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Veterinary Microbiology Oct 2022Streptococcus canis is a multi-host pathogen that causes disease of varying severity in a wide range of mammals, including humans. Dogs and cats appear to be the primary... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus canis is a multi-host pathogen that causes disease of varying severity in a wide range of mammals, including humans. Dogs and cats appear to be the primary hosts and may play a role in transmitting infection to humans. The broader epidemiology of S. canis, however, is still poorly understood, as are its virulence mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and population structure. In this review we gather existing knowledge on S. canis, describing its epidemiology in animals and humans and present information on virulence factors, classification schemes and AMR prevalence. We describe the main ecological niches of S. canis in companion animals, discuss potential risk factors for infection in humans and propose a multi-host transmission cycle. We show that current knowledge on S. canis virulence determinants is limited and sometimes contradictory. We illustrate the different typing systems proposed to classify S. canis. We also report the range of known AMR phenotypes and the emergence of new mechanisms of resistance. Finally, we discuss the zoonotic potential of S. canis, highlighting the need for further evidence in this area. Streptococcus canis may be regarded as a neglected pathogen of one health concern. Further research is needed for its better understanding and effective control.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Mammals; Streptococcus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35933975
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109524 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Jan 2022This study assessed the biofilm production ability (BPA) and other microbiological features of Streptococcus canis strains. Forty strains of companion-animal origin,...
This study assessed the biofilm production ability (BPA) and other microbiological features of Streptococcus canis strains. Forty strains of companion-animal origin, including the host information, from 2015 and 2017 were randomly selected, and three strains of blood-origin from two humans and one dog were included. We measured BPA using crystal violet staining, along with S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, sequence type (ST) determination, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotyping/genotyping, and virulence-associated gene profiling (gbp, ap1, fp1, and brp). BPA measurements revealed 35 strains with BPA and 48 strains without BPA. There was an association between the producer and the isolation year (2017). Moreover, we observed an association between the non-producer and SCM allele 1 and ST9, and between the producer and SCM allele 10 and ST21. Furthermore, we observed a correlation between the producer and the presence of AMR genotypes. Specifically, there was an association between the producer and ap1 detection, and between non-producer and gbp detection. Our results suggest a correlation between biofilm producers and other microbiological features (i.e. isolation year, SCM allele type 10, ST21, presence of AMR genotypes, and ap1 detection).
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Dogs; Genotype; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 34193659
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.1086 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023is a zoonotic agent that causes severe invasive diseases in domestic animals and humans, but little is known about its pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms so far....
is a zoonotic agent that causes severe invasive diseases in domestic animals and humans, but little is known about its pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms so far. SCM, the M-like protein expressed by , is considered one of the major virulence determinants. Here, we report on the two distinct groups of SCM. SCM-1 proteins were already described to interact with its ligands IgG and plasminogen as well as with itself and confer antiphagocytic capability of SCM-1 expressing bacterial isolates. In contrast, the function of SCM-2 type remained unclear to date. Using whole-genome sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics, FACS analysis, fluorescence microscopy and surface plasmon resonance spectrometry, we demonstrate that, although different in amino acid sequence, a selection of diverse SCM-2-type isolates, phylogenetically representing the full breadth of SCM-2 sequences, were able to bind fibrinogen. Using targeted mutagenesis of an SCM-2 isolate, we further demonstrated that this strain was significantly less able to survive in canine blood. With respect to similar studies showing a correlation between fibrinogen binding and survival in whole blood, we hypothesize that SCM-2 has an important contribution to the pathogenesis of in the host.
PubMed: 37965557
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1228472 -
Microorganisms Jan 2021is a common colonizing bacterium of the urogenital tract of cats and dogs that can also cause invasive disease in these animal populations and in humans. Although the...
is a common colonizing bacterium of the urogenital tract of cats and dogs that can also cause invasive disease in these animal populations and in humans. Although the virulence mechanisms of are not well-characterized, an M-like protein, SCM, has recently identified been as a potential virulence factor. SCM is a surface-associated protein that binds to host plasminogen and IgGs suggesting its possible importance in host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we developed in vitro and ex vivo blood component models and murine models of vaginal colonization, systemic infection, and dermal infection to compare the virulence potential of the zoonotic vaginal isolate G361 and its isogenic SCM-deficient mutant (G361∆). We found that while establishes vaginal colonization and causes invasive disease in vivo, the contribution of the SCM protein to virulence phenotypes in these models is modest. We conclude that SCM is dispensable for invasive disease in murine models and for resistance to human blood components ex vivo, but may contribute to mucosal persistence, highlighting a potential contribution to the recently appreciated genetic diversity of SCM across strains and hosts.
