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Cureus May 2023To evaluate the impression defects and compare the dimensional accuracy of three different impression techniques (single-step, two-step without spacer, two-step with...
Comparative Analysis of Three Different Impression Techniques for Impression Defects and Dimensional Accuracy Using a Digital Intraoral Scanner for Fixed Partial Dentures: An In Vivo Study.
AIM
To evaluate the impression defects and compare the dimensional accuracy of three different impression techniques (single-step, two-step without spacer, two-step with spacer) for fixed partial dentures using a digital intraoral scanner in the anterior maxillary region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty subjects, above the age of 18 years with maxillary central/lateral incisor requiring fixed prostheses were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The impressions were rated and evaluated using Heine C2.3K Binocular loupes (Heine Ltd., Dover, NH, USA). An intraoral scanner and digital vernier calipers were used to study and compare the dimensional accuracy of all three impression techniques. Results: Statistical analysis using the chi-square test revealed that the single-step double mix technique showed the least number of defects (40%), followed by the two-step without spacer (56.7%) and then the two-step with spacer (80%) impression techniques. Using Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U test for dimensional accuracy, it was found that the two-step with spacer impression technique was closer to the control group (intraoral scanner) followed by the two-step without spacer and then the single-step double mix impression techniques.
CONCLUSION
All three impression techniques showed the presence of impression defects, mainly voids and bubbles. The single-step double mix and two-step without spacer techniques had more favourable outcomes compared to the two-step with spacer impression technique. The two-step with spacer impression technique was dimensionally more accurate compared to the two-step without spacer and single-step double mix techniques for fixed partial dentures.
PubMed: 37273313
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38461 -
Cureus Apr 2023The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae of the vertebral column, which support the maximum body weight. There has been an increased focus on transpedicular...
INTRODUCTION
The lumbar vertebrae are the largest vertebrae of the vertebral column, which support the maximum body weight. There has been an increased focus on transpedicular spinal fixation for addressing various lumbar spine pathology. However, its safety and efficacy require precise knowledge of the lumbar pedicle anatomy. Mismatched size of screw and pedicle may lead to failure of instrumentation. It may result in cortex perforation or pedicle fracture and loosening of the pedicle screw. The oversizing of the pedicle screw can result in dural tears, leakage of the cerebrospinal fluid, and injuries to the nerve root. As the racial variations in the anatomy of a pedicle are well known, this study was performed to assess the morphological parameters of the lumbar vertebrae pedicles in the Central Indian population so that the appropriate sizes of pedicular implants can be selected.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The present study was conducted at a tertiary-level hospital and medical college on dry lumbar vertebrae specimens available in the department of anatomy. The measurement of morphometric parameters of the lumbar vertebrae pedicles was performed in 20 dry lumbar specimens using vernier calipers and a standard goniometer. The morphometric parameters included in the study are pedicle transverse external diameter (pedicle width), pedicle sagittal external diameter (pedicle height), transverse angle of the pedicle, and sagittal angle of the pedicle. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system version 25 (Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.).
RESULTS
The broadest external transverse diameter was at the L5 level, with a mean of (17.54±1.6 mm) in the lumbar vertebrae. The broadest external sagittal pedicle diameter was at the L1 level (13.7±0.88 mm). The maximum transverse angle of the pedicle was at L5 with a mean of 25.39±3.10°. The maximum sagittal angle was at L1 with a mean of 5.44±0.71°.
CONCLUSION
The increased concern regarding the internal fixation of the spine with pedicle screw systems created the need to have almost accurate anatomical knowledge of lumbar pedicles. Due to the dynamic nature of the lumbar spine and the body's load, maximum degeneration occurs at this spine segment, making it the most commonly operated region of the vertebral column. In our study, pedicle dimensions are comparable to populations of other Asian countries. However, the pedicle dimension of our population is lower than the White American population. This morphological variation of pedicle anatomy will help surgeons choose appropriate size screws and optimum angulations to insert the implant, decreasing complications.
PubMed: 37252467
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38108 -
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial... 2023Sexual dimorphism practically involves differences in size and appearance of the same species which does not involve the difference in sexual organs. A significant...
INTRODUCTION
Sexual dimorphism practically involves differences in size and appearance of the same species which does not involve the difference in sexual organs. A significant variation also occurs with the tooth size, shape, etc., which plays a critical role in sex determination. Forensic investigations are used in defining the number of missing people whose skeletal remains are unknown. Depending on the available bones and their state, a variety of methods with varying degrees of reliability are available for identifying unknown remains.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fifty male and 50 female patients in the age group 20-30 years were randomly selected after taking a detailed history. All maxillary impressions were made with alginate and poured into a dental stone. These casts were measured for intercanine width, interpremolar width, and intermolar width using a digital vernier caliper, and findings were correlated with sexual dimorphism.
