological features. Of the companion animal-origin isolates (n = 117) that were obtained in 2017, 40 isolates were randomly selected with the host information, with two human blood-origin isolates included. CIA was measured using human colon carcinoma epithelium and the hemolytic activity (HA) using sheep blood, along with S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, sequence type (ST) determination, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotyping/genotyping. CIA measurements revealed that 19 and 24 isolates had high- and low-frequencies, respectively. HA assessment revealed that 24 and 19 isolates were categorized as high- and low- level, respectively. No difference was observed in the high-/low-level HA between the high- /low-frequency CIA populations. A significant difference was found in the high-/low-frequency CIA between the SCM group I/II populations. Additionally, a significantly higher CIA was found in the SCM allele type 10/type 11 than in the others. A significant association was observed between high-frequency CIA and the ST21/ST41 populations. No difference was found in the high-/low-frequency CIA between the presence and absence of the AMR phenotype/genotype. These observations suggest a relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological characteristics (SCM allele type 10/type 11 or ST21/ST41).
Topics: Alleles; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cell Line; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genotype; Hemolysis; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pets; Phenotype; Sheep; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 32863352
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.382 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Aug 2020The draft genome sequence of the blood-origin strain FU149, isolated from a dog with a necrotizing soft tissue infection in Japan, is reported. The genome size was...
The draft genome sequence of the blood-origin strain FU149, isolated from a dog with a necrotizing soft tissue infection in Japan, is reported. The genome size was 2.108 Mbp, with a G+C content of 39.5%. Sequences unmapped to the reference genome sequence of NCTC 12191 (GenBank accession number LR134293) were characterized.
PubMed: 32855249
DOI: 10.1128/MRA.00737-20