PubMed: 33467030
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010183 -
BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2022Streptococcus canis causes deep pyoderma in canines, which raises concerns about the risk of isolates from lesions acquiring an antibiotic-resistant phenotype. It is...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus canis causes deep pyoderma in canines, which raises concerns about the risk of isolates from lesions acquiring an antibiotic-resistant phenotype. It is necessary to identify effective antibiotics and the characteristics of the pathogenic cluster for S. canis-associated deep pyoderma.
RESULTS
The signalment, molecular typing, and antibiotic-resistant status of S. canis isolated from deep pyoderma lesions (27 strains) and oral cavities (26 strains) were analyzed. Older dogs tended to have S. canis-associated deep pyoderma (15 of 27 dogs over 10 years old). Veterinarians chose quinolones for 10/16 cases (63%), even though the rate of quinolone-resistant strains of S. canis is 38-59%. Although 70% of the strains showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes (37/53), 94% (50/53) strains showed sensitivity for penicillins. We also identified β-lactamase activity among penicillin-resistant strains of S. canis. Clonal complex 13 (CC13) was detected only in lesions and formed independent clusters in the phylogenetic tree. One strain of CC13 was resistant to the anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus drugs, vancomycin and linezolid.
CONCLUSION
Although antibiotic-resistant strains of S. canis are isolated at a high rate, they can currently be treated with β-lactamase-inhibiting penicillins. CC13 may be a pathogenic cluster with high levels of antibiotics resistance.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Pyoderma; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Dog Diseases; Penicillins; beta-Lactamases; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 36352470
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03482-3 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2023Streptococcus dysgalactiae increasingly is recognized as a pathogen of concern for human health. However, longitudinal surveillance data describing temporal trends of S.... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus dysgalactiae increasingly is recognized as a pathogen of concern for human health. However, longitudinal surveillance data describing temporal trends of S. dysgalactiae are scarce. We retrospectively identified all β-hemolytic streptococcal bloodstream infections reported in Bergen, in western Norway, during 1999-2021. To explore S. dysgalactiae disease burden in a broader context, we mapped the incidence of all microbial species causing bloodstream infections during 2012-2021. We found S. dysgalactiae incidence rates substantially increased during the study period; by 2021, S. dysgalactiae was the fifth most common pathogen causing bloodstream infections in our region. We noted genotypic shifts and found that the rising trend was related in part to the introduction and expansion of the stG62647 emm-type. S. dysgalactiae is among the most common causes of bloodstream infections in western Norway, and increased surveillance and unambiguous species identification are needed to monitor the disease burden attributable to this pathogen.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcal Infections; Retrospective Studies; Sepsis; Norway
PubMed: 36692331
DOI: 10.3201/eid2902.221218 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in companion-animal pathogens, including (), is a significant concern for pet treatment as well for public health. Despite the...
Growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in companion-animal pathogens, including (), is a significant concern for pet treatment as well for public health. Despite the importance of in veterinary and human medicine, studies concerning the AMR of this bacterium are still scarce. A total of 65 strains, isolated from dogs and cats, were assessed to test for susceptibility to six clinically relevant antimicrobials via a microdilution method. The prevalence of the selected acquired-resistance genes was also investigated via PCR. High MIC and MIC values (≥128 μg/mL) were noted for tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin. Only a few strains were resistant to the tested beta-lactams (6.2%). Tetracycline resistance was found in 66.2% of the strains. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (ML resistance) was found in 55.4% of the strains. Strains with a phenotype showing concurrent resistance to tetracycline and ML were predominant (53.8%). AMR in the tested strains was associated with a variety of acquired and potentially transferable genes. Tetracycline resistance was conferred by (O) (40.0%), (M) (9.2%), and (T) (1.5%), which is reported for the first time in . In most cases, the (M) gene was detected in relation to the conjugative transposon Tn. The MLS phenotype was confirmed in the strains harboring (B) (43.1%) and (TR) (7.7%). To conclude, a high rate of strains occurring in dogs and cats displayed resistance to antimicrobials important for treatment; moreover, they are a potential reservoirs of various resistance determinants. Therefore, AMR in these pathogens should be continuously monitored, especially regarding the One Health concept.
PubMed: 36009903
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081034 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Apr 2023Streptococcus canis is a beta-haemolytic, Gram-positive cocci commonly identified on the canine ocular surface under both healthy and diseased conditions. The objective...