RESULTS
Intercanine width between the tips of right and left maxillary canine was measured in males and females at 36.08 ± 2.04 mm (Range: 30.05-41.64 mm) and in females, the mean intercanine width was 34.31 ± 1.75 mm (Range: 28.35-39.01 mm), respectively. Interpremolar width between the distal pits of right and left first premolars was measured in males and females at 38.97 ± 2.10 mm (Range: 33.94-45.21 mm) and in females, the mean interpremolar width was 36.92 ± 1.87 mm (Range: 31.34 mm), respectively. Intermolar width between the central fossae of right and left first molars was measured in males and females at 50.43 ± 2.25 mm (Range: 44.16-56.84 mm) and in females, the mean intermolar width was 47.90 ± 2.06 mm (Range: 42.66-54.63 mm), respectively.
CONCLUSION
In males, the mean value of the combination of intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths was 125.47 ± 5.61 mm (Range: 108.15-141.86 mm) and in females, it was 119.12 ± 5.05 mm (Range: 103.25-134.36 mm). Mean values of all combinations were larger in males than in females. Thereby, maxillary arch widths contribute to accuracy in determining the gender of the individual.
PubMed: 37234294
DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_275_22 -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Apr 2023A cadaveric study to know the anatomical and radiological correlation between the mastoid air cell system in relation to its volume and morphology. This is a rare and...
A cadaveric study to know the anatomical and radiological correlation between the mastoid air cell system in relation to its volume and morphology. This is a rare and one of its kind of cadaveric study on temporal bone in which comparison of pre dissection and post cortical mastoidectomy dissection on x-ray mastoid in relation to their dimensions. To study the anatomical and radiological correlation of mastoid air cell system in relation to its morphology using pre and post dissection x-ray measurements and dissection method. 30 adult cadaveric, temporal bone cortical mastoidectomy dissections were performed and X-ray mastoid with a pre and post mastoid dissection measurements using vernier caliper was done. Further 3-D analysis of volume of mastoid cavity compared with a post dissection digital radiographic measurements was carried out. On statistical analysis, mean surface area of MACS, shortest length between sigmoidsinus and posterior wall of EAC, also shortest distance between dural plate and mastoid tip, in pre and post dissection x-ray mastoid and in direct mastoid cavity measurements were not found to be significant. Mastoidectomy being the treatment of choice in day to day practise in many cases this study hopes to add up to the present understanding for the MACS dynamics and assesses the possible anatomical variations that can exist. This study helps us to find the approximate time required for surgery to perform cortical mastoidectomy.
PubMed: 37206784
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-022-03341-5 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Near-infrared light can penetrate the fat or connective tissues overlying the parathyroid gland (PG), enabling early localization of the PG by near-infrared...
BACKGROUND
Near-infrared light can penetrate the fat or connective tissues overlying the parathyroid gland (PG), enabling early localization of the PG by near-infrared autofluorescence (NIRAF) imaging. However, the depth at which the PG can be detected has not been reported. In this study, we investigated the detectable depth of unexposed PGs using NIRAF during thyroidectomy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fifty-one unexposed PGs from 30 consecutive thyroidectomy patients, mapped by an experienced surgeon (K.D. Lee) with the use of NIRAF imaging, were included. For NIRAF detection of PGs, a lab-built camera imaging system was used. Detectable depths of the unexposed PGs were measured using a Vernier caliper. The NIRAF images were classified as faint or bright depending on whether a novice could successfully interpret the image as showing the PG. Data on variables that may affect detectable depth and NIRAF intensity were collected.
RESULTS
Detectable depth ranged between 0.35 and 3.05 mm, with a mean of 1.23 ± 0.73 mm. The average NIRAF intensity of unexposed PGs was 3.13 au. After dissection of the overlying tissue, the intensity of the exposed PG increased to 4.88 au (p < 0.001). No difference in NIRAF intensity between fat-covered (3.27 ± 0.90 au) and connective tissue-covered PGs (3.00 ± 1.23 au) was observed (p = 0.369). PGs covered by fat tissue (depth: 1.77 ± 0.67 mm) were found at deeper locations than those covered by connective tissue (depth: 0.70 ± 0.21 mm) (p < 0.001). The brightness of images of the faint group (2.14 ± 0.48 au) was on average 1.24 au lower than that of the bright group (3.38 ± 1.04 au) (p = 0.001). A novice successfully localized 80.4% of the unexposed PGs. Other variables did not significantly affect detectable depth.