Streptococcus canis is a beta-haemolytic, Gram-positive cocci commonly identified on the canine ocular surface under both healthy and diseased conditions. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of S. canis on the normal and abnormal ocular surface of a canine ophthalmology referral population in Canada, and to investigate potential clinical aspects that may be associated with its presence. Included were 59 dogs (118 eyes) with unilateral or bilateral ocular disease diagnosed at the time of conjunctival sampling. A real-time PCR specific for S. canis was standardized for use with conjunctival swabs. Total DNA was extracted from 118 samples and used as template for the diagnostic assay. Samples were considered positive if amplification was detected and dissociation temperature matched a positive control. Signalment and other clinical data were also collected at the time of sampling. Of the 118 eyes sampled, 8 tested positive for S. canis (6.8%). No association between the detection of S. canis and breed, cephalic conformation, sex, age, use of ophthalmic antibiotics or other topical medications, ophthalmic diagnosis, use of systemic antibiotics or other systemic medications, or systemic diagnosis was identified. In conclusion, S. canis may be present on the ocular surface of dogs at a higher rate than previously reported. It is suggested that this may be linked to the use of PCR for pathogen detection instead of culture.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases; Eye Diseases; Prevalence; Streptococcus; Canada
PubMed: 37118781
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00677-y -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2021This study evaluated the cell invasion ability (CIA) of Streptococcus canis isolates, and clarified the relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological...
This study evaluated the cell invasion ability (CIA) of Streptococcus canis isolates, and clarified the relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological features. Of the companion animal-origin isolates (n = 117) that were obtained in 2017, 40 isolates were randomly selected with the host information, with two human blood-origin isolates included. CIA was measured using human colon carcinoma epithelium and the hemolytic activity (HA) using sheep blood, along with S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, sequence type (ST) determination, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotyping/genotyping. CIA measurements revealed that 19 and 24 isolates had high- and low-frequencies, respectively. HA assessment revealed that 24 and 19 isolates were categorized as high- and low- level, respectively. No difference was observed in the high-/low-level HA between the high- /low-frequency CIA populations. A significant difference was found in the high-/low-frequency CIA between the SCM group I/II populations. Additionally, a significantly higher CIA was found in the SCM allele type 10/type 11 than in the others. A significant association was observed between high-frequency CIA and the ST21/ST41 populations. No difference was found in the high-/low-frequency CIA between the presence and absence of the AMR phenotype/genotype. These observations suggest a relationship between high-frequency CIA and its microbiological characteristics (SCM allele type 10/type 11 or ST21/ST41).
Topics: Alleles; Animals; Bacterial Proteins; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cell Line; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genotype; Hemolysis; Humans; Japan; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pets; Phenotype; Sheep; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 32863352
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.382 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jul 2022Streptococcus canis is a group G beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species which normally resides on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs. Although it rarely causes...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus canis is a group G beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species which normally resides on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs. Although it rarely causes infection in humans, our case and review of relevant literature demonstrate that this multi-host pathogen may be responsible for metastatic infection. We present an appropriate management strategy in such cases.
CASE PRESENTATION
A previously healthy 26-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of erythema, pain, and swelling of the left ankle and foot, consistent with acute cellulitis. The patient was initially discharged home with a plan to complete a course of IV cefazolin as an outpatient, but later recalled after two sets of blood cultures grew gram positive cocci. Blood cultures speciated as Streptococcus canis. This was performed by identifying beta hemolytic strep on blood agar, then typed as Lancefield group G, followed by MALDI-TOF which distinguished S. canis. History was unremarkable except for a 2-week history of lower back pain precipitated by a wrestling injury. There was no canine bite or scratch wound, although the patient lives with a dog. CT spine was obtained which demonstrated right piriformis myositis and S1 osteomyelitis. MRI additionally demonstrated right erector spinae myositis, right sacroiliitis, and multiple collections in the right posterior paraspinal soft tissues. Transthoracic echocardiogram did not demonstrate valvular vegetations. The S. canis isolate was pan-susceptible and the patient was ultimately discharged home and completed a 8-week course of IV penicillin G. After completion of therapy, his symptoms, repeat imaging, and biochemical markers suggested resolution of infection on follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that management of S. canis bacteremia should involve consideration of screening for metastatic infection and infectious diseases consultation. However, despite its potential for systemic involvement, S. canis is often susceptible to narrow spectrum antibiotics, and may be treated with penicillins.
Topics: Abscess; Adult; Animals; Bacteremia; Dogs; Humans; Male; Myositis; Osteomyelitis; Sacroiliitis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 35840925
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07580-3