CONCLUSION
Unexposed PGs could be mapped using NIRAF imaging at a maximum depth of 3.05 mm and an average depth of 1.23 mm. A novice was able to localize the PGs before they were visible to the naked eye at a high rate. These results can be used as reference data for localization of unexposed PGs in thyroid surgery.
Topics: Humans; Parathyroid Glands; Thyroid Gland; Optical Imaging; Thyroidectomy; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared
PubMed: 37113485
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1170751 -
The Malaysian Journal of Medical... Apr 2023Restricted access and compression of neurovascular structures at various anatomic variations at the skull base poses a challenge to surgeons, neurologists and...
Morphological Measurements of Innominate Foramina and Bony Spurs along the Base of Sphenoid as a Potential Risk Factor for Neurovascular Entrapment, Radiological Interpretation and Surgical Access.
BACKGROUND
Restricted access and compression of neurovascular structures at various anatomic variations at the skull base poses a challenge to surgeons, neurologists and anesthetists. The present study was performed with the objective of providing morphometric analysis of innominate foramina, and anomalous bony bars and spurs along the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the sphenoid and reviewing the practical significance of dealing with this region.
METHODS
A total of 100 dry-aged human adult skulls from the archives of the osteology library of the Department of Anatomy were studied. A detailed morphometric analysis of such innominate foramina and anomalous osseous structures along the base of the sphenoid was performed using a sliding digital vernier caliper.
RESULTS
Anomalous bony bar was found in 22 skulls (25.28%). A complete bar was observed at eight (9.1%). An innominate foramen was located inferomedial to foramen ovale (5 unilateral and 3 bilateral) with a mean anteroposterior diameter of 3.44 mm and a mean transverse diameter of 3.16 mm.
CONCLUSION
Neurovascular structures may be compressed by abnormal bony outgrowths or while traversing through such unnamed bony foramina. The latter may also be overlooked and mistaken during radiological interpretation leading to delayed diagnosis. Such unnamed foramina and bony outgrowths need to be documented in the literature due to their surgical, and radiological implications and limited citations.
PubMed: 37102056
DOI: 10.21315/mjms2023.30.2.8 -
Technology and Health Care : Official... 2023Retromolar canal (RMC) arises from the mandibular canal (MC) behind the second or third molar and travels anterosuperiorly to a retromolar foramen (RMF). RMCs and RMFs...
BACKGROUND
Retromolar canal (RMC) arises from the mandibular canal (MC) behind the second or third molar and travels anterosuperiorly to a retromolar foramen (RMF). RMCs and RMFs have generally been ignored in anatomical textbooks and have rarely been reviewed or studied in the anatomical and dental literature until the last decades.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to characterize RMF in a Chinese population concerning its incidence, origin, and classification via anatomical study and periapical radiography.
METHODS
123 dry adult Chinese mandibles were collected to observe the incidence of RMFs. RMFs were determined using a steel wire 0.5 mm in diameter. The passways or origins of the retromolar canal (RMC) were determined and classified via periapical radiography. For each RMF, two dentists independently measured the diameter and its distances to the lingual cortex, the buccal cortex, and the distal edge of the last tooth (or the alveolar fossa) using a vernier caliper.
RESULTS
The incidence of RMFs was 31.71%. The average RMF diameter was 0.78 ± 0.27 mm. From RMF, the distance was 4.27 ± 1.87 mm to the lingual cortex, 8.61 ± 2.23 mm to the buccal cortex, and 7.84 ± 3.87 mm to the distal edge of the last tooth (or the alveolar fossa). RMCs were classified into MC type originating from the mandibular canal and AF type originating from the alveolar fossa. The diameters of MC ones were more significant than those of AF ones. There was no apparent correlation between the existence of the third molar and the presence of an RMF.
CONCLUSION
The incidence of RMFs in Chinese may be about one-third, which is a potential factor in the onset of surgery accidents. RMCs can be classified into two types by their origins. One of them is MC, which originates from the mandibular canal, and the other is AF, which originates from the alveolar fossa.
Topics: Adult; Humans; East Asian People; Mandibular Nerve; Mandible; Molar, Third; Tongue; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
PubMed: 37066945
DOI: 10.3233/THC-236043 -
International Journal of Reproductive... Feb 2023Increased levels of kisspeptin are associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis dysfunction. It may lead to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
BACKGROUND
Increased levels of kisspeptin are associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis dysfunction. It may lead to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to investigate the effect of prenatal kisspeptin antagonist exposure on the development of PCOS in prenatally androgenized rats in adulthood.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this experimental study, pregnant rats were injected with free testosterone (T, 5 mg/day) or T+P271 (kisspeptin antagonist) on the 20 day of the pregnancy period (n = 5 in each group), while rats in the control group received solvent. Female offspring were examined in terms of anogenital distance (AGD), anovaginal distance (AVD), vaginal opening, serum total testosterone (TT) levels, ovarian follicles, and the regularity of estrous cycles in adulthood. AGD and AVD were measured using a vernier caliper. TT levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Ovaries were fixed in 10% formalin, tissue processing was done by a standard protocol, and then ovaries embedded in paraffin. 5 μm-thickness ovarian sections mounted on a glass slide, deparaffinized, and stained using Harris's Hematoxylin and Eosin Y.
RESULTS
AGD, AVD (p 0.001), TT levels (p = 0.02), and the numbers of preantral and antral follicles (p 0.001) in the ovaries were significantly decreased in prenatally T-P271-exposed rats compared to prenatally T-exposed rats. The age of vaginal opening was early in T-P271-exposed rats compared to prenatally T-exposed rats (p 0.001). The number of corpora lutea was significantly increased in T-P271-exposed rats (p 0.001). No cystic follicles were observed in the ovaries of prenatally T-P271-exposed rats. Prenatally T-P271-exposed rats had regular estrous cycles compared to prenatally T-exposed rats.
CONCLUSION
Prenatal exposure to kisspeptin antagonist can prevent PCOS development in prenatally androgenized rats in adulthood.
PubMed: 37034298
DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v21i2.12801 -
RSC Advances Apr 2023In the present study, different concentrations (1 and 3%) of Bi were incorporated into a fixed amount of molybdenum disulfide (MoS) and SnO quantum dots (QDs) by...
In the present study, different concentrations (1 and 3%) of Bi were incorporated into a fixed amount of molybdenum disulfide (MoS) and SnO quantum dots (QDs) by co-precipitation technique. This research aimed to increase the efficacy of dye degradation and bactericidal behavior of SnO. The high recombination rate of SnO can be decreased upon doping with two-dimensional materials (MoS nanosheets) and Bi metal. These binary dopants-based SnO showed a significant role in methylene blue (MB) dye degradation in various pH media and antimicrobial potential as more active sites are provided by nanostructured MoS and Bi is responsible for producing a variety of different oxygen vacancies within SnO. The prepared QDs were described morphology, optical characteristics, elemental composition, functional group, phase formation, crystallinity, and -spacing. In contrast, antimicrobial activity was checked at high and low dosages against () and the inhibition zone was calculated utilizing a Vernier caliper. Furthermore, prepared samples have expressed substantial antimicrobial effects against . To further explore the interactions between the MB and Bi/MoS-SnO composite, we modeled and calculated the MB adsorption using density functional theory and the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof hybrid (HSE06) approach. There is a relatively strong interaction between the MB molecule and Bi/MoS-SnO composite.
PubMed: 37033429
DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00698k -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023The foramen ovale (FO) is a crucial feature of the skull base, serving as a passage for clinically important neurovascular structures. The present study aimed to provide...
The foramen ovale (FO) is a crucial feature of the skull base, serving as a passage for clinically important neurovascular structures. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive morphometric and morphologic analysis of the FO and highlight the clinical significance of the anatomical characterization. A total of 267 FO were analyzed in skulls obtained from deceased inhabitants of the Slovenian territory. The anteroposterior (length) and the transverse (width) diameters were measured using a digital sliding vernier caliper. Dimensions, shape, and anatomical variations of FO were analyzed. The mean length and width of the FO were 7.13 and 3.71 mm on the right side and 7.20 and 3.88 mm on the left side. The most frequently observed shape was oval (37.1%), followed by almond (28.1%), irregular (21.0%), D-shaped (4.5%), round (3.0%), pear-shaped (1.9%), kidney-shaped (1.5%), elongated (1.5%), triangular (0.7%), and slit-like (0.7%). In addition, marginal outgrowths (16.6%) and several anatomical variations were noted, including duplications, confluences, and obstruction due to a complete (5.6%) or incomplete (8.2%) pterygospinous bar. Our observations revealed substantial interindividual variation in the anatomical characteristics of the FO in the studied population, which could potentially impact the feasibility and safety of neurosurgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
PubMed: 36900106
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050962